Development of a patient reported outcome scale for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: The Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI-MS)

Prevalence, treatment and correlates of depression in multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is often assessed by administering patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) examining depressive symptomatology to population cohorts; a recent review summarised 12 such studies, eight of which used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression (HADS-D). In clinical practice, depression is diagnosed by an individual structured clinical interview; diagnosis often leads to treatment options including antidepressant medication. It follows that an MS population will include those whose current depressive symptoms meet threshold for depression diagnosis, plus those who previously met diagnostic criteria for depression and have been treated such that depressive symptoms have improved below that threshold. We examined a large MS population to establish a multi-attribute estimate of depression, taking into account probable depression on HADS-D, as well as anti-depressant medication use and co-morbidity data reporting current treatment for depression. We then studied associations with demographic and health status measures and the trajectories of depressive symptoms over time.

METHODS

Participants were recruited into the UK-wide Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions-MS (TONiC-MS) study, with demographic and disease data from clinical records, PROMs collected at intervals of at least 9 months, as well as co-morbidities and medication. Interval level conversions of PROM data followed Rasch analysis. Logistic regression examined associations of demographic characteristics and symptoms with depression. Finally, a group-based trajectory model was applied to those with depression.

RESULTS

Baseline data in 5633 participants showed the prevalence of depression to be 25.3 % (CI: 24.2-26.5). There were significant differences in prevalence by MS subtype: relapsing 23.2 % (CI: 21.8- 24.5), primary progressive 25.8 % (CI: 22.5-29.3), secondary progressive 31.5 % (CI: 29.0-34.0); disability: EDSS 0-4 19.2 % (CI: 17.8-20.6), EDSS ≥4.5 31.9 % (CI: 30.2-33.6); and age: 42-57 years 27.7 % (CI: 26.0-29.3), above or below this range 23.1 % (CI: 21.6-24.7). Fatigue, disability, self-efficacy and self esteem correlated with depression with a large effect size (>0.8) whereas sleep, spasticity pain, vision and bladder had an effect size >0.5. The logistic regression model (N = 4938) correctly classified 80 % with 93 % specificity: risk of depression was increased with disability, fatigue, anxiety, more comorbidities or current smoking. Higher self-efficacy or self esteem and marriage reduced depression. Trajectory analysis of depressive symptoms over 40 months in those with depression (N = 1096) showed three groups: 19.1 % with low symptoms, 49.2 % with greater symptoms between the threshold of possible and probable depression, and 31.7 % with high depressive symptoms. 29.9 % (CI: 27.6-32.3) of depressed subjects were untreated, conversely of those treated, 26.1 % still had a symptom level consistent with a probable case (CI: 23.5-28.9).

CONCLUSION

A multi-attribute estimate of depression in MS is essential because using only screening questionnaires, diagnoses or antidepressant medication all under-estimate the true prevalence. Depression affects 25.3 % of those with MS, almost half of those with depression were either untreated or still had symptoms indicating probable depression despite treatment. Services for depression in MS must be pro-active and flexible, recognising the heterogeneity of outcomes and reaching out to those with ongoing symptoms.

Actual and Imagined Music-Cued Gait Training in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Double-Blind Randomized Parallel Multicenter Trial

BACKGROUND

Actual and imagined cued gait trainings have not been compared in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of cued motor imagery (CMI), cued gait training (CGT), and combined CMI and cued gait training (CMI-CGT) on motor, cognitive, and emotional functioning, and health-related quality of life in people with MS.

METHODS

In this double-blind randomized parallel-group multicenter trial, people with MS were randomized (1:1:1) to CMI, CMI-CGT, or CGT for 30 minutes, 4×/week for 4 weeks. Patients practiced at home, using recorded instructions, and supported by ≥6 phone calls. Data were collected at weeks 0, 4, and 13. Co-primary outcomes were walking speed and distance, analyzed by intention-to-treat. Secondary outcomes were global cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, suicidality, fatigue, HRQoL, motor imagery ability, music-induced motivation, pleasure and arousal, self-efficacy, and cognitive function. Adverse events and falls were continuously monitored.

RESULTS

Of 1559 screened patients, 132 were randomized: 44 to CMI, 44 to CMI-CGT, and 44 to CGT. None of the interventions demonstrated superiority in influencing walking speed or distance, with negligible effects on walking speed (η2 = 0.019) and distance (η2 = 0.005) observed in the between-group comparison. Improvements in walking speed and walking distance over time corresponded to large effects for CMI, CMI-CGT, and CGT (η2 = 0.348 and η2 = 0.454 respectively). No severe study-related adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

CMI-GT did not lead to improved walking speed and distance compared with CMI and CGT alone in people with MS. Lack of a true control group represents a study limitation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00023978.

Correlates and trajectories of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

In people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (pwRRMS), data from studies on non-pharmacological factors which may influence relapse risk, other than age, are inconsistent. There is a reduced risk of relapses with increasing age, but little is known about other trajectories in real-world MS care.

METHODS

We studied longitudinal questionnaire data from 3885 pwRRMS, covering smoking, comorbidities, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), and patient-reported outcome measures, as well as relapses during the past year. We undertook Rasch analysis, group-based trajectory modelling, and multilevel negative binomial regression.

RESULTS

The regression cohort of 6285 data sets from pwRRMS over time showed that being a current smoker was associated with 43.9% greater relapse risk; having 3 or more comorbidities increased risk and increasing age reduced risk. Those diagnosed within the last 2 years showed two distinct trajectories, both reducing in relapse frequency but 25.8% started with a higher rate and took 4 years to reduce to the rate of the second group. In the cohort with at least three data points completed, there were three groups: 73.7% followed a low stable relapse rate, 21.6% started from a higher rate and decreased, and 4.7% had an increasing then decreasing pattern. These different trajectory groups showed significant differences in fatigue, neuropathic pain, disability, health status, quality of life, self-efficacy, and DMT use.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provide additional evidence for supporting pwRRMS to stop smoking and underline the importance of timely DMT decisions and treatment initiation soon after diagnosis with RRMS.

Clinical variables influencing the perception of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study using FSIQ-RMS

BACKGROUND

Physical fatigue is one of the most disabling symptoms in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). Several factors might influence the development of fatigue, such as gender, education, body mass index (BMI), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), disease duration, working status (Ws), physiotherapy (Ph), and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Fatigue Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) that allows one to define the impact of fatigue in PwMS clearly. This study aimed to assess fatigue impact on PwMS by using FSIQ-RMS.

METHODS

The participants were enrolled from May to July 2021 in MS Centers of Sant'Andrea Hospital and Policlinico Umberto I Hospital in Rome. Fatigue was evaluated using the FSIQ-RMS, validated, and culturally adapted in Italian. Clinical and demographic data were collected at the same time.

RESULTS

We enrolled 178 PwMS [Female 74.16%; RMS 82.58%, SPMS 17.52%]. FSIQ-RMS scores were significantly correlated with EDSS (p-value < 0.01). Analysis of variance between means showed a statistically significant difference between the BMI groups at the 24hours_FSIQ-RMS score and the 7days_FSIQ-RMS score (p < 0.01), with the lower BMI group having the highest scores. Furthermore, perceived fatigue significantly improved both in subjects performing Ph (p < 0.05) and in those who actively work (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of FSIQ-RMS in a real-world setting confirmed that underweight and high levels of disability are closely related to fatigue. In addition, Ph and active Ws are strongly correlated with fatigue in PwMS.

Efficacy and safety of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation versus alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab or cladribine in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (StarMS): protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is increasingly used as treatment for patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS), typically after failure of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). A recent phase III trial, 'Multiple Sclerosis International Stem Cell Transplant, MIST', showed that aHSCT resulted in prolonged time to disability progression compared with DMTs in patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS). However, the MIST trial did not include many of the current high-efficacy DMTs (alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab or cladribine) in use in the UK within the control arm, which are now offered to patients with rapidly evolving severe MS (RES-MS) who are treatment naïve. There remain, therefore, unanswered questions about the relative efficacy and safety of aHSCT over these high-efficacy DMTs in these patient groups. The StarMS trial (Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation versus Alemtuzumab, Ocrelizumab, Ofatumumab or Cladribine in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis) will assess the efficacy, safety and long-term impact of aHSCT compared with high-efficacy DMTs in patients with highly active RRMS despite the use of standard DMTs or in patients with treatment naïve RES-MS.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

StarMS is a multicentre parallel-group rater-blinded randomised controlled trial with two arms. A total of 198 participants will be recruited from 19 regional neurology secondary care centres in the UK. Participants will be randomly allocated to the aHSCT arm or DMT arm in a 1:1 ratio. Participants will remain in the study for 2 years with follow-up visits at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months postrandomisation. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients who achieve 'no evidence of disease activity' during the 2-year postrandomisation follow-up period in an intention to treat analysis. Secondary outcomes include efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and immune reconstitution of aHSCT and the four high-efficacy DMTs.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber-Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (20/YH/0061). Participants will provide written informed consent prior to any study specific procedures. The study results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN88667898.

