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Kiik H, Ramanayake S, Miura M, Tanaka Y, Melamed A, Bangham CRM. Time-course of host cell transcription during the HTLV-1 transcriptional burst. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010387. [PMID: 35576236 PMCID: PMC9135347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transactivator protein Tax has pleiotropic functions in the host cell affecting cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage response pathways and apoptosis. These actions of Tax have been implicated in the persistence and pathogenesis of HTLV-1-infected cells. It is now known that tax expression occurs in transcriptional bursts of the proviral plus-strand, but the effects of the burst on host transcription are not fully understood. We carried out RNA sequencing of two naturally-infected T-cell clones transduced with a Tax-responsive Timer protein, which undergoes a time-dependent shift in fluorescence emission, to study transcriptional changes during successive phases of the HTLV-1 plus-strand burst. We found that the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway, cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage response and apoptosis inhibition were immediate effects accompanying the plus-strand burst, and are limited to the duration of the burst. The results distinguish between the immediate and delayed effects of HTLV-1 reactivation on host transcription, and between clone-specific effects and those observed in both clones. The major transcriptional changes in the infected host T-cells observed here, including NF-κB, are transient, suggesting that these pathways are not persistently activated at high levels in HTLV-1-infected cells. The two clones diverged strongly in their expression of genes regulating the cell cycle. Up-regulation of senescence markers was a delayed effect of the proviral plus-strand burst and the up-regulation of some pro-apoptotic genes outlasted the burst. We found that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway enhanced and prolonged the proviral burst, but did not increase the rate of reactivation. Our results also suggest that sustained plus-strand expression is detrimental to the survival of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kiik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Ramanayake
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michi Miura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Anat Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Characterizing the Interaction between the HTLV-1 Transactivator Tax-1 with Transcription Elongation Factor ELL2 and Its Impact on Viral Transactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413597. [PMID: 34948391 PMCID: PMC8705299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-encoded transactivator and oncoprotein Tax-1 is essential for HTLV-1 replication. We recently found that Tax-1 interacts with transcription elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2, ELL2, which enhances Tax-1-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 promotor. Here, we characterize the Tax-1:ELL2 interaction and its impact on viral transactivation by confocal imaging, co-immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays. We found that Tax-1 and ELL2 not only co-precipitate, but also co-localize in dot-like structures in the nucleus. Tax-1:ELL2 complex formation occurred independently of Tax-1 point mutations, which are crucial for post translational modifications (PTMs) of Tax-1, suggesting that these PTMs are irrelevant for Tax-1:ELL2 interaction. In contrast, Tax-1 deletion mutants lacking either N-terminal (aa 1-37) or C-terminal regions (aa 150-353) of Tax-1 were impaired in interacting with ELL2. Contrary to Tax-1, the related, non-oncogenic Tax-2B from HTLV-2B did not interact with ELL2. Finally, we found that ELL2-R1 (aa 1-353), which carries an RNA polymerase II binding domain, and ELL2-R3 (aa 515-640) are sufficient to interact with Tax-1; however, only ELL2-truncations expressing R1 could enhance Tax-1-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 promoter. Together, this study identifies domains in Tax-1 and ELL2 being required for Tax-1:ELL2 complex formation and for viral transactivation.
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3
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Dysregulation of immune gene expression profiles during HTLV-1 infection. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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4
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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5
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes cancer (Adult T cell Leukemia, ATL) and a spectrum of inflammatory diseases (mainly HTLV-associated myelopathy—tropical spastic paraparesis, HAM/TSP). Since virions are particularly unstable, HTLV-1 transmission primarily occurs by transfer of a cell carrying an integrated provirus. After transcription, the viral genomic RNA undergoes reverse transcription and integration into the chromosomal DNA of a cell from the newly infected host. The virus then replicates by either one of two modes: (i) an infectious cycle by virus budding and infection of new targets and (ii) mitotic division of cells harboring an integrated provirus. HTLV-1 replication initiates a series of mechanisms in the host including antiviral immunity and checkpoint control of cell proliferation. HTLV-1 has elaborated strategies to counteract these defense mechanisms allowing continuous persistence in humans.
