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Mulder PPG, Hooijmans CR, Vlig M, Middelkoop E, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM, Boekema BKHL. Kinetics of Inflammatory Mediators in the Immune Response to Burn Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:669-696.e10. [PMID: 37806443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Burns are often accompanied by a dysfunctional immune response, which can lead to systemic inflammation, shock, and excessive scarring. The objective of this study was to provide insight into inflammatory pathways associated with burn-related complications. Because detailed information on the various inflammatory mediators is scattered over individual studies, we systematically reviewed animal experimental data for all reported inflammatory mediators. Meta-analyses of 352 studies revealed a strong increase in cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, particularly 19 mediators in blood and 12 in burn tissue. Temporal kinetics showed long-lasting surges of proinflammatory cytokines in blood and burn tissue. Significant time-dependent effects were seen for IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and CCL2. The response of anti-inflammatory mediators was limited. Burn technique had a profound impact on systemic response levels. Large burn size and scalds further increased systemic, but not local inflammation. Animal characteristics greatly affected inflammation, for example, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were highest in young, male rats. Time-dependent effects and dissimilarities in response demonstrate the importance of appropriate study design. Collectively, this review presents a general overview of the burn-induced immune response exposing inflammatory pathways that could be targeted through immunotherapy for burn patients and provides guidance for experimental set-ups to advance burn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Meta-Research Team, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tissue Function and Regeneration, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Burn Injury Induces Intestinal Inflammatory Response Mediated by Th17 in Burn-Primed Endotoxemic Mice. Int Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-18-00014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the susceptibility to infection-related acute lung injury by focusing on the role of gut mucosal T-helper (Th) 17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 with probiotics in a burn-primed endotoxemic mice model.
Methods
Mice were subjected to a 15% total body surface area third-degree burn. Survival from lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (3 mg/kg) on 11th day post-burn was assessed in mice fed by chow with or without 1.2% Lactobacillus powder after burn injury. Lamina propria mononuclear cells were enzymatically isolated from the ileum removed on 11th day post-burn and incubated along with 1 μg/mL LPS or 10 μg/mL anti-CD3 antibody for 24 hours; subsequently, the following 7 cytokines were analyzed in the supernatant: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17.
Results
Lactobacillus treatment post-burn injury markedly improved survival after lethal endotoxemia in burn-primed mice (64.3% versus 21.4%, P = 0.03). The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 by lamina propria mononuclear T-lymphocytes and macrophages including Th17 response was augmented by burn injury but decreased with Lactobacillus treatment after burn injury.
Conclusions
Th17- and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses in the gut mucosa may play a vital role, which could be attenuated by Lactobacillus treatment, in survival of lethal endotoxemia in burn-primed mice.
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Genistein Protects Against Burn-Induced Myocardial Injury via Notch1-Mediated Suppression of Oxidative/Nitrative Stress. Shock 2019; 54:337-346. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Traumatic injury remains one of the most prevalent reasons for patients to be hospitalized. Burn injury accounts for 40,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually, resulting in a large burden on both the health and economic system and costing millions of dollars every year. The complications associated with postburn care can quickly cause life-threatening conditions including sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction and failure. In addition, alcohol intoxication at the time of burn injury has been shown to exacerbate these problems. One of the biggest reasons for the onset of these complications is the global suppression of the host immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. It has been hypothesized that infections after burn and other traumatic injury may stem from pathogenic bacteria from within the host's gastrointestinal tract. The intestine is the major reservoir of bacteria within the host, and many studies have demonstrated perturbations of the intestinal barrier after burn injury. This article reviews the findings of these studies as they pertain to changes in the intestinal immune system after alcohol and burn injury.
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Abstract
Major burn triggers immune dysfunction, which is associated with wound healing complications. Gamma-δ T-cells have been shown to be important in postburn inflammation and wound healing; however, their cytokine phenotype at the burn wound site is unknown. C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to a major burn (25% TBSA, third degree) or sham treatment. At 3 hours, 3 days, and 7 days thereafter, skin samples were collected and subjected to dispase and trypsin digestion to isolate single cells. The cells were phenotyped and evaluated for cytokine profiles by flow cytometry. Th1 cells were defined as interferon (IFN)γ positive, Th2 cells were defined as interleukin (IL)-10 positive, and Th17 cells were defined as IL-17 positive. At 7 days after burn a shift toward Th2 and Th17 positive T-cells at the wound site was observed. Further analysis revealed that at 3-hour postinjury the percentage of γδ T-cells positive for IFNγ, IL-10, and IL-17 were comparable between sham and burn skin samples. At 3 days and 7 days postinjury the percentage of cells positive for each cytokine increased; however, the increase was significantly greater for IL-10 and IL-17, as compared with IFNγ (ie, 9-20-fold vs 3-fold). Skin αβ T-cells preferentially produced IFNγ (~20%), which was unaffected by burn injury. These data demonstrate that burn wound γδ T-cells are activated for enhanced cytokine production and display a shift toward a Th2 and/or Th17 phenotype. In contrast, burn wound αβ T-cells were not activated for enhanced cytokine production.