Self-Report Measures of Fatigue for People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The symptom of fatigue impairs function in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Choosing appropriate measures to assess fatigue is challenging. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of a systematic review of patient-reported fatigue measures for people with MS.

METHODS

PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched through January 2020 using terms related to fatigue and MS. Studies were included if the sample size was 30 or more or smaller samples if adequately powered, and if information about measurement characteristics (ie, test-retest reliability, content validity, responsiveness, interpretability, or generalizability) of the measure(s) could be extracted. Study quality was appraised with the 2-point COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Data about measurement characteristics, psychometrics, and clinical utility were extracted and results were synthesized.

RESULTS

Twenty-four articles met inclusion criteria with information about 17 patient-reported fatigue measures. No studies had critical methodologic flaws. Measurement characteristic data were not available for all measures. Clinical utility varied in time to complete and fatigue domains assessed.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Five measures had data pertaining to all properties of interest. Of these, only the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) had excellent reliability, responsiveness data, no notable ceiling/floor effects, and high clinical utility. We recommend the MFIS for comprehensive measurement and the FSS for screening of subjective fatigue in people with MS.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A443 ).

Multiple Sclerosis vision questionnaire (MSVQ-7): Reliability, validity, precision and discrimination

BACKGROUND

Visual dysfunction is common in people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS), associated with a variety of visual symptoms. Capturing the patient experience of these complex patterns of visual pathology is challenging. A valid and reliable patient reported measure, capable of detecting clinically significant change, would have considerable research and clinical benefits. We examined the properties of the MS Vision Questionnaire (MSVQ-7) in a large MS population.

METHODS

Data were collected from participants in the UK-wide Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions-MS (TONiC-MS) study: MS subtype and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) band from the clinical team, as well as serial packs including the MSVQ-7 and questionnaires on depression, anxiety and stigma. A calibration sample of 1000 pwMS contributing several years of follow-up were split into training and validation samples for a Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch analysis. The Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) was computed as well as the Minimal Clinically Important Change (MIC), by an anchor-based method, for different MS subtypes.

RESULTS

The MSVQ-7 is unidimensional and can be fit to the Rasch model with a solution discarding 3% of variance. Providing all 7 items are answered, the total can be converted to an interval-level metric for calculation of change scores and other parametric analyses. The % of missing values did not exceed 1.7%. Among 5478 pwMS, 80% reported visual problems. MSVQ-7 scores were categorised as mild for 36.1%, moderate for 33.6% and severe for 10.3%, and varied by MS subtype. In the follow-up sample of 2227 pwMS, 42.5% changed MSVQ-7 category between baseline and first follow-up (mean 22.6 months). The MIC exceeded the MDC so clinically significant change exceeds measurement error. While MDC was identical for relapsing and progressive MS, MIC varied by MS subtype, with smaller MIC in relapsing MS. Over one-quarter of the follow-up sample reported a clinically significant change in MSVQ-7: 12.2% improved and 13.5% deteriorated. For pwMS recruited within 2 years of diagnosis, 17.3% reported significant change on follow-up, all improving. MSVQ-7 scores showed strong associations with anxiety, depression and stigma (effect sizes>0.8). Duration, EDSS band and MS subtype all had effect sizes 0.2-0.49. A multinomial logistic regression exploring vision disturbance and depression, adjusted for age, gender, MS subtype, duration and disability, showed vision is the strongest significant predictor of depression. Each unit increase in interval MSVQ-7 increases risk by 10% of 'possible' and by 17% of 'probable' depression.

CONCLUSIONS

The MSVQ-7 is a brief self-report measure of visual problems for pwMS. It can easily be converted to interval-level measurement for change scores or power calculations and has good precision and discrimination. Visual problems were reported by 80% of pwMS and changed over time, evidencing the need for regular monitoring. MIC varied by MS subtype, indicating that perception of impact changes over the disease course. Visual dysfunction significantly affects depression risk and perceived stigma, highlighting the importance of routine assessment of visual problems in comprehensive care. The MSVQ-7 has strong psychometric properties for adoption as a measure for vision in clinical and research settings.

Measuring disability in multiple sclerosis: the WHODAS 2.0

INTRODUCTION

Reliable measurement of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) using a comprehensive, patient self-reported scale, such as the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, would be of clinical and research benefit.

METHODS

In the Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions-MS study, WHODAS 2.0 (WHODAS-36 items for working, WHODAS-32 items if not working, WHODAS-12 items short-form) was examined using Rasch analysis in 5809 people with MS.

RESULTS

The 36- and 32-item parallel forms, and the cognitive and physical domains, showed reliability consistent with individual or group use. The 12-item short-form is valid for group use only. Interval level measurement for parametric statistics can be derived from all three scales which showed medium to strong effect sizes for discrimination across characteristics such as age, subtype, and disease duration. Smallest detectable difference for each scale was < 6 on the standardised metric of 0-100 so < 6% of the total range. There was no substantial differential item functioning (DIF) by age, gender, education, working full/part-time, or disease duration; the finding of no DIF for time or sample supports the use of WHODAS 2.0 for longitudinal studies, with the 36- and 32-item versions and the physical and cognitive domains valid for individual patient follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Disability in MS can be comprehensively measured at interval level by the WHODAS 2.0, and validly monitored over time. Routine use of this self-reported measure in clinical and research practice would give valuable information on the trajectories of disability of individuals and groups.

Cognition and Cognitive Fatigability: Association with Employment Status in Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Slowed processing speed impacts employment status in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Studies on the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), which includes the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), have demonstrated that the combined score predicts employment status. Whether PASAT performance alone is associated with employment status is less clear. In addition, no studies have yet evaluated whether cognitive fatigability (CF), as measured with the PASAT, is associated with employment status. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between PASAT performance, CF, and employment status in PwMS.

METHODS

Hundred and eighty-six PwMS completed the PASAT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. ANOVAs and chi-squares analyzed group differences between employed and unemployed participants with respect to demographics, PASAT performance scores, and CF. Linear regression determined whether PASAT performance and/or CF scores were associated with employment status.

RESULTS

After controlling for demographic influences, group differences were noted between employed vs. unemployed individuals on PASAT performance scores only. Employment status was associated with PASAT performance scores but not CF.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study confirmed that PASAT performance is associated with employment status in MS. Given that CF was not associated, it seems difficulties with information processing speed (IPS) and working memory have more impact on a PwMS's ability to remain employed rather than within-task performance decline.

Management of multiple sclerosis fatigue in the digital age: from assessment to treatment

Fatigue is one of the most disabling symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), affecting more than 80% of patients over the disease course. Nevertheless, it has a multi-faceted and complex nature, making its diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment extremely challenging in clinical practice. In the last years, digital supporting tools have emerged to support the care of people with MS. These include not only smartphone or table-based apps, but also wearable devices or novel techniques such as virtual reality. Furthermore, an additional effective and cost-efficient tool for the therapeutic management of people with fatigue is becoming increasingly available. Virtual reality and e-Health are viable and modern tools to both assess and treat fatigue, with a variety of applications and adaptability to patient needs and disability levels. Most importantly, they can be employed in the patient's home setting and can not only bridge clinic visits but also be complementary to the monitoring and treatment means for those MS patients who live far away from healthcare structures. In this narrative review, we discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives in the digital management of fatigue in MS. These may also serve as sources for research of novel digital biomarkers in the identification of disease activity and progression.

Measuring Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: There may be Trouble Ahead

INTRODUCTION

Poorly developed patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) risk type-II errors (i.e. false negatives) in clinical trials, resulting in erroneous failure to achieve trial endpoints. Validity is a fundamental requirement of fit-for-purpose PROs, with the main determinant of validity being the PROs items, i.e. content validity. Here, we sought to identify fatigue PRO instruments used in multiple sclerosis (MS) studies and to assess the extent to which their development satisfied current content validity standards.

METHODS

We searched Embase® and Medline® for MS studies using fatigue-based PROs. Abstracts were screened, PROs identified, and their relevant development papers assessed against seven Consensus Standards for Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) criteria for content development.

RESULTS

From 3814 abstracts, 18 fatigue PROs met our inclusion criteria. Most PROs did not satisfy at least one COSMIN content validity standard. Frequent omissions during PRO development include: clearly defined constructs; conceptual frameworks; qualitative research in representative samples; and literature reviews. PRO development quality has improved significantly since FDA guidance was published (U = 10.0, p = 0.02). However, scatterplots and correlations between PRO COSMIN scores and citation frequency (rho = - 0.62) and clinical trials usage (rho =  + 0.18) implied that PRO quality is unrelated to choice. COSMIN scores implied that the Fatigue Symptoms and Impact Questionnaire-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS) and Neurological Fatigue Index-Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS) had the strongest evidence for adequate content validity.