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Alibek K, Irving S, Sautbayeva Z, Kakpenova A, Bekmurzayeva A, Baiken Y, Imangali N, Shaimerdenova M, Mektepbayeva D, Balabiyev A, Chinybayeva A. Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:44. [PMID: 25699089 PMCID: PMC4333878 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcl proteins play a critical role in apoptosis, as mutations in family members interfere with normal programmed cell death. Such events can cause cell transformation, potentially leading to cancer. Recent discoveries indicate that some viral proteins interfere with Bcl proteins either directly or indirectly; however, these data have not been systematically described. Some viruses encode proteins that reprogramme host cellular signalling pathways controlling cell differentiation, proliferation, genomic integrity, cell death, and immune system recognition. This review analyses and summarises the existing data and discusses how viral proteins interfere with normal pro- and anti-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Particularly, this article focuses on how viral proteins, such as Herpesviruses, HTLV-1, HPV and HCV, block apoptosis and how accumulation of such interference predisposes cancer development. Finally, we discuss possible ways to prevent and treat cancers using a combination of traditional therapies and antiviral preparations that are effective against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alibek
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan ; National Medical Holding, 2 Syganak Street, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Stephanie Irving
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina Sautbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Damel Mektepbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Arnat Balabiyev
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aizada Chinybayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
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Gutiérrez G, Rodríguez SM, de Brogniez A, Gillet N, Golime R, Burny A, Jaworski JP, Alvarez I, Vagnoni L, Trono K, Willems L. Vaccination against δ-retroviruses: the bovine leukemia virus paradigm. Viruses 2014; 6:2416-27. [PMID: 24956179 PMCID: PMC4074934 DOI: 10.3390/v6062416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are closely related δ-retroviruses that induce hematological diseases. HTLV-1 infects about 15 million people worldwide, mainly in subtropical areas. HTLV-1 induces a wide spectrum of diseases (e.g., HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis) and leukemia/lymphoma (adult T-cell leukemia). Bovine leukemia virus is a major pathogen of cattle, causing important economic losses due to a reduction in production, export limitations and lymphoma-associated death. In the absence of satisfactory treatment for these diseases and besides the prevention of transmission, the best option to reduce the prevalence of δ-retroviruses is vaccination. Here, we provide an overview of the different vaccination strategies in the BLV model and outline key parameters required for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerónimo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
| | - Sabrina M Rodríguez
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alix de Brogniez
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Ramarao Golime
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Arsène Burny
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Juan-Pablo Jaworski
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
| | - Lucas Vagnoni
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Zane L, Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and leukemogenesis: virus-cell interactions in the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:191-210. [PMID: 24008300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was originally discovered in the early 1980s. It is the first retrovirus to be unambiguously linked causally to a human cancer. HTLV-1 currently infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. In this chapter, we review progress made over the last 30 years in our understanding of HTLV-1 infection, replication, gene expression, and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, The National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0460, USA
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Gillet N, Carpentier A, Barez PY, Willems L. WIP1 deficiency inhibits HTLV-1 Tax oncogenesis: novel therapeutic prospects for treatment of ATL? Retrovirology 2012; 9:115. [PMID: 23256570 PMCID: PMC3542286 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of p53 activity appears to be a major step in Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax transformation. However, p53 genomic mutations are late and rather infrequent events in HTLV-1 induced Adult T cell leukemia (ATL). The paper by Zane et al. shows that a mediator of p53 activity, Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), contributes to Tax-induced oncogenesis in a mouse model. Wip1 may therefore be a novel target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Turci M, Lodewick J, Di Gennaro G, Rinaldi AS, Marin O, Diani E, Sampaio C, Bex F, Bertazzoni U, Romanelli MG. Ubiquitination and sumoylation of the HTLV-2 Tax-2B protein regulate its NF-κB activity: a comparative study with the HTLV-1 Tax-1 protein. Retrovirology 2012; 9:102. [PMID: 23217160 PMCID: PMC3543174 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retroviruses HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 have homologous genomic structures but differ significantly in pathogenicity. HTLV-1 is associated with Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL), whereas infection by HTLV-2 has no association with neoplasia. Transformation of T lymphocytes by HTLV-1 is linked to the capacity of its oncoprotein Tax-1 to alter cell survival and cell cycle