1
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Chen H, Cao T, Zhang B, Cai H. The regulatory effects of second-generation antipsychotics on lipid metabolism: Potential mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota and therapeutic implications. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1097284. [PMID: 36762113 PMCID: PMC9905135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1097284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases but cause a high risk of disruption to lipid metabolism, which is an intractable therapeutic challenge worldwide. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this lipid disturbance are complex, an increasing body of evidence has suggested the involvement of the gut microbiota in SGA-induced lipid dysregulation since SGA treatment may alter the abundance and composition of the intestinal microflora. The subsequent effects involve the generation of different categories of signaling molecules by gut microbes such as endogenous cannabinoids, cholesterol, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and gut hormones that regulate lipid metabolism. On the one hand, these signaling molecules can directly activate the vagus nerve or be transported into the brain to influence appetite via the gut-brain axis. On the other hand, these molecules can also regulate related lipid metabolism via peripheral signaling pathways. Interestingly, therapeutic strategies directly targeting the gut microbiota and related metabolites seem to have promising efficacy in the treatment of SGA-induced lipid disturbances. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how SGAs can induce disturbances in lipid metabolism by altering the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Bikui Zhang, ; Hualin Cai,
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Bikui Zhang, ; Hualin Cai,
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2
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Qin Y, Tan J, Han X, Wang N, Zhai X, Lu Y. Effects of Yinzhihuang on Alleviating Cyclosporine A-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury via Farnesoid X Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Transporters and Enzymes in Vitro and in Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1810-1819. [PMID: 38044100 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Yinzhihuang (YZH), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, was widely used to treat cholestasis. Cholestatic liver injury limited the use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) in preventing organ rejection after solid organ transplantation. Clinical evidences suggested that YZH could enhance bile acids and bilirubin clearance, providing a potential therapeutic strategy against CsA-induced cholestasis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether YZH can effectively alleviate CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for its hepatoprotective effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of YZH on CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury and explore its molecular mechanisms in vivo and vitro. The results demonstrated that YZH significantly improved the CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury and reduced the level of liver function markers in serum of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Targeted protein and gene analysis indicated that YZH increased bile acids and bilirubin efflux into bile through the regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), bile salt export pump (Bsep), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) transport systems, as well as upstream nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). Moreover, YZH modulated enzymes involved in bile acids synthesis and bilirubin metabolism including Cyp family 7 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp7a1) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (Ugt1a1). Furthermore, the active components geniposidic acid, baicalin and chlorogenic acid exerted regulated metabolic enzymes and transporters in LO2 cells. In conclusion, YZH may prevent CsA-induced cholestasis by regulating the transport systems, metabolic enzymes, and upstream nuclear receptors Fxr to restore bile acid and bilirubin homeostasis. These findings highlight the potential of YZH as a therapeutic intervention for CsA-induced cholestasis and open avenues for further research into its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jingxuan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Centre for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Centre for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness
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3
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Driessen M, van der Plas-Duivesteijn S, Kienhuis AS, van den Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, van de Water B, Spaink HP, Palmblad M, van der Ven LTM, Pennings JLA. Identification of proteome markers for drug-induced liver injury in zebrafish embryos. Toxicology 2022; 477:153262. [PMID: 35868597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising alternative non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatic responses related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we hypothesize that detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for hepatotoxicity assessment. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of steatosis, cholestasis, and necrosis, and effects compared with negative controls. Protein profiles of the individual compounds were generated using LC-MS/MS. We identified differentially expressed proteins and pathways, but as these showed considerable overlap, phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. This led us to identify a set of common hepatotoxicity marker proteins. At the pathway level, these were mainly associated with cellular adaptive stress-responses, whereas single proteins could be linked to common hepatotoxicity-associated processes. Applying several stringency criteria to our proteomics data as well as information from other data sources resulted in a set of potential robust protein markers, notably Igf2bp1, Cox5ba, Ahnak, Itih3b.2, Psma6b, Srsf3a, Ces2b, Ces2a, Tdo2b, and Anxa1c, for the detection of adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Driessen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan van den Brandhof
- Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Roodbergen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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4
