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Veldhuis S, Sánchez-Ramírez G, Darney BG. "That is when I understood everything": Ideological trajectories of pro-choice female doctors in Mexico. Contraception 2024:110473. [PMID: 38670303 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2024.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is little evidence about how physicians become abortion clinicians or advocates. We describe the ideological trajectories of pro-choice female Mexican doctors and the factors that made them pro-choice. STUDY DESIGN In this qualitative study, we conducted semistructured interviews with members of the Mexican Network of Female Pro-choice Physicians. Participants came from eight diverse states. We used a feminist epistemology approach and analyzed data using inductive coding as well as a priori categories (becoming pro-choice, trajectories, and training). RESULTS We included 24 female pro-choice physicians. We identified five intersecting factors that influenced becoming pro-choice: feminism, personal experiences, confrontation with the inequalities and violence that women experience, role models, and routine exposure to abortion care. Participants described three ideological trajectories: being pro-choice before studying medicine, not having a specific opinion, and changing from "pro-life" to "pro-choice." Participants described the absence of abortion training in medical schools, stigmatizing training, and the use of alternative training sources. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of training on abortion during medical education, a combination of intersecting personal as well as work-related experience may turn doctors into pro-choice abortion clinicians and/or advocates. The findings of this study may be used to develop comprehensive medical curricula as well as strategies directed at doctors who have never received training on abortion care, such as promoting interactions with nonmedical abortion providers, education on inequalities and violence against women, moving beyond public health to a human rights and gender perspective, and exposure to routine safe abortion care. IMPLICATIONS Mexican female doctors become pro-choice clinicians who provide abortion care and/or advocates in spite of their medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Veldhuis
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Department of Health, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n. Barrio de María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de las Casas, México.
| | - Georgina Sánchez-Ramírez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Department of Health, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n. Barrio de María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de las Casas, México.
| | - Blair G Darney
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Portland, OR, United States; Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional (CISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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Krawutschke R, Pastrana T, Schmitz D. Conscientious objection and barriers to abortion within a specific regional context - an expert interview study. BMC Med Ethics 2024; 25:14. [PMID: 38321449 PMCID: PMC10848386 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-024-01007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While most countries that allow abortion on women's request also grant physicians a right to conscientious objection (CO), this has proven to constitute a potential barrier to abortion access. Conscientious objection is regarded as an understudied phenomenon the effects of which have not yet been examined in Germany. Based on expert interviews, this study aims to exemplarily reconstruct the processes of abortion in a mid-sized city in Germany, and to identify potential effects of conscientious objection. METHODS Five semi-structured interviews with experts from all instances involved have been conducted in April 2020. The experts gave an insight into the medical care structures with regard to abortion procedures, the application and manifestations of conscientious objection in medical practice, and its impact on the care of pregnant women. A content analysis of the transcribed interviews was performed. RESULTS Both the procedural processes and the effects of conscientious objection are reported to differ significantly between early abortions performed before the 12th week of pregnancy and late abortions performed at the second and third trimester. Conscientious objection shows structural consequences as it is experienced to further reduce the number of possible providers, especially for early abortions. On the individual level of the doctor-patient relationship, the experts confirmed the neutrality and patient-orientation of the vast majority of doctors. Still, it is especially late abortions that seem to be vulnerable to barriers imposed by conscientious objection in individual medical encounters. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that conscientious objection possibly imposes barriers to both early and late abortion provision and especially in the last procedural steps, which from an ethical point of view is especially problematic. To oblige hospitals to partake in abortion provision in Germany has the potential to prevent negative impacts of conscientious objection on women's rights on an individual as well as on a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Krawutschke
- Institute for History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, D-52074, Germany.