control mechanisms. Among these functions, Tax-1-mediated activation of cellular gene expression via the NF-κB pathway depends on Tax-1 post-translational modifications by ubiquitination and sumoylation. The Tax-2 protein of HTLV-2B (Tax-2B) is also modified by ubiquitination and sumoylation and activates the NF-κB pathway to a level similar to that of Tax-1. The present study aims to understand whether ubiquitination and sumoylation modifications are involved in Tax-2B-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway. Results The comparison of Tax-1 and Tax-2B lysine to arginine substitution mutants revealed conserved patterns and levels of ubiquitination with notable difference in the lysine usage for sumoylation. Neither Tax-1 nor Tax-2B ubiquitination and sumoylation deficient mutants could activate the NF-κB pathway and fusion of ubiquitin or SUMO-1 to the C-terminus of the ubiquitination and sumoylation deficient Tax-2B mutant strikingly restored transcriptional activity. In addition, ubiquitinated forms of Tax-2B colocalized with RelA and IKKγ in prominent cytoplasmic structures associated with the Golgi apparatus, whereas colocalization of Tax-2B with the RelA subunit of NF-κB and the transcriptional coactivator p300 in punctate nuclear structures was dependent on Tax-2B sumoylation, as previously observed for Tax-1. Conclusions Both Tax-1 and Tax-2 activate the NF-κB pathway via similar mechanisms involving ubiquitination and sumoylation. Therefore, the different transforming potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 is unlikely to be related to different modes of activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Turci
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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11
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The cellular autophagy pathway modulates human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 replication. J Virol 2012; 87:1699-707. [PMID: 23175371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02147-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a general homeostatic process for degradation of cytosolic proteins or organelles, has been reported to modulate the replication of many viruses. The role of autophagy in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) replication has, however, been uncharacterized. Here, we report that HTLV-1 infection increases the accumulation of autophagosomes and that this accumulation increases HTLV-1 production. We found that the HTLV-1 Tax protein increases cellular autophagosome accumulation by acting to block the fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes, preventing the degradation of the former by the latter. Interestingly, the inhibition of cellular autophagosome-lysosome fusion using bafilomycin A increased the stability of the Tax protein, suggesting that cellular degradation of Tax occurs in part through autophagy. Our current findings indicate that by interrupting the cell's autophagic process, Tax exerts a positive feedback on its own stability.
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Majone F, Jeang KT. Unstabilized DNA breaks in HTLV-1 Tax expressing cells correlate with functional targeting of Ku80, not PKcs, XRCC4, or H2AX. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:15. [PMID: 22541714 PMCID: PMC3448514 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein rapidily induces a significant increase of micronuclei (MN) and unstabilized DNA breaks in cells. Unstabilized DNA breaks can have free 3'-OH ends accessible to in situ addition of digoxygenin (DIG)-labeled dUTP using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. In the present work, we used a GFP-Tax (green fluorescent protein) plasmid, which produces a functionally active GFP-tagged Tax protein, to detect the cellular target(s) for Tax which might mechanistically explain the clastogenic phenomenon. We examined the induction of MN and unstabilized DNA breaks in wild type cells and cells individually knocked out for Ku80, PKcs, XRCC4, and H2AX proteins. We also assessed in the same cells, the signal strengths produced by DIG-dUTP incorporation at the unstable DNA breaks in the presence and absence of Tax. RESULTS Cells mutated for PKcs, XRCC4 and H2AX showed increased frequency of MN and unstabilized DNA breaks in response to the expression of Tax, while cells genetically mutated for Ku80 were refractory to Tax's induction of these cytogenetic effects. Moreover, by measuring the size of DIG-dUTP incorporation signal, which indicates the extent of unstable DNA ends, we found that Tax induces larger signals than those in control cells. However, in xrs-6 cells deficient for Ku80, this Tax effect was not seen. CONCLUSIONS The data here demonstrate that clastogenic DNA damage in Tax expressing cells is explained by Tax targeting of Ku80, but not PKcs, XRCC4 or H2AX, which are all proteins directly or indirectly related to the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair system. Of note, the Ku80 protein plays an important role at the initial stage of the NHEJ repair system, protecting and stabilizing DNA-breaks. Accordingly, HTLV-1 Tax is shown to interfere with a normal cellular protective mechanism for stabilizing DNA breaks. These DNA breaks, unprotected by Ku80, are unstable and are subject to erosion or end-to-end fusion, ultimately leading to additional chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Majone
- Department of Biology, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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Simão ÉM, Sinigaglia M, Bugs CA, Castro MAA, Librelotto GR, Alves R, Mombach JCM. Induced genome maintenance pathways in pre-cancer tissues describe an anti-cancer barrier in tumor development. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3003-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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