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Karsten REH, Krijnen NJW, Maho W, Permentier H, Verpoorte E, Olinga P. Mouse precision-cut liver slices as an ex vivo model to study drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2523-2543. [PMID: 35708773 PMCID: PMC9325861 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are often withdrawn from the market due to the manifestation of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC), defined as obstruction of hepatic bile flow due to medication, is one form of DILI. Because DILI is idiosyncratic, and the resulting cholestasis complex, there is no suitable in vitro model for early DIC detection during drug development. Our goal was to develop a mouse precision-cut liver slice (mPCLS) model to study DIC and to assess cholestasis development using conventional molecular biology and analytical chemistry methods. Cholestasis was induced in mPCLS through a 48-h-incubation with three drugs known to induce cholestasis in humans, namely chlorpromazine (15, 20, and 30 µM), cyclosporin A (1, 3, and 6 µM) or glibenclamide (25, 50, and 65 µM). A bile-acid mixture (16 µM) that is physiologically representative of the human bile-acid pool was added to the incubation medium with drug, and results were compared to incubations with no added bile acids. Treatment of PCLS with cholestatic drugs increased the intracellular bile-acid concentration of deoxycholic acid and modulated bile-transporter genes. Chlorpromazine led to the most pronounced cholestasis in 48 h, observed as increased toxicity; decreased protein and gene expression of the bile salt export pump; increased gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4; and accumulation of intracellular bile acids. Moreover, chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis exhibited some transition into fibrosis, evidenced by increased gene expression of collagen 1A1 and heatshock protein 47. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mPCLS can be used to study human DIC onset and progression in a 48 h period. We thus propose this model is suited for other similar studies of human DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E H Karsten
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J W Krijnen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Maho
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Best Practices and Progress in Precision-Cut Liver Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137137. [PMID: 34281187 PMCID: PMC8267882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years ago, precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were described as a promising tool and were expected to become the standard in vitro model to study liver disease as they tick off all characteristics of a good in vitro model. In contrast to most in vitro models, PCLS retain the complex 3D liver structures found in vivo, including cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and therefore should constitute the most reliable tool to model and to investigate pathways underlying chronic liver disease in vitro. Nevertheless, the biggest disadvantage of the model is the initiation of a procedure-induced fibrotic response. In this review, we describe the parameters and potential of PCLS cultures and discuss whether the initially described limitations and pitfalls have been overcome. We summarize the latest advances in PCLS research and critically evaluate PCLS use and progress since its invention in 1985.
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Pieters A, Gijbels E, Cogliati B, Annaert P, Devisscher L, Vinken M. Biomarkers of cholestasis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:437-454. [PMID: 33709780 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a major pathological manifestation, often resulting in detrimental liver conditions, which occurs in a variety of indications collectively termed cholestatic liver diseases. The frequent asymptomatic character and complexity of cholestasis, together with the lack of a straightforward biomarker, hampers early detection and treatment of the condition. The 'omics' era, however, has resulted in a plethora of cholestatic indicators, yet a single clinically applicable biomarker for a given cholestatic disease remains missing. The criteria to fulfil as an ideal biomarker as well as the challenging molecular pathways in cholestatic liver diseases advocate for a scenario in which multiple biomarkers, originating from different domains, will be assessed concomitantly. This review gives an overview of classical clinical and novel molecular biomarkers in cholestasis, focusing on their benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanah Pieters
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ON II Herestraat 49, Box 921, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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7
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Deferm N, De Vocht T, Qi B, Van Brantegem P, Gijbels E, Vinken M, de Witte P, Bouillon T, Annaert P. Current insights in the complexities underlying drug-induced cholestasis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:520-548. [PMID: 31589080 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1635081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) and their conjugate bile salts. Due to the high number of mechanisms underlying DIC, predicting a compound's cholestatic potential during early stages of drug development remains elusive. A profound understanding of the different molecular mechanisms of DIC is, therefore, of utmost importance. Although many knowledge gaps and caveats still exist, it is generally accepted that alterations of certain hepatobiliary membrane transporters and changes in hepatocellular morphology may cause DIC. Consequently, liver models, which represent most of these mechanisms, are valuable tools to predict human DIC. Some of these models, such as membrane-based in vitro models, are exceptionally well-suited to investigate specific mechanisms (i.e. transporter inhibition) of DIC, while others, such as liver slices, encompass all relevant biological processes and, therefore, offer a better representation of the in vivo situation. In the current review, we highlight the principal molecular mechanisms associated with DIC and offer an overview and critical appraisal of the different liver models that are currently being used to predict the cholestatic potential of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Deferm