| | - Tania Pastrana
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schmitz
- Institute for History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
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Vázquez P, Nigri C, Pingray V, Gibbons L, Formia S, Messina A, Castro C, Jacobi C, Martiarena A, Velazco S, Langer A, Gausman J, Jolivet RR, Williams CR, Berrueta M. "Factors associated with provider unwillingness to perform induced abortion in Argentina: A cross-sectional study in four provinces following the legalization of abortion on request". PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292130. [PMID: 37792801 PMCID: PMC10550142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2020 Law on Access to the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy is a landmark piece of legislation regarding access to abortion in Argentina. Under the new law, abortion is legal up to 14 weeks and 6 days gestation, with exceptions made to the gestational age limit to save a woman´s life, to preserve a woman´s health, and in case of rape. However, widespread refusal to provide care by authorized health providers (due to conscientious objection or lack of awareness of the new law) could hinder access to legal abortion. This study aimed to assess knowledge of the current legal framework and willingness to perform abortions by authorized professionals in Argentina, to compare perceptions about any requirements necessary to perform abortions on legal grounds between willing and unwilling providers and to explore factors associated with refusal to provide care. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a self-administered, anonymous survey to authorized abortion providers in public health facilities in four provinces of Argentina. FINDINGS Most authorized providers knew the grounds upon which it is currently legal to perform abortions; however, almost half reported being unwilling to perform abortions, mainly due to conscientious objection. Both willing and unwilling providers believed there were additional requirements not actually stipulated by law. Using logistic regression, we found that province where providers serve, working in a tertiary level facility, and older age were factors associated with unwillingness to provide care. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that, even in a favorable legal context, barriers at the provider level may hinder access to abortion in Argentina. They help to demonstrate the need for specific actions that can improve access such as training, further research and public policies that guarantee facilities have sufficient professionals willing to provide abortion care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vázquez
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Nigri
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Pingray
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Formia
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Messina
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. T. Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Castro
- Dirección Provincial de Maternidad e Infancia, Ministerio de Salud, San Salvador de Jujuy, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Cintia Jacobi
- Dirección de Maternidad Infancia y Adolescencia, Subsecretaría de Salud, Santa Rosa, Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Adriana Martiarena
- Programa Materno Infantil, Ministerio de Salud, Región Sanitaria V, San Isidro, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Velazco
- Dirección de Maternidad e Infancia, Secretaría de Servicios de Salud, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Provincia de Salta, Argentina
| | - Ana Langer
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jewel Gausman
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - R. Rima Jolivet
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caitlin R. Williams
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mabel Berrueta
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sinthuchai N, Rothmanee P, Meevasana V, Rongkapich R, Poolkumlung R, Saro S, Santibenchakul S, Jaisamrarn U. Survey of knowledge and attitude regarding induced abortion among nurses in a tertiary hospital in Thailand after amendment of the abortion act: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:454. [PMID: 36401250 PMCID: PMC9673310 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The abortion act in Thailand is approximately 60 years old. However, because of increasing problems due to unsafe abortions, the act was recently amended to accord a legal status for abortions. In the southernmost provinces of Thailand, most people follow the Islamic faith, according to which induced abortion is a sin for both the providers and the pregnant women. This may affect the attitude of the medical staff, such as registered nurses, who play an important role in abortion services. Our study aims to evaluate the knowledge of the amended abortion act, attitude toward abortions and the intentions behind them, and willingness to perform abortions among registered nurses. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to February 2022 wherein a self-administrated questionnaire was electronically distributed to 450 registered nurses practicing at a tertiary hospital in the southernmost province of Thailand. Linear regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test were conducted to evaluate the association between basic characteristics, knowledge scores, and attitudes toward induced abortion. Results A total of 375 nurses (83.3%) completed the survey. Most participants were Muslim (58.9%), and 18.7% of them correctly answered > 80% of the knowledge questions. Among all the participants, 41.4% had a favorable attitude toward induced abortion, of which 21.3% were willing to provide safe abortion services. Knowledge scores were independently associated with practicing in obstetrics-gynecology departments and a lower age. Participants practicing Buddhism and having good knowledge scores tended to have favorable attitudes toward abortion. Conclusions Nurses in the southernmost province of Thailand lack knowledge regarding the amended abortion act and do not have a favorable moral attitude toward abortion. Favorable attitudes toward abortions, support toward intentions behind abortions, and a willingness to provide abortion services were all lesser among the Muslim participants than among the Buddhist participants. Compared with participants who scored lower, those with higher knowledge scores had a better moral attitude toward abortion and, in turn, demonstrated a greater intention to provide abortion services. Encouraging nurses to gain better knowledge may improve their attitude toward abortion, which may positively influence future medical practices. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-022-02064-7.