CONCLUSION

Most existing fatigue PROs do not meet COSMIN content validity requirements. Although two PROs scored well on aggregate (NFI-MS and FSIQ-RMS), our subsequent evaluation of the item sets that generated their scores implied that both PROs have weaker content validity than COSMIN suggests. This indicates that COSMIN criteria require further development, and raises significant concerns about how we have measured one of the most common and burdensome MS symptoms. A detailed head-to-head psychometric evaluation is needed to determine the impact of different PRO development qualities and the implications of the problems implied by our analyses, on measurement performance.

Memory, Attention, and Concentration Dysfunction Post-COVID-19 Among College Students in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study

Introduction Multiple studies have demonstrated the multi-systemic involvement of COVID-19, and among all of these systems, there is mounting evidence that COVID-19 is linked to neurocognitive impairment, particularly when neurological symptoms are present. Our aim is to study the concept of cognitive dysfunction post-COVID-19 among college students in Saudi Arabia and its potential effect on their academic performance.  Methods A population-based, observational case-control study was conducted across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from May 2022 to September 2022. A total of 2,150 eligible students have completed the study questionnaire. An exact 776 (36.1%) of them had COVID-19 infection (group 1), while 1,374 (63.9%) students had not (group 2). The sample population was college-enrolled students from 18 to 28 years old, with a mean age of 21.3 for group 1 and 20.8 for group 2. Both groups were handed the same data collection tool to establish whether the COVID-19 survivors had cognitive deficits more than the control group. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding their bio-demographic data, study methods, or vaccination rate. However, both Neurological Fatigue and Big Five Inventory score were significantly higher among infected students, comparable to non-infected students. A negative relation was found between the infected students' neurological fatigue (rho=-0.14), cognitive failure (rho=-0.10), and depression and anxiety scale with their GPA (rho=0.03). Contrarily, infected students showed a positive relationship between their GPA and the Big Five Inventory (rho=0.13) and Short Grit Scale (rho=0.14). Also, there was a significant inverse relation between students' apathy motivation with their Big Five Inventory. Likewise, there was an inverse relation between their neurological fatigue, cognitive failure, and apathy motivation with their Short Grit Scale. Conclusion We demonstrated that college students who have survived COVID-19 infection mostly complain of cognitive impairment, even though most of them have no comorbidities or psychological disorders.

Evaluation of the relationship between the morphometric structure of the pituitary gland and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

The correlation between fatigue and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is known. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the morphometric dimensions of the pituitary gland with fatigue and disability.

METHOD

This research, designed as a prospective and case-control study, included 85 MS patients and 45 healthy controls. The disability was evaluated using the expanded disability rating scale (EDSS), while fatigue was determined using the fatigue severity scale (FSS) and the neurological fatigue index (NFI-MS). The morphometric structure of the pituitary gland was measured using a coronal, T2-weighted, turbo-spin-echo sequence of magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS

FSS and NFI-MS scores were higher in MS patients than in the control group (p = 0.001). Patients with a progressive and moderate-to-severe disability had a higher FSS score (p = 0.015; p = 0.002, respectively). A positive correlation was determined between disease duration, attack frequency, and EDSS and physical fatigue subscale score (p = 0.001; r = 0.383; 0.373; 0.545, respectively). The height and width of the pituitary gland were higher in MS patients (p = 0.021; p = 0.001, respectively). Pituitary gland height was higher in fatigued patients (p = 0.041). A low-positive correlation was determined between the number of attacks and the height of the pituitary gland (p = 0.027, r = 0.231).

CONCLUSION

The difference in the dimensions of the pituitary gland in MS patients, especially in the fatigued group, supports the relationship of fatigue with morphometric features as well as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.

[Psychometric Evaluation of the 'German Neurological Fatigue Index for Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS-G)' in a Sample of Rehabilitation Patients with Multiple Sclerosis]

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to provide a patient-reported outcome measure for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) comprehensively reflecting the construct of fatigue and developed upon the assumptions of the Rasch model. The Neurological Fatigue Index - Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS) is based on both a medical and patient-described symptom framework of fatigue and has been validated. Therefore, in this study the German version of the NFI-MS (NFI-MS-G) consisting of a physical and cognitive subscale and a summary scale was validated.

METHOD

In this bi-centre-study, 309 people with MS undergoing outpatient rehabilitation or being≥2 months before or after their inpatient rehabilitation completed the German NFI-MS-G twice within 14-21 days together with other questionnaires. Correlation with established questionnaires and Rasch analysis were used for its validation. Additionally, psychometric properties of known-groups validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement precision and readability were tested. Finally, the English NFI-MS and German NFI-MS-G were compared with each other to equate the language versions.

RESULTS

The NFI-MS-G showed good internal construct validity, convergent and known-groups validity and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84-0.93). The physical subscale showed minor local dependencies between items 1 and 7, 2 and 3 and 4 to 6, that could be treated by combining the respective items to testlets. Unidimensionality was found for the physical and cognitive subscales but not for the summary scale. Replacing the summary scale, a 2-domains subtest measuring the higher-order construct of fatigue was created. Good test-retest reliability (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.86-0.90) and low floor and ceiling effects were demonstrated. The NFI-MS-G was found easily readable and invariant across groups of gender, age, disease duration, timepoint and centre.

CONCLUSION

The German version of the NFI-MS comprehensively represents the construct of fatigue and has adequate psychometric properties. The German version differs from the English original version with respect to a lack of unidimensionality of the summary scale and minor local dependencies of the physical subscale that could be canceled out using a testlet analysis.

Development of a behavioural intervention for cognitive fatigability in multiple sclerosis: Protocol for a pilot and feasibility study

Background

Up to 90% of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) subjectively report fatigue as one of their worst symptoms. Fatigability is an objectively measured component of fatigue. Cognitive fatigability (CF) is a breakdown in task performance following sustained cognitive effort. There is a paucity of interventions targeting CF in MS. The prior success of behavioural interventions at improving subjective fatigue suggests that their adaptation may yield similar results for CF. Given the relationship between CF, sleep quality, and mood, a behavioural intervention targeting these factors, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), is warranted. Given the multidimensional nature of fatigue, a multifaceted approach targeting lifestyle factors and coping (e.g., fatigue management education supplemented by CBT for insomnia and exercise) might prove efficacious.

Aim

We describe a protocol for a pilot feasibility study to design and implement a multi-dimensional behavioural intervention to improve CF in PwMS.

Methods

Stage 1: development of a multi-dimensional group-based videoconference-delivered behavioural intervention based on a previously successful fatigue management program for PwMS. A facilitator manual will be drafted. Course material will focus on four themes: body (sleep and physical activity), mood (impact of depression and anxiety), mind (cognitive contributions), and context (pacing and communication). Stage 2: a needs assessment survey will be completed by 100 PwMS for input on what factors are important contributors to their CF. Modifications will be made to the course material and manual. Stage 3: the facilitator-delivered intervention will include 20 PwMS. After baseline assessment, participants will attend weekly 70-min videoconference group sessions for 8 weeks, including homework assignments. Follow-up assessment will re-evaluate outcomes. Stage 4: analysis and dissemination of results. The primary outcome is improvement in CF. Additional feasibility outcomes will determine if a randomized control trial (RCT) is pursued. Stage 5: refine the intervention based on outcomes and feedback from participants. Determining which aspects participants felt were most effective will help inform RCT design.

Conclusion

The long-term goal is to ensure that PwMS have access to effective interventions in real-world settings to improve quality of life and enhance their ability to participate in cognitively demanding activities that they enjoy.

A comparison of the measurement properties of the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a against legacy fatigue questionnaires

BACKGROUND

Amidst the growing number of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of fatigue being used in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials and clinics, evidence-based consensus on the most appropriate and generalizable measures across different settings would be beneficial for clinical research and patient care. The objective of this research was to compare the validity and responsiveness of scores from the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a with those of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), across US and UK MS populations.

METHODS

Two observational studies were performed in MS populations as part of a PRO measure development project, including a cross-sectional study in two tertiary US MS centers (n = 340) and a 96-week longitudinal study in the UK MS Register cohort (n = 352). In post-hoc analyses, we examined  relative validity, based on ability to discriminate across patient groups with different fatigue levels or functional status at baseline (i.e., ANOVA-F PRO_X ÷ ANOVA-F PROMIS (MS) 8a), and relative responsiveness, based on baseline-to-Week-52 score change (effect sizes) across fatigue or functional status response groups .

RESULTS

Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 44.6 ± 11.3/50.0 ± 9.7; and 72.9%/77.3% were female (US/UK samples). The mean PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a T-score ± SD at baseline was 57.7 ± 10.5/58.9 ± 9.3 (US/UK samples). Compared with the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a, relative validity (anchor: Global Health Score [GHS] fatigue global question) was 85% for MFIS symptom score, 48% for MFIS total score, and 44% for the FSS. Relative to the FSS, PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a scores were more sensitive to worsening (effect size = -0.43 versus -0.18) as well as improvement (effect size = 0.5 versus 0.2) in fatigue (≥1-point increase/decrease in GHS fatigue global question) over 52 weeks of follow-up. A similar pattern of score changes was observed based on a second anchor.