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouillon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Gijbels E, Vilas-Boas V, Deferm N, Devisscher L, Jaeschke H, Annaert P, Vinken M. Mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1169-1186. [PMID: 30972450 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis underlies one of the major manifestations of drug-induced liver injury. Drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity is a complex process, as it can be triggered by a variety of factors that induce 2 types of biological responses, namely a deteriorative response, caused by bile acid accumulation, and an adaptive response, aimed at removing the accumulated bile acids. Several key events in both types of responses have been characterized in the past few years. In parallel, many efforts have focused on the development and further optimization of experimental cell culture models to predict the occurrence of drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity in vivo. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Heusinkveld HJ, Wackers PF, Schoonen WG, van der Ven L, Pennings JL, Luijten M. Application of the comparison approach to open TG-GATEs: A useful toxicogenomics tool for detecting modes of action in chemical risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Rodrigues RM, Kollipara L, Chaudhari U, Sachinidis A, Zahedi RP, Sickmann A, Kopp-Schneider A, Jiang X, Keun H, Hengstler J, Oorts M, Annaert P, Hoeben E, Gijbels E, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Omics-based responses induced by bosentan in human hepatoma HepaRG cell cultures. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1939-1952. [PMID: 29761207 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bosentan is well known to induce cholestatic liver toxicity in humans. The present study was set up to characterize the hepatotoxic effects of this drug at the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels. For this purpose, human hepatoma-derived HepaRG cells were exposed to a number of concentrations of bosentan during different periods of time. Bosentan was found to functionally and transcriptionally suppress the bile salt export pump as well as to alter bile acid levels. Pathway analysis of both transcriptomics and proteomics data identified cholestasis as a major toxicological event. Transcriptomics results further showed several gene changes related to the activation of the nuclear farnesoid X receptor. Induction of oxidative stress and inflammation were also observed. Metabolomics analysis indicated changes in the abundance of specific endogenous metabolites related to mitochondrial impairment. The outcome of this study may assist in the further optimization of adverse outcome pathway constructs that mechanistically describe the processes involved in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Umesh Chaudhari
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinische Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Xiaoqi Jiang
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hector Keun
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marlies Oorts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Burban A, Sharanek A, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Guillouzo A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress precedes oxidative stress in antibiotic-induced cholestasis and cytotoxicity in human hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:166-178. [PMID: 29191461 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been associated with various drug-induced liver lesions but its participation in drug-induced cholestasis remains unclear. We first aimed at analyzing liver damage caused by various hepatotoxic antibiotics, including three penicillinase-resistant antibiotics (PRAs), i.e. flucloxacillin, cloxacillin and nafcillin, as well as trovafloxacin, levofloxacin and erythromycin, using human differentiated HepaRG cells and primary hepatocytes. All these antibiotics caused early cholestatic effects typified by bile canaliculi dilatation and reduced bile acid efflux within 2h and dose-dependent enhanced caspase-3 activity within 24h. PRAs induced the highest cholestatic effects at non cytotoxic concentrations. Then, molecular events involved in these lesions were analyzed. Early accumulation of misfolded proteins revealed by thioflavin-T fluorescence and associated with phosphorylation of the unfolded protein response sensors, eIF2α and/or IRE1α, was evidenced with all tested hepatotoxic antibiotics. Inhibition of ER stress markedly restored bile acid efflux and prevented bile canaliculi dilatation. Downstream of ER stress, ROS were also generated with high antibiotic concentrations. The protective HSP27-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was activated only in PRA-treated cells and its inhibition increased ROS production and aggravated caspase-3 activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that (i) various antibiotics reported to cause cholestasis and hepatocellular injury in the clinic can also induce such effects in in vitro human hepatocytes; (ii) PRAs cause the strongest cholestatic effects in the absence of cytotoxicity; (iii) cholestatic features occur early through ER stress; (iv) cytotoxic lesions are observed later through ER stress-mediated ROS generation; and (v) activation of the HSP27-PI3K-AKT pathway protects from cytotoxic damage induced by PRAs only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Burban
- INSERM U991/1241, Numecan, Rennes, France; Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| | - Ahmad Sharanek
- INSERM U991/1241, Numecan, Rennes, France; Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| | | | - André Guillouzo
- INSERM U991/1241, Numecan, Rennes, France; Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.
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Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K. Engineering in vitro models of hepatofibrogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:147-157. [PMID: 28578016 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide marked by chronic inflammation and fibrosis/scarring, resulting in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a dominant contributor to liver fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), irrespective of the underlying disease aetiologies, and for many decades research has focused on the development of a number of anti-fibrotic strategies targeting this cell. Despite major improvements in two-dimensional systems (2D) by using a variety of cell culture models of different complexity, an efficient anti-fibrogenic therapy has yet to be developed. The development of well-defined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, which mimic ECM structures as found in vivo, have demonstrated the importance of cell-matrix bio-mechanics, the complex interactions between HSCs and hepatocytes and other non-parenchymal cells, and this to improve and promote liver cell-specific functions. Henceforth, refinement of these 3D in vitro models, which reproduce the liver microenvironment, will lead to new objectives and to a possible new era in the search for antifibrogenic compounds.