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Leitao S, O'Shaughnessy E, San Lazaro I, O'Donoghue K. Healthcare professionals and students’ knowledge on termination of pregnancy legislation and clinical practice: a systematic review. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2022; 33:100762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Londras F, Cleeve A, Rodriguez MI, Lavelanet AF. The impact of 'grounds' on abortion-related outcomes: a synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:936. [PMID: 35538457 PMCID: PMC9092771 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Where abortion is legal, it is often regulated through a grounds-based approach. A grounds-based approach to abortion provision occurs when law and policy provide that lawful abortion may be provided only where a person who wishes to have an abortion satisfies stipulated 'grounds', sometimes described as 'exceptions' or 'exceptional grounds'. Grounds-based approaches to abortion are, prima facie, restrictive as they limit access to abortion based on factors extraneous to the preferences of the pregnant person. International human rights law specifies that abortion must be available (and not 'merely' lawful) where the life or health of the pregnant woman or girl is at risk, or where carrying a pregnancy to term would cause her substantial pain or suffering, including but not limited to situations where the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest or the pregnancy is not viable. However, international human rights law does not specify a grounds-based approach as the way to give effect to this requirement. The aim of this review is to address knowledge gaps related to the health and non-health outcomes plausibly related to the effects of a grounds-based approach to abortion regulation. The evidence from this review shows that grounds have negative implications for access to quality abortion and for the human rights of pregnant people. Further, it shows that grounds-based approaches are insufficient to meet states' human rights obligations. The evidence presented in this review thus suggests that enabling access to abortion on request would be more rights-enhancing than grounds-based approaches to abortion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona de Londras
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Amanda Cleeve
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.3575.40000000121633745Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria I. Rodriguez
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon USA
| | - Antonella F. Lavelanet
- grid.3575.40000000121633745Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Romero M, Gomez Ponce de Leon R, Baccaro LF, Carroli B, Mehrtash H, Randolino J, Menjivar E, Estevez Saint-Hilaire E, Huatuco MDP, Hernandez Muñoz R, Garcia Camacho G, Thwin SS, Campodonico L, Abalos E, Giordano D, Gamerro H, Kim CR, Ganatra B, Gülmezoglu M, Tuncalp Ö, Carroli G. Abortion-related morbidity in six Latin American and Caribbean countries: findings of the WHO/HRP multi-country survey on abortion (MCS-A). BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005618. [PMID: 34417270 PMCID: PMC8404437 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abortion-related complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among women in many Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. The objective of this study was to characterise abortion-related complication severity, describe the management of these complications and report women's experiences with abortion care in selected countries of the Americas region. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 70 health facilities across six countries in the region. We collected data on women's characteristics including socio-demographics, obstetric history, clinical information, management procedures and using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI) survey the experience of abortion care. Descriptive bivariate analysis was performed for women's characteristics, management of complications and reported experiences of abortion care by severity of complications, organised in five hierarchical mutually exclusive categories based on indicators present at assessment. Generalised linear estimation models were used to assess the association between women's characteristics and severity of complications. RESULTS We collected data on 7983 women with abortion-related complications. Complications were classified as mild (46.3%), moderate (49.5%), potentially life-threatening (3.1%), near-miss cases (1.1%) and deaths (0.2%). Being single, having a gestational age of ≥13 weeks and having expelled products of conception before arrival at the facility were significantly associated with experiencing severe maternal outcomes compared with mild complications.Management of abortion-related complications included both uterotonics and uterine evacuation for two-thirds of the women while one-third received uterine evacuation only. Surgical uterine evacuation was performed in 93.2% (7437/7983) of women, being vacuum aspiration the most common one (5007/7437, 67.4%).Of the 327 women who completed the ACASI survey, 16.5% reported having an induced abortion, 12.5% of the women stated that they were not given explanations regarding their care nor were able to ask questions during their examination and treatment with percentages increasing with the severity of morbidity. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies using a standardised methodology to measure severity of abortion-related complications and women's experiences with abortion care in LAC. Results aim to inform policies and programmes addressing sexual and reproductive rights and health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Romero