CONCLUSION

The PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a scores showed higher responsiveness to fatigue changes than those of the FSS. The PROMIS measure also had higher precision in differentiating levels of fatigue compared to the FSS, the MFIS physical, and MFIS total scores. These differences have practical implications for the application of these questionnaires in both clinical practice and research settings (e.g., sample size estimation in clinical trials).

Italian translation and validation of fatigue symptoms and impacts questionnaire in relapsing multiple sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS)

BACKGROUND

Fatigue is a disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) and impacts on daily life. The Fatigue Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS) is a new 20-item tool that investigates the aspects of fatigue in MS. It concerns motor, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of fatigue. We aim at validating the Italian version of FSIQ-RMS in an Italian population of MS patients and demonstrate its reliability and construct validity.

METHODS

We included patients with diagnosis of MS, age between 18 and 70 years with ability to participate in a 90-min interview. Each patient completed the Italian version of FSIQ-RMS and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) at the same time. Construct validity was explored by the exploratory factor analysis; reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha; and test-retest stability was examined through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Concurrent validity was calculated using Pearson's correlation.

RESULTS

We enrolled 171 patients (126 female and 45 male), 83% with relapsing MS (RMS), and 17% with secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Italian FSIQ-RMS showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92; ICC was 0.96. Pearson's correlation coefficient between FSIQ-RMS and FSS total score was statistically significant (p < 0.01); FSIQ-RMS inversely correlated also with BMI and positively with EDSS.

CONCLUSION

The Italian version of FSIQ-RMS has excellent psychometric properties and can be used in research and clinical setting to evaluate physical, cognitive, and social fatigue in both RMS and SPMS.

Effects of actual and imagined music-cued gait training on motor functioning and brain activity in people with multiple sclerosis: protocol of a randomised parallel multicentre trial

INTRODUCTION

Motor imagery (MI) refers to the mental rehearsal of a physical action without muscular activity. Our previous studies showed that MI combined with rhythmic-auditory cues improved walking, fatigue and quality of life (QoL) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Largest improvements were seen after music and verbally cued MI. It is unclear whether actual cued gait training achieves similar effects on walking as cued MI in pwMS. Furthermore, in pwMS it is unknown whether any of these interventions leads to changes in brain activation. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the effects of imagined and actual cued gait training and a combination thereof on walking, brain activation patterns, fatigue, cognitive and emotional functioning in pwMS.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A prospective double-blind randomised parallel multicentre trial will be conducted in 132 pwMS with mild to moderate disability. Randomised into three groups, participants will receive music, metronome and verbal cueing, plus MI of walking (1), MI combined with actual gait training (2) or actual gait training (3) for 30 min, 4× per week for 4 weeks. Supported by weekly phone calls, participants will practise at home, guided by recorded instructions. Primary endpoints will be walking speed (Timed 25-Foot Walk) and distance (2 min Walk Test). Secondary endpoints will be brain activation patterns, fatigue, QoL, MI ability, anxiety, depression, cognitive functioning, music-induced motivation-to-move, pleasure, arousal and self-efficacy. Data will be collected at baseline, postintervention and 3-month follow-up. MRI reference values will be generated using 15 matched healthy controls.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study follows the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials-PRO Extension. Ethical approval was received from the Ethics Committees of the Medical Universities of Innsbruck (1347/2020) and Graz (33-056 ex 20/21), Austria. Results will be disseminated via national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

DRKS00023978.

Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors

Recent studies indicate that COVID-19 infection can lead to serious neurological consequences in a small percentage of individuals. However, in the months following acute illness, many more suffer from fatigue, low motivation, disturbed mood, poor sleep and cognitive symptoms, colloquially referred to as 'brain fog'. But what about individuals who had asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 and reported no concerns after recovering from COVID-19? Here, we examined a wide range of cognitive functions critical for daily life (including sustained attention, memory, motor control, planning, semantic reasoning, mental rotation and spatial-visual attention) in people who had previously suffered from COVID-19 but were not significantly different from a control group on self-reported fatigue, forgetfulness, sleep abnormality, motivation, depression, anxiety and personality profile. Reassuringly, COVID-19 survivors performed well in most abilities tested, including working memory, executive function, planning and mental rotation. However, they displayed significantly worse episodic memory (up to 6 months post-infection) and greater decline in vigilance with time on task (for up to 9 months). Overall, the results show that specific chronic cognitive changes following COVID-19 are evident on objective testing even amongst those who do not report a greater symptom burden. Importantly, in the sample tested here, these were not significantly different from normal after 6-9 months, demonstrating evidence of recovery over time.

Standardizing fatigue measurement in multiple sclerosis: the validity, responsiveness and score interpretation of the PROMIS SF v1.0 - Fatigue (MS) 8a

BACKGROUND

Fatigue is one of the most common and the single most disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is a lack of consensus on the most appropriate fatigue measures in clinical practice and research, based upon rigorously validated, generalizable, and publicly available instruments. The objective of this research was to generate additional evidence regarding the validity and applicability of the PROMIS SF v1.0 - Fatigue (MS) 8a, including content validity, reliability, construct validity and responsiveness, as well as to assess minimal important difference (MID) estimates and a score interpretation tool to aide meaningful individual level score interpretation.

METHODS

A mixed-methods, sequential design was followed. Cognitive debriefing (CD) interviews (n=29) were performed with MS patients, to assess the relevance and comprehensiveness of the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a scores. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a, two observational studies were conducted: a cross-sectional study at two US MS centers (n=296), and a 96-week longitudinal study in a UK MS Register cohort (n=384). Main outcomes and measures were estimates of known-groups validity, convergence validity, reliability, and responsiveness, a guide for interpreting PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a T-scores, and anchor-based MID estimates.

RESULTS

The CD interviews confirmed the comprehensiveness and relevance of the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a in assessing MS fatigue. Cronbach's alpha (>0.9) and intra-class correlation coefficient (≥0.9) for test-retest scores at 5-7 days follow-up, supported strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Hypothesized differences were found across patient groups in patient reported fatigue and related concepts (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P <0.001). PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a scores were sensitive to bi-directional changes in fatigue (GHS fatigue global question) and physical health (PROMIS GHS GPH), over a 52-week follow-up. Score changes of 3.4-4 points are proposed as MID criteria for minimal improvement or worsening in fatigue.

CONCLUSION

This research extends the evidence supporting the content validity and the robust psychometric performance of the PROMIS Fatigue (MS) 8a across US and UK MS populations. Importantly, data supporting the measure's integration in clinical practice and research, including meaningful score interpretation, are now available.

German translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the unidimensional self-efficacy scale for multiple sclerosis

Background

Self-efficacy concerns individuals’ beliefs in their capability to exercise control in specific situations and complete tasks successfully. In people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), self-efficacy has been associated with physical activity levels and quality of life. As a validated German language self-efficacy scale for PwMS is missing the aims of this study were to translate the Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS) into German, establish face and content validity and cultural adaptation of the German version for PwMS in Austria. A further aim was to validate the German USE-MS (USE-MS-G) in PwMS.

Methods

Permission to translate and validate the USE-MS was received from the scale developers. Following guidelines for translation and validation of questionnaires and applying Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy, the USE-MS was forward-backward translated with content and face validity established. Cultural adaptation for Austria was performed using cognitive patient interviews. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, Person separation index and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. Rasch analysis was employed to assess construct validity. Comparison was made to scales for resilience, general self-efficacy, anxiety and depression, multiple sclerosis fatigue and health-related quality of life. Data were also pooled with an historic English dataset to compare the English and German language versions.

Results

The translation and cultural adaptation were successfully performed in the adaptation process of the USE-MS-G. Pretesting was conducted in 30 PwMS, the validation of the final USE-MS-G involved 309 PwMS with minimal to severe disability. The USE-MS-G was found to be valid against the Rasch model when fitting scale data using a bifactor solution of two super-items. It was shown to be unidimensional, free from differential item functioning and well targeted to the study population. Excellent convergent and known-groups validity, internal consistency, person separation reliability and test-retest reliability were shown for the USE-MS-G. Pooling of the English and German datasets confirmed invariance of item difficulties between languages.

Conclusion

The USE-MS-G is a robust, valid and reliable scale to assess self-efficacy in PwMS and can generate interval level data on an equivalent metric to the UK version.

Trial registration

ISRCTN Registry; ISRCTN14843579; prospectively registered on 02. 01. 2019.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02183-y.

Quality of life in multiple sclerosis is dominated by fatigue, disability and self-efficacy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS) reflects complex relationships between symptoms (fatigue, spasticity pain, and bladder or vision dysfunction), disability, health perceptions, and self-efficacy.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a self-report questionnaire pack of patient reported outcome measures was collected from 5695 people with MS (pwMS) alongside clinical data from their neurologists. Each patient reported outcome measure was converted to interval-scaled estimates following fit to the Rasch model. The patient reported outcome measures, as well as perceived health, age, disease subtype and gender, were then subject to path analysis to analyse their relationships with quality of life (QoL), guided by the Wilson and Clearly conceptual framework.