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Gu CY, Zhang J, Qian YN, Tang QF. Effects of epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia on immune function in esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 3:190-196. [PMID: 25469293 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) has been demonstrated to significantly reduce stress and immune dysfunction in trauma patients. In esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing thoracic surgery, TEA combined with general anesthesia during surgery and subsequent postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) may improve plasma cortisol (Cor), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 levels and helper T-cell differentiation. A total of 60 esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing thoracic surgery were randomly allocated into groups I, II, III and I (n=15 per group). During surgery, groups I and II received total intravenous general anesthesia (TIVA), whereas groups III and IV received combined TEA and TIVA. Postoperatively, groups I and III received postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), while groups II and IV received PCEA. The Cor, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 levels were measured in peripheral blood samples collected prior to anesthesia (T0), at 2 h after incision (T1), at 4 h postoperatively (T2), at 24 h postoperatively (T3) and at 48 h postoperatively (T4). The plasma Cor, IL-17 and IL-6 levels increased significantly at the beginning of the operation in groups I, II and III, while in group IV there were no significant differences during the entire period, concurrent with enhanced Th0 to Th2 shift, contributing to a Th2-dominant Th1/Th2 ratio. General anesthesia with TEA more efficiently inhibited the onset of the Th2-dominant status and decreased the plasma levels of Cor and IL-6 compared to general anesthesia alone and PCEA inhibited the Th2-dominant status more efficiently compared to PCIA. Therefore, general anesthesia combined with TEA and sole administration of PCEA were demonstrated to inhibit the stress response and minimize immune dysfunction, generating most pronounced results upon combination TEA/PCEA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yong Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Feng Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
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Oleanolic acid modulates the immune-inflammatory response in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis and protects from cardiac injury. Therapeutic implications for the human disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:250-62. [PMID: 24732212 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are inflammatory diseases of the myocardium, for which appropriate treatment remains a major clinical challenge. Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpene widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, possesses a large range of biological effects with beneficial properties for health and disease prevention. Several experimental approaches have shown its cardioprotective actions, and OA has recently been proven effective for treating Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases; however, its effect on inflammatory heart disorders, including myocarditis, has not yet been addressed. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of OA in prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). The utility of OA was evaluated in vivo through their administration to cardiac α-myosin (MyHc-α614-629)-immunized BALB/c mice from day 0 or day 21 post-immunization to the end of the experiment, and in vitro through their addition to stimulated-cardiac cells. Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of OA dramatically decreased disease severity: the heart weight/body weight ratio as well as plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide and myosin-specific autoantibodies production were significantly reduced in OA-treated EAM animals, compared with untreated ones. Histological heart analysis showed that OA-treatment diminished cell infiltration, fibrosis and dystrophic calcifications. OA also decreased proliferation of cardiac fibroblast in vitro and attenuated calcium and collagen deposition induced by relevant cytokines of active myocarditis. Furthermore, in OA-treated EAM mice the number of Treg cells and the production of IL-10 and IL-35 were markedly increased, while proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines were significantly reduced. We demonstrate that OA ameliorates both developing and established EAM by promoting an antiinflammatory cytokine profile and by interfering with the generation of cardiac-specific autoantibodies, as well as through direct protective effects on cardiac cells. Therefore, we envision this natural product as novel helpful tool for intervention in inflammatory cardiomyopathies including myocarditis.