- Health, Economy and Society Department, CEDES, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Gomez Ponce de Leon
- Latin American Center for Perinatology/Women's Health and Reproductive Health, Pan American Health Organization (CLAP/WR-PAHO/WHO), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Hedieh Mehrtash
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisa Menjivar
- Pan American Health Organization El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | | | | | | | | | - Soe Soe Thwin
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Caron Rahn Kim
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bela Ganatra
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Metin Gülmezoglu
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Özge Tuncalp
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Schaaf M, Khosla R. Necessary but not sufficient: a scoping review of legal accountability for sexual and reproductive health in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006033. [PMID: 34321233 PMCID: PMC8319982 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This paper is a scoping review of the impact of legal accountability efforts for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), exploring the links between legal accountability strategies and changes in the desired SRHR outcomes. Methods We defined legal accountability as use of the judicial system following state failure to respect, protect or fulfil SRHR as enshrined in national law, as well as individuals’ or the state’s use of criminal law mechanisms to prevent unwanted behaviour and to provide remedy. We undertook a keyword search in PubMed, Scopus and LexisNexis and then consulted a group of experts to provide guidance regarding further peer-reviewed and grey literature, yielding a total of 191 articles. Results The majority of the empirical, peer-reviewed articles identified were regarding abortion law and abortion care availability, followed by violence against women. Most of these articles explore the gaps between law and practice. We identified seven key factors that shape the efficacy of legal accountability efforts, including the ways a law or court decision is formulated, access to courts, the (dis)advantages of criminal law in the given context, cultural norms, politics, state capacity and resources and the potential for further litigation. Many articles explained that use of the judiciary may be necessary to effect change and that the act of claiming rights can empower, but that legal avenues for change can be imperfect tools for justice. Conclusions Legal accountability can be effective as part of a broader, long-term strategy, with due attention to context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Schaaf
- Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rajat Khosla
- Research, Advocacy, and Policy, Amnesty International, London, UK
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O'Shaughnessy E, O'Donoghue K, Leitao S. Termination of pregnancy: Staff knowledge and training. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2021; 28:100613. [PMID: 33756274 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2021.100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In January 2019, Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) services were introduced in Ireland allowing the termination of pregnancies < 12 weeks. This study aimed to investigate staff knowledge and training on early TOP and views regarding challenges to successful integration of the service within a large maternity hospital. STUDY DESIGN A questionnaire, modelled on interim clinical guidance and previous studies on the topic, was distributed to clinical staff in a large maternity hospital in 2019. Descriptive analysis and a hierarchical multiple regression were performed using SPSS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of knowledge on TOP among staff, training received and main challenges to the service. RESULTS Of the total of participants (n = 133), just one-quarter correctly answered all questions on the current legislation and 63.2% on complications. Male gender, education level (diploma/certificate), and age (<30 years) negatively contributed to overall knowledge. 'Medical' job position positively contributed to knowledge levels. Most respondents (88%) had not received training prior to introduction of TOP services. Of those who did, few (9%) believed it to be sufficient. The main identified challenges to the service were lack of training and education, staffing and resources. CONCLUSIONS Low levels of knowledge among staff suggests that training is required to ensure the provision of a safe and effective TOP service. Our findings indicate that updated and clearer clinical guidance on TOP services is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear O'Shaughnessy
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group (PLRG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Keelin O'Donoghue
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group (PLRG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Ireland; The Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health (INFANT), University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Sara Leitao
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group (PLRG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Ireland; National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre (NPEC), University College Cork, Ireland.