RESULTS

The final model explains 81.2% of the variance of QoL. Fatigue is clearly dominant, suggesting a means to intervene and improve QoL. The next most influential factors were disability and self-efficacy, which have similar effect levels. The model can be replicated for pwMS on disease modifying therapy and is largely invariant for gender and disease subtype. Age had an insignificant effect.

CONCLUSIONS

In order to promote better QoL, MS care should include management of fatigue, interventions to ameliorate disability, and support to enhance self-efficacy. The range of skills needed for these treatments will require input from medical, nursing, therapy and psychology staff, so these findings provide evidence substantiating the need for pwMS to be provided with care by comprehensive multidisciplinary teams.

Outcome measures for physical fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Physical fatigue can be a common reason for early retirement or sick leave since it appears in the earliest stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, a prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential. This systematic review aims to identify and describe the instruments used to assess physical fatigue in MS patients with consideration for the languages used to validate the instruments and their methodological qualities.

AREA COVERED

This study has been carried out through 'Medline,' 'Scopus,' 'Cinhal,' and 'Web of Science' databases for all the papers published before 24 January 2020. Three independent authors have chosen the eligible studies based upon pre-set criteria of inclusion. Data collection, data items, and assessment of the risk of bias: the data extraction approach was chosen based on the Cochrane Methods. For data collection, the authors followed the recommendations from the COSMIN initiative. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the COSMIN Check List.

EXPERT OPINION

119 publications have been reviewed. The 45 assessment scales can be divided into specific scales for physical fatigue and specific scales for MS. The most popular tools are the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale.

Developing and Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Brief Adolescent Respiratory System Health Assessment Scale-Student Version in a Chinese Sample

Objectives: To develop a Brief Adolescent Respiratory System Health Assessment Scale-Student Version (BARSHAS-SV) and test the validity and reliability of the scale. Methods: Considering common respiratory system diseases and respiratory system symptoms as a theoretical basis, researchers developed a Brief Adolescent Respiratory System Health Assessment Scale-Student Version-I (BARSHAS-SV-I). After six medical experts reviewed the BARSHAS-SV-I, and six adolescents tested the BARSHAS-SV-I, researchers developed an updated BARSHAS-SV-II. Researchers randomly selected two middle schools in Baoding, China. Thousand twenty nine valid questionnaires were recovered. Researchers evaluated the validity and reliability of the scale and obtained the final version of the scale (BARSHAS-SV). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. The content validity index (CVI) was used to evaluate the content validity of the scale. The Cronbach's α coefficient and the mean inter-item correlation coefficient (MIIC) were used to assess the reliability of the scale. Results: BARSHAS-SV Cronbach's α = 0.910, content validity = 0.941, and factor cumulative variance contribution rate = 64.047% conducting EFA. Conducting CFA, Chi square value (χ2) = 233.806, degrees of freedom (df) = 106, Chi square value/degree of freedom (χ2/df) = 2.206, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.063, normed fit index (NFI) = 0.922, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.917, Tueker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.942, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.955, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.956. BARSHAS-SV consisted of 4 dimensions and 17 items. Four factors were as follows: Factor 1, mild respiratory system diseases (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.781); Factor 2, severe respiratory system diseases (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.829); Factor 3, respiratory system symptoms (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.835); Factor 4, treatment and recovery of respiratory system diseases (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.845). Conclusions: BARSHAS-SV is a valid and reliable method that can be applied to assess adolescent respiratory system health status. BARSHAS-SV may help teachers and medical staff in schools to quickly and conveniently evaluate the adolescent respiratory system health status and identify respiratory issues.

Relationship between Fatigue and Physical Activity in a Polish Cohort of Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Background and objectives: Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It can be defined as a subjective lack of physical and mental energy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of fatigue in patients with MS and its relationship with overall physical activity and disease-related disability. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 patients with a clinical relapsing-remitting form of MS. Patients with severe depression were excluded. Neurological impairment was rated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Fatigue was assessed using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), with FSS scores greater than 36 indicating patients with fatigue. Physical activity was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and categorized on three levels: low, moderate, and high, using standard metabolic equivalents (MET). Results: The average FSS and MFIS scores were (mean ± SD) 31.3 ± 15.2 and 30.1 ± 17.0, respectively. The mean EDSS score was 2.5 ± 1.5. 42%. Patients were classified as fatigued based on FSS. Fatigued patients had higher mean EDSS scores than non-fatigued (3.0 ± 1.6 vs. 2.2 ± 1.4, respectively, p = 0.002). Low, moderate, and high levels of physical activity were reported in 35%, 20%, and 45% of patients, respectively. Higher scores of fatigue in FSS and MFIS were inversely correlated with the intensity of physical activity (r = -0.38, p < 0.001 and r = -0.33, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with MS, fatigue is a common symptom. Patients with lower physical activity and greater MS-related disability have a higher severity of fatigue, which negatively affects cognitive, psychosocial, and physical functioning.

Are fatigue scales the same? A content comparison using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

BACKGROUND

Fatigue is a common impairment in a wide range of disorders. Numerous fatigue scales have been designed in an attempt to quantify this impairment without any clear distinction between them. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a useful tool for content comparison of measurement scales.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the content of generic fatigue scales using the ICF.

METHODS

Twenty generic fatigue scales were identified and linked to the ICF by two health care professionals according to the established linking rules. The contents of the 20 scales were compared and the inter-rater agreement was estimated using kappa coefficients.

RESULTS

The content of generic fatigue scales varies and was found to focus mostly on body functions, activities and participation components of the ICF with a moderate to high degree of inter-observer agreement.

CONCLUSIONS

The content comparison of fatigue questionnaires would assist clinicians and researchers in selecting the most appropriate measurement for use and precisely analyze the results of these measurements.

Graph Theoretic Analysis of Brain Connectomics in Multiple Sclerosis: Reliability and Relationship with Cognition

Research suggests that disruption of brain networks might explain cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). The reliability and effectiveness of graph theoretic network metrics as measures of cognitive performance were tested in 37 people with MS and 23 controls. Specifically, relationships with cognitive performance (linear regression against the paced auditory serial addition test-3 seconds [PASAT-3], symbol digit modalities test [SDMT], and attention network test) and 1-month reliability (using the intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) of network metrics were measured using both resting-state functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data. Cognitive impairment was directly related to measures of brain network segregation and inversely related to network integration (prediction of PASAT-3 by small worldness, modularity, characteristic path length, R² = 0.55; prediction of SDMT by small worldness, global efficiency, and characteristic path length, R² = 0.60). Reliability of the measures for 1 month in a subset of nine participants was mostly rated as good (ICC >0.6) for both controls and MS patients in both functional and diffusion data, but was highly dependent on the chosen parcellation and graph density, with the 0.2–0.5 density range being the most reliable. This suggests that disrupted network organization predicts cognitive impairment in MS and its measurement is reliable for a 1-month period. These new findings support the hypothesis of network disruption as a major determinant of cognitive deficits in MS and the future possibility of the application of derived metrics as surrogate outcomes in trials of therapies for cognitive impairment.

Chronic fatigue and depression due to multiple sclerosis: Immune-inflammatory pathways, tryptophan catabolites and the gut-brain axis as possible shared pathways

Chronic fatigue and major depression (MDD)-like symptoms are common manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS), both with huge impact on quality of life. Depression can manifest itself as fatigue, and depressive symptoms are often mistaken for fatigue, and vice versa. The two conditions are sometimes difficult to differentiate, and their relationship is unclear. Whether chronic fatigue and depression occur primarily, secondarily or coincidentally with activated immune-inflammatory pathways in MS is still under debate. We have carried out a descriptive review aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between chronic fatigue and depression in MS, and the shared pathways that underpin both conditions. This review focuses on immune-inflammatory pathways, the kynurenine pathway and the gut-brain axis. It seems likely that proinflammatory cytokines, tryptophan catabolites (the KYN pathway) and the gut-brain axis are involved in the mechanisms causing chronic fatigue and MDD-like symptoms in MS. However, the evidence base is weak, and more research is needed. In order to advance our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms, MS-related fatigue and depression should be examined using a longitudinal design and both immune-inflammatory and KYN pathway biomarkers should be measured, relevant clinical characteristics judiciously registered, and self-report instruments for both fatigue and depression should be used.

The neurological fatigue index for stroke. Reliability of a Norwegian version

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and floor and ceiling effects of a Norwegian version of the Neurological Fatigue Index for Stroke (NFI-Stroke).

METHOD

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the NFI-Stroke, persons with stroke were recruited. Inclusion criteria were: ≥18 years; a performance of ≥4 seconds on the Clock-Drawing Test; and participants had to speak and understand Norwegian. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and floor and ceiling effects were evaluated with Spearman's rho, Weighted Kappa, Cronbach's Alpha, corrected total-item correlation, percentage of the total score, and responses to each item.