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Starokozhko V, Greupink R, van de Broek P, Soliman N, Ghimire S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM. Rat precision-cut liver slices predict drug-induced cholestatic injury. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3403-3413. [PMID: 28391356 PMCID: PMC5608839 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is one of the leading manifestations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). As the underlying mechanisms for DIC are not fully known and specific and predictive biomarkers and pre-clinical models are lacking, the occurrence of DIC is often only reported when the drug has been approved for registration. Therefore, appropriate models that predict the cholestatic potential of drug candidates and/or provide insight into the mechanism of DIC are highly needed. We investigated the application of rat precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to predict DIC, using several biomarkers of cholestasis: hepatocyte viability, intracellular accumulation of total as well as individual bile acids and changes in the expression of genes known to play a role in cholestasis. Rat PCLS exposed to the cholestatic drugs chlorpromazine, cyclosporine A and glibenclamide for 48 h in the presence of a 60 μM physiological bile acid (BA) mix reflected various changes associated with cholestasis, such as decrease in hepatocyte viability, accumulation and changes in the composition of BA and changes in the gene expression of Fxr, Bsep and Ntcp. The toxicity of the drugs was correlated with the accumulation of BA, and especially DCA and CDCA and their conjugates, but to a different extent for different drugs, indicating that BA toxicity is not the only cause for the toxicity of cholestatic drugs. Moreover, our study supports the use of several biomarkers to test drugs for DIC. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCLS may represent a physiological and valuable model to identify cholestatic drugs and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van de Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nashwa Soliman
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samiksha Ghimire
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Henkel AS, LeCuyer B, Olivares S, Green RM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulates Hepatic Bile Acid Metabolism in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:261-271. [PMID: 28275692 PMCID: PMC5331781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestasis promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver, however, the effect of ER stress on hepatic bile acid metabolism is unknown. We aim to determine the effect of ER stress on hepatic bile acid synthesis and transport in mice. METHODS ER stress was induced pharmacologically in C57BL/6J mice and human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The hepatic expression of genes controlling bile acid synthesis and transport was determined. To measure the activity of the primary bile acid synthetic pathway, the concentration of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1 was measured in plasma. RESULTS Induction of ER stress in mice and HepG2 cells rapidly suppressed the hepatic expression of the primary bile acid synthetic enzyme, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1 were reduced in mice subjected to ER stress, indicating impaired bile acid synthesis. Induction of ER stress in mice and HepG2 cells increased expression of the bile salt export pump (adenosine triphosphate binding cassette [Abc]b11) and a bile salt efflux pump (Abcc3). The observed regulation of Cyp7a1, Abcb11, and Abcc3 occurred in the absence of hepatic inflammatory cytokine activation and was not dependent on activation of hepatic small heterodimer partner or intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15. Consistent with suppressed bile acid synthesis and enhanced bile acid export from hepatocytes, prolonged ER stress decreased the hepatic bile acid content in mice. CONCLUSIONS Induction of ER stress in mice suppresses bile acid synthesis and enhances bile acid removal from hepatocytes independently of established bile acid regulatory pathways. These data show a novel function of the ER stress response in regulating bile acid metabolism.