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Analysing the intersection between health emergencies and abortion during Zika in Brazil, El Salvador and Colombia. Soc Sci Med 2021; 270:113671. [PMID: 33486425 PMCID: PMC7895814 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Zika outbreak of 2015-7 is a lens to analyse the positioning of abortion within in global health security. The sequelae of the virus almost exclusively affected newborn children, manifested through Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), and a focus on women at risk of, planning or being pregnant. At the global level, debate considered whether Zika would provide impetus for regulatory change for reproductive rights in Latin America, a region with some of the most restrictive abortion regulation in the world. However, regulatory change for abortion did not occur. We analyse why the Zika health emergency did not lead to any changes in abortion regulation through multi-method analysis of the intersection between Zika, health emergencies and abortion in Brazil, Colombia and El Salvador. These case study countries were purposefully selected; each had Zika infected women (albeit with differing incidence) yet represent diverse regulatory environments for abortion. Our comparative research is multi-method: framework analysis of key informant interviews (n = 49); content analysis of women's enquiries to a medical abortion telemedicine provider; and, policy analysis of (inter)national-level Zika response and abortion policies. We consider this within literature on global health security, and the prioritisation of a particular approach to epidemic control. Within this securitized landscape, despite increased public debate about abortion regulatory change, no meaningful change occurred, due to a dominant epidemiological approach to the Zika health emergency in all three countries and prominent conservative forces in government and within anti-abortion rights movements. Simultaneously, we demonstrate that regulation did not deter all women from seeking such service clandestinely. Zika affected reproductive decision making, but did not impact abortion regulation. Epidemiological framing ignored reproductive dimensions of emergency responses. Conservative forces instrumentalized disability concerns to oppose abortion rights. Women sought abortions clandestinely, citing Zika as a justification. Abortion provision must form part of health emergency planning and response.
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Willingness to perform induced abortion and associated factors among graduating midwifery, medical, nursing, and public health officer students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: institution based cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:676. [PMID: 33167922 PMCID: PMC7654038 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries, abortion is often unsafe and a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality accounting for about 8% (4.7–13.2%) of maternal mortality worldwide. Internationally, safe abortion services are recognized as reducing maternal mortality, and liberalized abortion laws are associated with reduced mortality resulting from unsafe abortion procedures. However, health care providers have moral, social and gender-based reservations that affects their willingness towards providing induced abortion services. The purpose of this study was to assess willingness to perform induced abortion and associated factors among graduating Midwifery, Medical, Nursing, and Public health officer students of University of Gondar. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted from March 29 to May 30, 2019. All graduating students available during data collection period were considered as study population. Stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select 424 study participants. Pre tested, semi- structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Ethical clearance was obtained from School of midwifery under the delegation of institutional review board of university of Gondar. Results Two hundred ninety students out of 424 students were willing to perform induced abortion for indications supported by Ethiopian abortion law, making a proportion of 68.4% (95%Cl: 64.2, 72.9). Sex (Being male (AOR = 4.89, 95%CI: 3.02, 7.89)), religion (being orthodox than protestant (AOR = 10.41, 95%CI: 3.02, 21.57)), being Muslim than protestant (AOR = 5.73, 95%CI: 1.37, 15.92)) and having once or less a week religious attendance (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.34) were factors associated with willingness towards performing induced abortion. Conclusions According to this study willingness of students towards providing induced abortion services was good. However female students, protestant followers and those students with more than once a week religious attendance should be encouraged to support women’s access to induced abortion services by referring them to other health care professionals willing to provide induced abortion services. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-020-03382-0.