RESULT

Of 82 eligible, 66 respondents were included in the project. NFI-Stroke has a test-retest reliability of 0.89, 0.89, and 0.87 with Spearman's rho and 0.55-0.78 with Weighted Kappa. For the subgroup chronic stroke, Spearman's rho was 0.89, 0.86, and 0.93, and Weighted Kappa was 0.61-0.91. For the subgroup sub-acute stroke, Spearman's rho was 0.48, 0.55, and 0.51, and Weighted Kappa was 0.02-0.54. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.90. For the physical subscale, alpha was 0.89, and for the cognitive subscale 0.74. Corrected total-item correlation for NFI-Stroke was 0.50-0.78, 0.55-0.79 for the physical subscale, and 0.46-0.60 for the cognitive subscale. None scored the highest nor lowest possible score of the questionnaire.

CONCLUSION

NFI-Stroke has high test-retest reliability, and high internal consistency with neither floor nor ceiling effects for persons with stroke. The questionnaire may be useful both in general rehabilitation in institutions as well as in the municipal health services.

Developing and Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Brief Haze Weather Health Protection Behavior Assessment Scale-Adolescent Version (BHWHPBAS-AV)

Objectives: To develop a Brief Haze Weather Health Protection Behavior Assessment Scale-Adolescent Version (BHWHPBAS-AV). Methods: Considering primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention as a theoretical basis, researchers developed a Brief Haze Weather Health Protection Behavior Assessment Scale-Adolescent Version-I(BHWHPBAS-AV-I). After performing 6 reviews by related experts, and after conducting six adolescent tests for BHWHPBAS-AV-I, researchers developed an updated BHWHPBAS-AV-II. Out of the 20 districts in Baoding, two districts were randomly selected; moreover, two middle schools from these two districts were also randomly selected. Considering one class as a unit, researchers subsequently randomly selected 22 classes by using stratified sampling. In the end, 1,025 valid questionnaires were used as part of the study. At which point, researchers investigated the validity and reliability of the scale and obtained the final scale (BHWHPBAS-AV). Results: BHWHPBAS-AV Cronbach's α = 0.878, content validity = 0.948, and factor cumulative contribution rate = 54.058% using exploratory factor analysis. By confirmatory factor analysis, Chi square value (χ²) = 271.791, degrees of freedom (df) = 94, Chi square value/degrees of freedom (χ²/df) = 2.891, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.051, normed fit index (NFI) = 0.930, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.953, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.955, Tueker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.940, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.953. BHWHPBAS-AV was composed of 16 items as well as 3 dimensions. Conclusions: A BHWHPBAS-AV scale that has an acceptable reliability and validity can be applied to assess adolescent haze weather health protection behavior, and can also help school teachers, as well as medical staff working in community health care institutions, to perform targeted behavioral interventions and deliver health education programs to adolescents.

Management of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Comorbidities

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article discusses the prevalence, identification, and management of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related symptoms and associated comorbidities, including complications that can present at all stages of the disease course.

RECENT FINDINGS

The impact of comorbidities on the outcome of MS is increasingly recognized. This presents an opportunity to impact the course and outcome of MS by identifying and treating associated comorbidities that may be more amenable to treatment than the underlying inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. The identification of MS-related symptoms and comorbidities is facilitated by brief screening tools, ideally completed by the patient and automatically entered into the patient record, with therapeutic suggestions for the provider. The development of free, open-source screening tools that can be integrated with electronic health records provides opportunities to identify and treat MS-related symptoms and comorbidities at an early stage.

SUMMARY

Identification and management of MS-related symptoms and comorbidities can lead to improved outcomes, improved quality of life, and reduced disease activity. The use of brief patient-reported screening tools at or before the point of care can facilitate identification of symptoms and comorbidities that may be amenable to intervention.

Dimethyl Fumarate in the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Patient Reported Outcomes and Perspectives

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a commonly prescribed oral medication for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a wide range of hypothesized downstream mechanisms of action. Randomized clinical trials have established its clinical efficacy by using standard objective clinical measures. However, MS is a chronic disease that, apart from physical ailments, can affect an individual’s mood, psychosocial status, and quality of life which cannot be captured by using only objective assessment tools. Given the challenge of determining the efficacy of the treatment in a real-world clinical setting, the use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) may help us to better address these aspects of patient care and establish a more patient-centered approach to MS care. To date, a review of PubMed identified six studies which reported on PROs in patients who are taking DMF. In total, twelve different kinds of PRO measures were utilized and 6359 patients provided at least one form of PRO in these studies. Upon review of these studies, we were able to conclude that people with MS had decreased quality of life compared to the healthy population in the US. MS patients on DMF, however, had better health-related quality of life assessment scores compared to those using a placebo. Previous studies also suggested that DMF decreased work productivity impairment scores after one year of use compared to baseline. DMF was associated with less impairment in fatigue and depression scales along with improved treatment quality assessment and adherence scores. This review will present a brief synopsis of the published literature and will provide indications for future directions with respect to PROs and DMF in people with MS.

Cognitive Fatigability Interventions in Neurological Conditions: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

Although fatigue is a well-studied concept in neurological disease, cognitive fatigability (CF) is less understood. While most studies measure fatigue using subjective self-report, fewer have measured CF objectively. Given the negative impact of CF on quality-of-life, there is a need for targeted interventions. The objective of this review was to determine which procedural, behavioural and pharmacological treatments for objectively measured CF are available to people living with neurological conditions.

METHODS

In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches for randomized control trials (RCTs), case-controlled studies and case reports/series were conducted across the Ovid Medline, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. English-language articles published between 1980 and February 2019 were considered for eligibility. Included were those that objectively measured CF in individuals with neurological disease/disorder/dysfunction between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Studies were reviewed using a modified Cochrane Data Extraction Template. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The review process was facilitated using Covidence software (www.covidence.org). Two authors reviewed articles independently, with a third resolving conflicts regarding article inclusion.

RESULTS

The search identified 450 records. After duplicates were removed and remaining titles/abstracts were screened for eligibility, 28 full-text articles were assessed, and two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Studies were a priori divided into those with pharmacological, procedural or behavioural interventions. Two studies met eligibility criteria; both of these included participants with multiple sclerosis. One study utilized a procedural intervention (i.e. transcranial direct current stimulation), while the other utilized a pharmacological intervention (i.e. fampridine-SR). Studies were evaluated for risk of bias, and evidence from both eligible studies was discussed.

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive results of the procedural intervention, the paucity of eligible studies and the nascent nature of the field suggests that more studies are required before firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the amenability of CF to treatment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019118706).

Randomized-controlled trial of a modified Mediterranean dietary program for multiple sclerosis: A pilot study

BACKGROUND

There is a high level of interest in the potential role of diet among the MS community. There is a limited level of evidence for a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern in MS; the feasibility of conducting studies using educational tools to deliver this type of intervention and study its effects is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To establish clinical trial feasibility for future studies utilizing educational delivery of a dietary intervention in MS; to explore the effects of a modified Mediterranean dietary intervention in MS.

METHODS

We randomly assigned women with MS to follow/not follow the prescribed modified Mediterranean dietary intervention for 6 months, delivered through educational sessions. The diet encouraged the intake of fish and other foods high in poly- and monounsaturated fats, fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and eliminated meat, dairy, and most processed foods and limited salt intake to <2 g/day. Primary endpoints related to meeting target enrollment within the specified time frame, adherence, and study completion. Clinical endpoints were evaluated in an exploratory fashion.

RESULTS

We screened 128 potential participants and enrolled 36 within 9 months, surpassing target enrollment of 30 participants at a single center in 1 year. Self-reported adherence was excellent (90.3%), with an overall study completion rate of 94.4%. The intervention group exhibited a statistically significant decline in the trajectory of Neurological Fatigue Index-MS scores (p = 0.01), a trend toward reduced Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 scores that became significant after outlier removal (p = 0.12; p = 0.023), and a reduction in Expanded Disability Status Scale (p = 0.01) over time as compared to the non-intervention group.

CONCLUSIONS

It is reasonable to expect a high level of interest and commitment to this type of dietary intervention study in MS, and feasible to deliver it purely through education in a clinical setting with high adherence levels despite restrictive requirements. In this pilot study, a modified Mediterranean dietary intervention reduced fatigue, impact of MS symptoms, and disability. Further work is needed.

Lack of content overlap and essential dimensions - A review of measures used for post-stroke fatigue

INTRODUCTION

Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition. A major obstacle in PSF research is the lack of consensus on how to assess and diagnose fatigue after stroke. A wide variety of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are currently being used, none of which are developed specifically for stroke patients. The objectives of this study are to evaluate content validity in individual fatigue PROMs, and to identify similarities and differences through cross-comparison of PROMs.

METHODS

We used a novel mixed-methods approach to evaluate content validity in fatigue PROMs. First, we performed a qualitative content analysis of items in eleven fatigue PROMs used in stroke populations, and then we used descriptive statistics and a similarity coefficient to investigate similarities and differences across instruments.

RESULTS

The analysis of 156 items in eleven PROMs revealed 83 different items each representing a distinct attribute of fatigue. The results show that currently used fatigue PROMs omit important PSF-specific items, do not take into account the multidimensional nature of PSF and lack content overlap.