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Key Words
- 7α-Hydroxy-4-Cholesten-3-1
- ABC, adenosine triphosphate binding cassette
- Bile Acid Synthesis
- C4, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cyp7a1
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular signaling-regulated kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IRE1α, inositol requiring enzyme 1α
- JNK, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase
- NTCP, sodium/taurocholate cotransporter
- RIDD, regulated inositol requiring enzyme 1α–dependent messenger RNA decay
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded Protein Response
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Henkel
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anne S. Henkel, MD, 320 East Superior Street, Tarry 15-705, Chicago, Illinois 60611. fax: (312) 908-9032.320 East Superior StreetTarry 15-705ChicagoIllinois 60611
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Vatakuti S, Olinga P, Pennings JLA, Groothuis GMM. Validation of precision-cut liver slices to study drug-induced cholestasis: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1401-1412. [PMID: 27344345 PMCID: PMC5316400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Therefore, there is a need to screen new drugs for hepatotoxicity in humans at an earlier stage. The aim of this study was to validate human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo model to predict drug-induced cholestasis and identify the possible mechanisms of cholestasis-induced toxicity using gene expression profiles. Five hepatotoxicants, which are known to induce cholestasis (alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, ethinyl estradiol and methyl testosterone) were used at concentrations inducing low (<30 %) and medium (30-50 %) toxicity, based on ATP content. Human PCLS were incubated with the drugs in the presence of a non-toxic concentration (60 µM) of a bile acid mixture (portal vein concentration and composition) as model for bile acid-induced cholestasis. Regulated genes include bile acid transporters and cholesterol transporters. Pathway analysis revealed that hepatic cholestasis was among the top ten regulated pathways, and signaling pathways such as farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor-mediated responses, which are known to play a role in cholestasis, were significantly affected by all cholestatic compounds. Other significantly affected pathways include unfolded protein response and protein ubiquitination implicating the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study shows that human PCLS incubated in the presence of a physiological bile acid mixture correctly reflect the pathways affected in drug-induced cholestasis in the human liver. In the future, this human PCLS model can be used to identify cholestatic adverse drug reactions of new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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Szalowska E, Pronk TE, Peijnenburg AA. Cyclosporin A induced toxicity in mouse liver slices is only slightly aggravated by Fxr-deficiency and co-occurs with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functions. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:822. [PMID: 26482353 PMCID: PMC4617705 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) governs bile acid and energy homeostasis, is involved in inflammation, and has protective functions in the liver. In the present study we investigated the effect of Fxr deficiency in mouse precision cut liver slices (PCLS) exposed to a model hepatotoxicant cyclosporin A (CsA). It was anticipated that Fxr deficiency could aggravate toxicity of CsA in PCLS and pinpoint to novel genes/processes regulated by FXR. Methods To test this hypothesis, PCLS obtained from livers of wild type mice (WT-PCLS) and Fxr-knockout mice (FXRKO-PCLS) were treated with 40 μM CsA for 24 h and 48 h. ATP and histological assays were applied to assess the viability of PCLS. DNA microarrays combined with bioinformatics analysis were used to identify genes and processes that were affected by CsA in WT-PCLS and/or FXRKO-PCLS. In addition, WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS were exposed to the endogenous FXR ligand chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and subjected to q-PCR to determine whether subsets of known FXR-targets and the identified genes were regulated upon FXR activation in an FXR-dependent manner. Results No difference in viability was observed between WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS upon CsA treatment. Transcriptomics data analysis revealed that CsA significantly upregulated stress-response and inflammation and significantly downregulated processes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism in WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS. However, only in FXRKO-PCLS, CsA upregulated additional pro-inflammatory genes and downregulated genes related to mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, only in WT-PCLS, CDCA upregulated a subset of known FXR-target genes as well as the regulator of inflammation and mitochondrial functions peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor delta (Ppar delta). Conclusions Although FXR governs energy metabolism, no major differences in response to CsA could be observed between WT-PCLS and FXRKO-PCLS in regulation of processes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. This finding indicates that CsA does not directly affect FXR functions in relation to the above mentioned processes. However, the more pronounced induction of pro-inflammatory genes and the downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functions only in FXRKO-PCLS suggest that FXR deficiency aggravates CsA-induced inflammation and impairs mitochondrial functions. Therefore, FXR can exert its hepatoprotective functions by controlling inflammation and mitochondrial functions, possibly involving an FXR-PPAR delta cross-talk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szalowska
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (GZB, RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad Acm Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety/Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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A novel transcriptomics based in vitro method to compare and predict hepatotoxicity based on mode of action. Toxicology 2015; 328:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A transcriptomics-based hepatotoxicity comparison between the zebrafish embryo and established human and rodent in vitro and in vivo models using cyclosporine A, amiodarone and acetaminophen. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:403-12. [PMID: 25448281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising alternative, non-rodent model in toxicology, which has an advantage over the traditionally used models as it contains complete biological complexity and provides a medium to high-throughput setting. Here, we assess how the ZFE compares to the traditionally used models for liver toxicity testing, i.e., in vivo mouse and rat liver, in vitro mouse and rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. For this comparison, we analyzed gene expression changes induced by three model compounds for cholestasis, steatosis, and necrosis. The three compounds, cyclosporine A, amiodarone, and acetaminophen, were chosen because of their relevance to human toxicity and these compounds displayed hepatotoxic-specific changes in the mouse in vivo data. Compound induced expression changes in the ZFE model shared similarity with both in vivo and in vitro. Comparison on single gene level revealed the presence of model specific changes and no clear concordance across models. However, concordance was identified on the pathway level. Specifically, the pathway "regulation of metabolism - bile acids regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via FXR" was affected across all models and compounds. In conclusion, our study with three hepatotoxic model compounds shows that the ZFE model is at least as comparable to traditional models in identifying hepatotoxic activity and has the potential for use as a pre-screen to determine the hepatotoxic potential of compounds.
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