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Kangaude G, Coast E, Fetters T. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health and universal health coverage: a comparative policy and legal analysis of Ethiopia, Malawi and Zambia. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2020; 28:1832291. [PMID: 33121392 PMCID: PMC7887923 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2020.1832291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) forces governments to consider not only how services will be provided – but which services – and to whom, when, where, how and at what cost. This paper considers the implications for achieving UHC through the lens of abortion-related care for adolescents. Our comparative study design includes three countries purposively selected to represent varying levels of restriction on access to abortion: Ethiopia (abortion is legal and services implemented); Zambia (legal, complex services with numerous barriers to implementations and provision of information); Malawi (legally highly restricted). Our policy and legal analyses are supplemented by comparative vignettes based on interviews (n = 330) in 2018/2019 with adolescents aged 10–19 who have sought abortion-related care in each country. We focus on an under-considered but critical legal framing for adolescents – the age of consent. We compare legal and political commitments to advancing adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, including abortion-related care. Ethiopia appears to approach UHC for safe abortion care, and the legal provision for under 18-year-olds appears to be critical. In Malawi, the most restrictive legal environment for abortion, little progress appears to have been made towards UHC for adolescents. In Zambia, despite longstanding legal provision for safe abortion on a wide range of grounds, the limited services combined with low levels of knowledge of the law mean that the combined rights and technical agendas of UHC have not yet been realised. Our comparative analyses showing how policies and laws are framed have critical implications for equity and justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Kangaude
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ernestina Coast
- Professor of Health and International Development, London School of Economics, London, UK. Correspondence :
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Bain LE. Mandatory pre-abortion counseling is a barrier to accessing safe abortion services. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:80. [PMID: 32537083 PMCID: PMC7250210 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.80.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical research showcases that pre-abortion counseling scarcely reverses the woman’s decision either to terminate a pregnancy or not. Growing evidence regarding the high levels of decisional certainty among women seeking abortions renders a careful rethink of the place of mandatory pre-abortion counseling packages. Mandatory counseling packages, when inscribed in the laws, at times contain false information that can deter women from going in for safe abortions. Mandatory waiting times indirectly label opting for an abortion as not being the right thing to do. In areas where abortion stigma from health care providers and communities remains highly prevalent, women are forced to incur extra expenses by travelling to other countries. I argue that pre-abortion counseling on opting-in grounds is ethically sound (enhances the woman’s reproductive autonomy), since most clients in need of abortions are certain on their decisions before the abortion care provider and do not regret these decisions after the process. Regrets are prone to be more prevalent in areas with high unsafe abortion practices, generally due to complications from excessive bleeding, pain, and post abortion infections. Allowing systematic mandatory pre-abortion counseling practice as the rule in a competent adult is unjustified ethically and empirically, is time consuming and presents the legality of abortions in most settings an oxymoron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Centre for Population Studies and Health Promotion, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in the Health and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Owoo NS, Lambon-Quayefio MP, Onuoha N. Abortion experience and self-efficacy: exploring socioeconomic profiles of GHANAIAN women. Reprod Health 2019; 16:117. [PMID: 31349789 PMCID: PMC6660950 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unsafe abortions remain a major global public health concern and despite its prevalence, unsafe abortions remain one of the most neglected global health challenges. The proportion of women in Ghana who have experienced unsafe abortions has increased from 45% in 2007 to 62% in 2017. Given the noted consequences of (unsafe) abortions on women health, it is important to explore factors correlated with women’s abortion decisions and why they opt for safe or unsafe methods. The study also examines determinants of over 6,000 Ghanaian women’s self-efficacy in abortion decision-making, given that this is likely to affect the likelihood of future abortions. Methods Using cluster-level Geographic Information System data from the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey, the study provides a hot spot analysis of the incidence of abortion in the country. The study also makes use of Probit multivariate analyses also show the correlates of abortion with socio-economic factors. Results Results suggest that abortion among women is positively correlated with the absence of partners, low education levels, higher household wealth, lower parity and family size, polygyny and Christian religious background. Conclusion It is observed that the groups of women with higher abortion self-efficacy are the same groups of women who are more likely to opt for safer abortion methods, indicating some correlation, albeit indirect, between abortion self-efficacy and women’s abortion behaviors in Ghana. Relevant policy applications are adduced from these research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechi Srodah Owoo