SUMMARY

The wide variety of items and lack of overlap between fatigue PROMs illuminates the need for researchers to report why a specific PROM was used. PROMs that capture the specific experiences of patients with PSF are also needed to advance research on PSF and its etiology and treatment.

Dietary Intake of Riboflavin and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Can Improve the Multi-Domain Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study

Objective

This study was aimed to explore the effects of dietary nutrients on cognitive function among the middle-aged and elderly populations.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of 1,385 middle-aged and elderly people was conducted from January 2014 to December 2017. Dietary nutrients were assessed according to the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and China Food Composition Database (CFCD). Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate the participants’ global cognitive function. Six other neuropsychological measures [auditory verbal learning test-immediate recall (AVLT-IR), auditory verbal learning test-short recall (AVLT-SR), auditory verbal learning test-long recall (AVLT-LR), logical memory test (LMT), digit span forward (DST-F), and digit span backward (DST-B)] were used to assess the verbal memory domain and the attention domain by principal component analysis (PCA). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to explore associations between nutrients and cognition. Sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the results.

Results

Dietary riboflavin was protective for global cognitive function (β = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.26, 2.35) and the verbal memory domain (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.71). Unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) played a protective role in global cognitive function (β = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.16, 2.14). The protective effects of riboflavin and USFA on cognitive function were consistent and reliable when different confounders were adjusted during sensitivity analyses. During the follow-up, neuropsychological measure scores revealed a reduced decline in the high-riboflavin group (d-MoCA, P = 0.025; d-AVLT-IR, P = 0.001; d-DST-B, P = 0.004; and d-composite score, P = 0.004) and the high-USFA group (d-AVLT-IR, P = 0.007; d-LMT, P = 0.032; d-DST-B, P = 0.002; and d-composite score, P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Higher intake of riboflavin and USFA can improve multi-dimensional cognitive functioning in middle-aged and elderly people. These findings were consistent in different models of sensitivity analyses.

Development of a brief clinician-reported outcome measure of multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms: The Clinician Rating of Multiple Sclerosis (CRoMS)

OBJECTIVE

No available assessment tool offers a brief and psychometrically sound way for clinicians to quantify assessment of MS in a typical office visit. The objective of this study was to develop a brief clinician-reported outcome measure of MS signs and symptoms to standardize and quantify assessments that occur during a typical neurology office visit.

METHODS

A questionnaire, called the Clinician Rating of Multiple Sclerosis (CRoMS), was developed in the following steps: literature review; concept elicitation interviews (to generate questionnaire themes and content) with patients with MS (n = 14); concept elicitation interviews with neurologists (n = 9); online qualitative survey with neurologists in the US, UK, Germany, and Sweden (n = 72); online survey with neurologists to evaluate the first draft of the clinician-reported outcome measure (ClinRO) (n = 26); an in-person meeting with neurologists to discuss and revise the draft ClinRO (n = 9); and interviews with neurologists and MS nurses to further refine and finalize the ClinRO (n = 16).

RESULTS

Across all steps of this research, several signs and symptoms consistently emerged as important for assessment in a typical office visit: walking, balance, upper limb function, coordination, weakness, fatigue, pain, sensory symptoms, bladder function, visual function, cognition, spasticity, spasms, and mood. The importance of these signs and symptoms was supported by neurologists during the online surveys and the in-person meeting. Neurologists were generally able to complete the draft ClinRO measure without difficulty, although minor revisions were suggested to refine the ClinRO for future use.

CONCLUSION

The CRoMS may be a useful tool for efficiently assessing the severity of MS symptoms. This brief clinician-reported measure could help standardize and quantify assessments in clinical studies and clinical settings.

German translation, cultural adaption and validation of the unidimensional self-efficacy scale for multiple sclerosis: a study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Self-efficacy refers to individuals' confidence in their ability to perform relevant tasks to accomplish desired goals. This is independent of their actual abilities. In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), self-efficacy has been shown to powerfully influence motivation and health-related behaviour, such as adherence to prescribed treatment or physical activity. So far, a rigorously tested German language self-efficacy questionnaire for people with MS is missing.

METHODS

The purpose of this study is to translate the original Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS) into German and to validate the German USE-MS (USE-MS-G). Based on Bandura's concept of self-efficacy and international guidelines for questionnaire development, the patient-led development of the pre-final German version will involve a forward-backward translation process, synthesis of translations, expert committee review and consensus with the original test developers. At two centres in Tyrol, Austria, content and face validity and cultural adaption for Austria will be established using face-to-face semistructured cognitive interviews of 30 people with MS (PwMS). A further 292 PwMS with minimal to severe disability will be tested at two timepoints to validate the USE-MS-G.

RESULTS

Mixed methods analyses will be applied. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed employing qualitative content analysis. External validity will be explored using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficients of the USE-MS-G with the 13-item Resilience Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and MS-specific Neurological Fatigue Index. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency and floor and ceiling effects will be evaluated. Internal validity will be examined using Rasch analysis.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was received from the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (reference number EK1260/2018; 13.12.2018). Results from this study will be disseminated to the participants and MS Societies, and to clinicians and researchers through peer-reviewed publications and conferences.

STUDY REGISTRATION

ISRCTN Registry; trial ID ISRCTN14843579; prospectively registered on 02. 01. 2019; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14843579.

Development and Validation of the FSIQ-RMS: A New Patient-Reported Questionnaire to Assess Symptoms and Impacts of Fatigue in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

A new patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument to measure fatigue symptoms and impacts in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) was developed in a qualitative stage, followed by psychometric validation and migration from paper to an electronic format.

METHODS

Adult patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) were interviewed to elicit fatigue-related symptoms and impacts. A draft questionnaire was debriefed in cognitive interviews with further RRMS patients, and revised. Content confirmation interviews were conducted with patients with progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS) and relapsing secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (RSPMS). Psychometric analyses used data from adult patients with different RMS subtypes and matched non-RMS controls in a multicenter, observational study. After item reduction, the final instrument was migrated to a smartphone (eDiary) and usability was confirmed in interviews with additional adult RMS patients.

RESULTS

The qualitative stage included 37 RRMS, 5 PRMS, and 5 RSPMS patients. Saturation of concepts was reached during concept elicitation. Cognitive interviews confirmed that participants understood the instructions, items, and response options of the instrument-named FSIQ-RMS-as intended. Psychometric validation included 164 RMS and 74 control patients. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were demonstrated. The symptoms domain discriminated along the RMS symptom-severity continuum and between patients and controls. Patients were able to attribute fatigue-related symptoms to RMS. Usability and conceptual equivalence of the eDiary were confirmed (n = 10 participants).

CONCLUSIONS

With 7 symptom items and 13 impact items (in 3 impacts subdomains: physical, cognitive and emotional, and coping) after item reduction, the FSIQ-RMS is a comprehensive, valid, and reliable measure of fatigue-related symptoms and impacts in RMS patients.

Brief adult respiratory system health status scale-community version (BARSHSS-CV): developing and evaluating the reliability and validity

Background

The evaluation of respiratory system health status in hospitalized patients is usually based on many laboratory examinations and imaging examinations. Medical examinations require a lot of manpower, material resources, financial resources, and may cause a certain degree of mechanical damage and radiation damage. It is not easily used widely and economically to assess the respiratory health status of community adults. Therefore, researchers developed a brief adult respiratory system health status scale-community version (BARSHSS-CV) and tested its reliability and validity.

Methods

Using clinical characteristics and pathogenic factors of respiratory system diseases as a theoretical basis and through reference to relevant literature, researchers developed an initial scale. A randomized cluster sampling strategy was used to recruit adults in the communities of Baoding City, Shijiazhuang City, Cangzhou city and Chifeng City in China. Researchers randomly selected 1 district from each city. Subsequently, 4 communities were respectively randomly selected from 4 districts. Then, researchers conducted the questionnaire survey in 4 communities. Finally, researchers investigated 615 community adults. 584 valid questionnaires were recovered. By applying exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity index, Cronbach’s α coefficient, mean inter-item correlation coefficient and test-retest reliability, researchers tested the reliability and validity of scale and created the final BARSHSS-CV.

Results

BARSHSS-CV Cronbach’s α=0.951, content validity = 0.933, test-retest reliability = 0.963 and factor cumulative contribution rate = 67.168% by exploratory factor analysis. By confirmatory factor analysis, Chi square value (χ2) was 442.117, degrees of freedom (df) was 161, Chi square value/degrees of freedom (χ2 /df) was 2.746, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.065, goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.902, incremental fit index (IFI) was 0.955, comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.955, normed fit index (NFI) was 0.931, Tueker-Lewis index (TLI) was 0.947. BARSHSS-CV consisted of 20 items and 3 dimensions.

Conclusions

BARSHSS-CV with good test-retest reliability and content/construct validity is a brief and economical tool for assessing the state of respiratory system amongst adult communities. BARSHSS-CV may help medical staff in community primary medical institutions quickly, conveniently and economically assess the status of respiratory system and the main problems of respiratory system in community adults.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-3505-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Development and testing of the reliability and validity of the adolescent haze related knowledge awareness assessment scale (AHRKAAS)

Background

Haze leads to many direct serious public health impacts. Understanding haze related knowledge can not only help adolescents organize health protection awareness to prevent the harmful effects that haze has on the body, but also promote their normal growth and development.