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Hoffman WH, Passmore GG, Hannon DW, Talor MV, Fox P, Brailer C, Haislip D, Keel C, Harris G, Rose NR, Fiordalisi I, Čiháková D. Increased systemic Th17 cytokines are associated with diastolic dysfunction in children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71905. [PMID: 24013901 PMCID: PMC3754936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction suggestive of diabetic cardiomyopathy is established in children with T1DM, but its pathogenesis is not well understood. We studied the relationships of systemic inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and cardiac function in 17 children with T1DM during and after correction of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Twenty seven of the 39 measured cytokines/chemokines were elevated at 6-12 hours into treatment of DKA compared to values after DKA resolution. Eight patients displayed at least one parameter of diastolic abnormality (DA) during acute DKA. Significant associations were present between nine of the cytokine/chemokine levels and the DA over time. Interestingly, four of these nine interactive cytokines (GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-12p40, IL-17) are associated with a Th17 mediated cell response. Both the DA and CCL7 and IL-12p40, had independent associations with African American patients. Thus, we report occurrence of a systemic inflammatory response and the presence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction in a subset of young T1DM patients during acute DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Hoffman
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgia Regents University (formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Passmore
- Medical Laboratory, Imaging, and Radiologic Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Hannon
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, The Brody School Of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pam Fox
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brailer
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dynita Haislip
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Keel
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Glenn Harris
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noel R. Rose
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irma Fiordalisi
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Farina JA, Rosique MJ, Rosique RG. Curbing inflammation in burn patients. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:715645. [PMID: 23762773 PMCID: PMC3671671 DOI: 10.1155/2013/715645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who suffer from severe burns develop metabolic imbalances and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) which can result in multiple organ failure and death. Research aimed at reducing the inflammatory process has yielded new insight into burn injury therapies. In this review, we discuss strategies used to curb inflammation in burn injuries and note that further studies with high quality evidence are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A. Farina
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-SP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 9.°andar, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Junqueira Rosique
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-SP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 9.°andar, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Rosique
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-SP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 9.°andar, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Rezayati MT, Ebrahimi M, Hassan ZM. Cimetidine enhances delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and serum interleukin (IL)-2, -10, -12, and IL-17 levels after burn injury in an animal model. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:201-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.708365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Rendon JL, Choudhry MA. Th17 cells: critical mediators of host responses to burn injury and sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:529-38. [PMID: 22753950 PMCID: PMC3427614 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Th cells have long been recognized as vital components of the adaptive immune system. Until recently, CD3(+)CD4(+) Th cells were divided into cell-mediated Th1 or humoral Th2 responses. However, the Th1-Th2 hypothesis failed to accommodate the more recently described Th17 cells. Today, the major Th cell subsets include Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Tregs, each of which produce specific effector cytokines under unique transcriptional regulation. Specifically, Th17 cells produce effector cytokines IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 under the regulation of ROR-γt. Th17 lymphocytes were first described as orchestrators of neutrophil recruitment and activation and as key players in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. More recent evidence suggest that Th17 lymphocytes and their effector cytokines play a crucial role in maintaining mucosal immunity and barrier integrity, including the skin, lung, and gut. Burn injury induces global changes to the systemic immune response, including suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. Moreover, burn trauma is associated with remote organ injury. This relationship between burn and remote organ injury supports the hypothesis that immune suppression may facilitate the development of sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill burn patients. Herein, we discuss this emerging adaptive cell subset in critical care settings, including burn injury and clinical sepsis, and highlight the potential therapeutic role of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Rendon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA.
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Accardo Palumbo A, Forte G, Pileri D, Vaccarino L, Conte F, D’Amelio L, Palmeri M, Triolo A, D’Arpa N, Scola L, Misiano G, Milano S, Lio D. Analysis of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for sepsis development in burned patients. Burns 2012; 38:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gras R, García MI, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Muñoz-Fernández MA, López-Fernández LA. Carbosilane dendrimer 2G-NN16 represses Tc17 differentiation in primary T CD8+ lymphocytes. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:102-10. [PMID: 22023154 DOI: 10.1021/mp200305u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied changes in gene expression induced by the carbosilane dendrimer 2G-NN16 to evaluate their potential as a vehicle for gene therapy and as medication. Global gene expression profiles on CD8+ T lymphocytes reveal that ribosomal proteins are induced in the presence of 2G-NN16. IL17A and IL17F, the principal interleukins secreted by Tc17 cells, a subset of CD8+ T lymphocytes, were down-regulated when cultured in the presence of this dendrimer. Microarray results were confirmed by real time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 2G-NN16 also showed a high potential for in vitro inhibition of Tc17 differentiation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the presence of the Tc17 differentiation molecules IL6 and TGF-B1. These findings suggest that 2G-NN16 could facilitate drug delivery and may be used to treat inflammatory processes driven by Tc17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gras
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007-Madrid, Spain
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Burn-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes is survivin dependent and regulated by PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK and ERK pathways. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:1207-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sasaki JR, Zhang Q, Schwacha MG. Burn induces a Th-17 inflammatory response at the injury site. Burns 2011; 37:646-51. [PMID: 21353393 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high incidence of morbidity and mortality following major burn can be in part attributed to immune dysfunction and wound healing complications. Inflammation plays a major role in the complex process of wound repair. Recently, a novel class of T-helper cells, termed Th-17 cells, has been found to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. The Th-17 response also involves other cytokines, such as IL-6 and TGF-β, which have been shown to be associated with burn-induced inflammation. Nonetheless, the relationships between the Th-17 response and post-burn inflammation are unknown. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (n = 5-6/group) were subjected to a major burn (25% TBSA) or sham procedure. Three hours thereafter, skin samples were collected (uninjured skin and burn skin) and processed for the determination of Th-17 cytokine (IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and TGF-β) levels by ELISA. RESULTS At 3h after burn a significant (~3-fold) increase in tissue levels of IL-17 and IL-22 was observed at the burn site as compared to sham skin. The burn-induced Th-17 response was independent of statistically significant changes in other Th-17 cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-23, IL-27 and TGF-β). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the development of a robust Th-17 response at the burn site that may play an important role in subsequent immune and wound healing derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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