- Department of Economics, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 57, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Lavelanet AF, Schlitt S, Johnson BR, Ganatra B. Global Abortion Policies Database: a descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2018; 18:44. [PMID: 30572956 PMCID: PMC6302420 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-018-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Texts and interpretations on the lawfulness of abortion and associated administrative requirements can be vague and confusing. It can also be difficult for a woman or provider to know exactly where to look for and how to interpret laws on abortion. To increase transparency, the Global Abortion Policies Database (GAPD), launched in 2017, facilitates the strengthening of knowledge and understanding of the complexities and nuances around lawful abortion as explicitly stated in laws and policies. Methods We report on data available in the GAPD as of May 2018. We reviewed the content and wording of laws, policies, standards and guidelines, judgments and other official statements for all countries where data is available in the GAPD. We analyzed data for 158 countries, where abortion is lawful on the woman’s request with no requirement for justification and/or for at least one legal ground, including additional indications that are nonequivalent to a single common legal ground. We classified laws on the basis of the explicit wording of the text. The GAPD treats legal categories as the circumstances under which abortion is lawful, that is, allowed or not contrary to law, or explicitly permitted or specified by law. Results 32% of countries allow or permit abortion at the woman’s request with no requirement for justification. Approximately 82% of countries allow or permit abortion to save the woman’s life. 64% of countries specify health, physical health and/or mental (or psychological) health. 51% allow or permit abortion based on a fetal condition, 46% of countries allow or permit abortion where the pregnancy is the result of rape, and 10% specify an economic or social ground. Laws may also specify several additional indications that are nonequivalent to a single legal ground. Conclusions The GAPD reflects details that exist within countries’ laws and highlights the nuance within legal categories of abortion; no assumptions are made as to how laws are interpreted or applied in practice. By examining the text of the law, additional complexities related to the legal categories of abortion become more apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella F Lavelanet
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research and UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Schlitt
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Ronald Johnson
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research and UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bela Ganatra
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research and UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland
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Erdman JN, Johnson BR. Access to knowledge and the Global Abortion Policies Database. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018; 142:120-124. [PMID: 29656526 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that women, healthcare providers, and even policy makers worldwide have limited or inaccurate knowledge of the abortion law and policies in their country. These knowledge gaps sometimes stem from the vague and broad terms of the law, which breed uncertainty and even conflict when unaccompanied by accessible regulation or guidelines. Inconsistency across national law and policy further impedes safe and evidence-based practice. This lack of transparency creates a crisis of accountability. Those seeking care cannot know their legal entitlements, service providers cannot practice with legal protection, and governments can escape legal responsibility for the adverse effects of their laws. This is the context for the newly launched Global Abortion Policies Database-an open-access repository that seeks to promote transparency and state accountability by providing clear and comprehensive information about national laws, policies, health standards, and guidelines, and by creating the capacity for comparative analysis and cross-referencing to health indicators, WHO recommendations, and human rights standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna N Erdman
- Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brooke Ronald Johnson