Methods

By considering, as the theoretical basis, the reasons behind the formation of haze and the underlying mechanisms of the diseases that it causes, in addition to also investigating extensive literature references, our research team developed the Adolescent Haze Related Knowledge Awareness Assessment Scale (AHRKAAS-I). After 6 experts reviewed AHRKAAS-I, and 6 adolescents tested the scale, the research team further revised and improved AHRKAAS-I to form AHRKAAS-II. After which, researchers randomly selected 2 districts from the 20 districts of Baoding, and subsequently randomly selected 2 middle schools from these 2 districts. Conducting a stratified cluster sampling method, considering class as a unit, the research team randomly selected 22 classes. Finally, a total of 1100 adolescents were investigated and 1034 valid questionnaires were recovered. By analyzing the data of 1034 valid questionnaires, the researchers tested the reliability and validity of the scale and obtained the final scale (AHRKAAS).

Results

AHRKAAS Cronbach’s α=0.923, content validity = 0.940, criterion validity = 0.444, and factor cumulative contribution rate = 66.178% by exploratory factor analysis. Using confirmatory factor analysis, Chi square value = 662.780, degrees of freedom = 242, Chi square value/degrees of freedom = 2.739, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.049, goodness of fit index = 0.929, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.905, comparative fit index = 0.964, normed fit index = 0.944, and Tueker-Lewis index = 0.955. AHRKAAS consisted of 25 items and 4 dimensions.

Conclusion

AHRKAAS with a good reliability and validity can be used to assess the cognition level of haze related knowledge among the adolescents, help medical workers and coordinators in schools when conducting targeted behavior interventions. Furthermore, it can be used for health guidance for adolescents relating to the health prevention of haze.

Psychological determinants of job retention in multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Maintaining paid work is a key issue for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Different factors, including psychological attributes, can influence job retention. Understanding their role should inform potential interventions to help PwMS retain employment.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to identify the key factors which improve job retention in an employed cohort of PwMS.

METHODS

This three-year longitudinal study used validated self-completed measures of physical and psychological factors at four time points over 28 months.

RESULTS

Of 208 employed PwMS, just over 1 in 10 was no longer working at the end of the study. Three variables were predictive of continuing employment; low 'work instability' at baseline increased the odds of job retention by a factor of 12.76; high levels of self-efficacy by a factor of 4.66 and being less than 50 years of age increased the odds of job retention by a factor of 3.90. Path analysis demonstrated the mediating role of self-efficacy between the physical impact of MS and the level of work instability at exit.

CONCLUSION

Screening for work instability and self-efficacy in a clinical setting followed by appropriate interventions to increase self-efficacy and reduce work instability could aid job retention in MS.

Fatigue Can Be Objectively Measured in Multiple Sclerosis: Multipl Sklerozda Yorgunluk Objektif Olarak Ölçülebilir

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder affecting the white matter in the central nervous system (CNS), seen usually among young adults (20-40 years of age). Fatigue is an important symptom that affects a large portion of the patient population. The reason for fatigue seen in MS patients is still not well-known. Fatigue is a subjective and non-specific symptom; therefore, it is quite difficult to evaluate fatigue. This symptom has been reported in 75-87% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and two-thirds of these patients indicated fatigue as one of the worst three common symptoms they experienced. In this review, objective measurement methods of fatigue which is a subjective complaint will be discussed.

Development of a short scale for assessing economic environmental aspects in patients with spinal diseases using Rasch analysis

Background

Economic environmental factors represent important barriers to participation and have deleterious effects on quality of life (QOL) in persons with spinal diseases (SpD). While economic factors are anchored in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, their influence on QOL and participation from patients’ perspectives is an infrequent focus of research. The aim of the present research is to calibrate a culturally adapted Rasch-based questionnaire assessing economic QOL in patients with SpD.

Methods

The 11-items of the German economic-QOL-scale were answered by 325 patients with SpD on a four-point Likert-scale. Fit to the Rasch measurement model was investigated by testing for stochastic ordering of the items, unidimensionality, local independence, and differential item functioning (DIF).

Results

After adjusting for local dependency, fit to the Rasch model was achieved with a non-significant item-trait interaction (chi-square_df = 20 = 34.8, p = 0.021). The person separation reliability equaled 0.88, the scale was free from age- or gender-related DIF, and unidimensionality could be verified.

Conclusions

The Rasch-based German version of the economic-QOL-scale represents a suitable instrument to investigate the influences of economic factors on patients’ QOL at a group and individual level. It can be easily applied in research and practice and may be administered quickly in combination with other instruments. The short test duration implies a low test burden for patients and a minimum of time expenditure by clinicians when evaluating the results.

Relationship Between Fatigability and Perceived Fatigue Measured Using the Neurological Fatigue Index in People with Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Understanding the relationship between perceived fatigue and performance fatigability could lead to more effective interventions to manage multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue. However, the relationship between self-perceived fatigue measured using the Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI-MS) and performance fatigability in people with MS is unknown. We sought to explore the relationship between the NFI-MS and performance fatigability in people with MS.

METHODS

Fifty-two participants (mean ± SD age, 46.8 ± 10.1 years) completed the study. Three measures of performance fatigability were used: percent change in meters walked from first to last minute of the 6-Minute Walk Test, percent change in force exerted from first to last trial on a repetitive maximal hand grip test, and response speed variability on the Continuous Performance Test. Perceived physical and cognitive fatigue were measured using the NFI-MS. The state level of fatigue was examined immediately before and after performing the fatigability measures using a one-item visual analogue fatigue scale.

RESULTS

Of the three performance fatigability measures, only the attentional task (response speed variability) was significantly associated with NFI-MS physical (r = 0.326, P = .020) and cognitive (r = 0.276, P = .050) domain scores. Participants demonstrated significantly higher state levels of fatigue after performing all performance fatigability measures (P ≤ .001).

CONCLUSIONS

The NFI-MS and the performance fatigability measures used in this study are easy to administer. We encourage wider use of these measures in clinical and research settings for comprehensive assessment of MS-related fatigue.

Mobile Technology Use by People Experiencing Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue: Survey Methodology

Background

Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It has a profound impact on all spheres of life, for people with MS and their relatives. It is one of the key precipitants of early retirement. Individual, group, and Internet cognitive behavioral therapy–based approaches to supporting people with MS to manage their fatigue have been shown to be effective.

Objective

The aim of this project was to (1) survey the types of mobile devices and level of Internet access people with MS use or would consider using for a health intervention and (2) characterize the levels of fatigue severity and their impact experienced by the people in our sample to provide an estimate of fatigue severity of people with MS in New Zealand. The ultimate goal of this work was to support the future development of a mobile intervention for the management of fatigue for people with MS.

Methods

Survey methodology using an online questionnaire was used to assess people with MS. A total of 51 people with MS participated. The average age was 48.5 years, and the large majority of the sample (77%) was female.

Results

Participants reported significant levels of fatigue as measured with the summary score of the Neurological Fatigue Index (mean 31.4 [SD 5.3]). Most (84%) respondents scored on average more than 3 on the fatigue severity questions, reflecting significant fatigue. Mobile phone usage was high with 86% of respondents reporting having a mobile phone; apps were used by 75% of respondents. Most participants (92%) accessed the Internet from home.

Conclusions

New Zealand respondents with MS experienced high levels of both fatigue severity and fatigue impact. The majority of participants have a mobile device and access to the Internet. These findings, along with limited access to face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy–based interventions, create an opportunity to develop a mobile technology platform for delivering a cognitive behavioral therapy–based intervention to decrease the severity and impact of fatigue in people with MS.

Sexual functioning in multiple sclerosis: Relationships with depression, fatigue and physical function

Background:

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is common among people with multiple sclerosis, but there is limited information on its relationships.

Objective:

This national study examines the relationships between sexual function with demographic factors, physical function, fatigue and depression.

Methods:

Participants in the Trajectories of Outcomes in Neurological Conditions (TONiC) study completed the measures of fatigue, physical function and depression together with the Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-15 (MSISQ-15), which covers sexual function (primary), symptoms that interfere with sexual function (secondary) and psychological issues (tertiary). All ordinal scores from the measures were converted to interval scale latent estimates via the Rasch model and used as single indicator latent variables in path analysis.

Results:

From 722 patients, 538 were sexually active of whom 431 (80.1%) answered questions on sexual functioning. Of these, only 18.5% reported no impact on any aspect of sexual function. Dysfunction was linked to disease subtype and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Subtype influenced the relationship between symptoms and sexual function, which was fully mediated by psychological factors in secondary progressive patients. Depression was not directly associated with sexual functioning, but appeared as a consequence of the psychological issues associated with SD.

Conclusion:

SD is common among participants in this UK-wide study, and psychological aspects of SD contributed to depression.