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Coast E, Norris AH, Moore AM, Freeman E. Trajectories of women's abortion-related care: A conceptual framework. Soc Sci Med 2018; 200:199-210. [PMID: 29421467 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a new conceptual framework for studying trajectories to obtaining abortion-related care. It assembles for the first time all of the known factors influencing a trajectory and encourages readers to consider the ways these macro- and micro-level factors operate in multiple and sometimes conflicting ways. Based on presentation to and feedback from abortion experts (researchers, providers, funders, policymakers and advisors, advocates) (n = 325) between 03/06/2014 and 22/08/2015, and a systematic mapping of peer-reviewed literature (n = 424) published between 01/01/2011 and 30/10/2017, our framework synthesises the factors shaping abortion trajectories, grouped into three domains: abortion-specific experiences, individual contexts, and (inter)national and sub-national contexts. Our framework includes time-dependent processes involved in an individual trajectory, starting with timing of pregnancy awareness. This framework can be used to guide testable hypotheses about enabling and inhibiting influences on care-seeking behaviour and consideration about how abortion trajectories might be influenced by policy or practice. Research based on understanding of trajectories has the potential to improve women's experiences and outcomes of abortion-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Coast
- Dept. of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | | | | | - Emily Freeman
- PSSRU, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
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A harm-reduction model of abortion counseling about misoprostol use in Peru with telephone and in-person follow-up: A cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189195. [PMID: 29320513 PMCID: PMC5761856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Peru, abortion is legal only to preserve the life and health of the woman. A non-profit clinic system in Peru implemented a harm-reduction model for women with unwanted pregnancy that included pre-abortion care with instructions about misoprostol use and post-abortion care; they started offering telephone follow-up for clients in 2011. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the harm-reduction model, and to compare outcomes by type of follow-up obtained. Methods Between January 2012 and March 2013, 500 adult women seeking harm-reduction services were recruited into the study. Telephone surveys were conducted approximately four weeks after their initial harm-reduction counseling session with 262 women (response rate 52%); 9 participants were excluded. The survey focused on whether women pursued an abortion, and if so, what their experience was. Demographic and clinical data were also extracted from clinic records. Results Eighty-six percent of participants took misoprostol; among those taking misoprostol, 89% reported a complete abortion at the time of the survey. Twenty-two percent obtained an aspiration after taking misoprostol and 8% self-reported adverse events including hemorrhage without transfusion, infection, or severe pain. Among women who took misoprostol, 46% reported receiving in-person follow-up (in some cases both telephone and in-person), 34% received telephone only, and 20% did not report receiving any form of follow-up. Those who had in-person follow-up with the counselor were most likely to report a complete abortion (<0.001). Satisfaction with both types of follow-up was very high, with 81%-89% reporting being very satisfied. Conclusions Liberalization of restrictive abortion laws is associated with improvements in health outcomes, but the process of legal reform is often lengthy. In the interim, giving women information about evidence-based regimens of misoprostol, as well as offering a range of follow-up options to ensure high quality post-abortion care, may reduce the risks associated with unsafe abortion.
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Madeiro AP, Diniz D. Serviços de aborto legal no Brasil – um estudo nacional. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2016; 21:563-72. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015212.10352015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O artigo descreve os resultados de um estudo com métodos mistos nos serviços de aborto legal no país. Foram avaliados 68 serviços, em duas etapas. Na primeira, censitária, um questionário eletrônico com perguntas sobre organização dos serviços de aborto legal foi enviado a todas as instituições. A segunda, amostral e presencial, foi realizada em 5 serviços de referência, um para cada região do país, com aplicação de formulário para coletar dados das mulheres e do aborto nos arquivos de prontuários, além de 82 entrevistas com profissionais de saúde. Dos serviços, 37 informaram que realizam aborto legal e em 7 estados não estavam ativos. Boletim de ocorrência, laudo pericial e alvará judicial foram solicitados por 14%, 8% e 8% dos serviços, respectivamente. As mulheres que abortaram tinham predominantemente entre 15-29 anos, e eram solteiras e católicas. O aborto foi por estupro, até 14 semanas, com emprego da aspiração manual intrauterina. Para os profissionais, as principais dificuldades no funcionamento dos serviços são a pequena disponibilidade de médicos para o aborto e a capacitação escassa da equipe. Os dados mostram que ainda há distanciamento entre a previsão legal e a realidade dos serviços. A implementação de novos serviços e o fortalecimento dos existentes são ações necessárias.
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