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Zhong T, Zhang W, Guo H, Pan X, Chen X, He Q, Yang B, Ding L. The regulatory and modulatory roles of TRP family channels in malignant tumors and relevant therapeutic strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1761-1780. [PMID: 35847486 PMCID: PMC9279634 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are one primary type of calcium (Ca2+) permeable channels, and those relevant transmembrane and intracellular TRP channels were previously thought to be mainly associated with the regulation of cardiovascular and neuronal systems. Nowadays, however, accumulating evidence shows that those TRP channels are also responsible for tumorigenesis and progression, inducing tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the overall underlying mechanisms and possible signaling transduction pathways that TRP channels in malignant tumors might still remain elusive. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the linkage between TRP channels and the significant characteristics of tumors such as multi-drug resistance (MDR), metastasis, apoptosis, proliferation, immune surveillance evasion, and the alterations of relevant tumor micro-environment. Moreover, we also have discussed the expression of relevant TRP channels in various forms of cancer and the relevant inhibitors' efficacy. The chemo-sensitivity of the anti-cancer drugs of various acting mechanisms and the potential clinical applications are also presented. Furthermore, it would be enlightening to provide possible novel therapeutic approaches to counteract malignant tumors regarding the intervention of calcium channels of this type.
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Key Words
- 4α-PDD, 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
- ABCB, ATP-binding cassette B1
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALA, alpha lipoic acid
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APB, aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CBD, cannabidiol
- CRAC, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel
- CaR, calcium-sensing receptor
- CaSR, calcium sensing receptor
- Cancer progression
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DBTRG, Denver Brain Tumor Research Group
- ECFC, endothelial colony-forming cells
- ECM, enhanced extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ETS, erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- GADD, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene
- GC, gastric cancer
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- GSC, glioma stem-like cells
- GSK, glycogen synthase kinase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF, hypoxia-induced factor
- HSC, hematopoietic stem cells
- IP3R, inositol triphosphate receptor
- Intracellular mechanism
- KO, knockout
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRP, lipoprotein receptor-related protein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NEDD4, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- NO, nitro oxide
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCa, prostate cancer
- PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PHD, prolyl hydroxylases
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKD, polycystic kidney disease
- PLC, phospholipase C
- Programmed cancer cell death
- RNS/ROS, reactive nitrogen species/reactive oxygen species
- RTX, resiniferatoxin
- SMAD, Caenorhabditis elegans protein (Sma) and mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad)
- SOCE, store operated calcium entry
- SOR, soricimed
- STIM1, stromal interaction molecules 1
- TEC, tumor endothelial cells
- TGF, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRP channels
- TRPA/C/M/ML/N/P/V, transient receptor potential ankyrin/canonical/melastatin/mucolipon/NOMPC/polycystin/vanilloid
- Targeted tumor therapy
- Tumor microenvironment
- Tumor-associated immunocytes
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- VPAC, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor subtype
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- pFRG/RTN, parafacial respiratory group/retrotrapezoid nucleus
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Sun D, Zou Y, Song L, Han S, Yang H, Chu D, Dai Y, Ma J, O'Driscoll CM, Yu Z, Guo J. A cyclodextrin-based nanoformulation achieves co-delivery of ginsenoside Rg3 and quercetin for chemo-immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:378-393. [PMID: 35127393 PMCID: PMC8799998 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade therapy has profoundly revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, despite great promise for a variety of cancers, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is still low in colorectal cancer (CRC). This is mainly due to the immunosuppressive feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence reveals that certain chemotherapeutic drugs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), demonstrating great potential for remodeling the immunosuppressive TME. In this study, the potential of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) as an ICD inducer against CRC cells was confirmed using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches. The ICD efficacy of Rg3 could be significantly enhanced by quercetin (QTN) that elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS). To ameliorate in vivo delivery barriers associated with chemotherapeutic drugs, a folate (FA)-targeted polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticle (NP) was developed for co-encapsulation of Rg3 and QTN. The resultant nanoformulation (CD-PEG-FA.Rg3.QTN) significantly prolonged blood circulation and enhanced tumor targeting in an orthotopic CRC mouse model, resulting in the conversion of immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, the CD-PEG-FA.Rg3.QTN achieved significantly longer survival of animals in combination with Anti-PD-L1. The study provides a promising strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Key Words
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CI, combination index
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRT, calreticulin
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10
- CXCL9, C-X-C motif chemokine 9
- Chemotherapy
- Colorectal cancer
- Combination therapy
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- EE, encapsulation efficiency
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FA, folate
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-12, interleukin-12
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- Immunogenic cell death
- Immunotherapy
- LC, loading capacity
- MDSCs, myeloid derived suppressor cells
- MMR, mismatch repair
- MR, molar ratio
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NP, nanoparticle
- Nano drug delivery system
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- QTN, quercetin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- p-IRE1, phosphorylation of IRE1
- p-PERK, phosphorylation of PERK
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yifang Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liu Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shulan Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | | | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Byrnes K, Blessinger S, Bailey NT, Scaife R, Liu G, Khambu B. Therapeutic regulation of autophagy in hepatic metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:33-49. [PMID: 35127371 PMCID: PMC8799888 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires dynamic catabolic and anabolic processes. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosomal degradative pathway, can rewire cellular metabolism linking catabolic to anabolic processes and thus sustain homeostasis. This is especially relevant in the liver, a key metabolic organ that governs body energy metabolism. Autophagy's role in hepatic energy regulation has just begun to emerge and autophagy seems to have a much broader impact than what has been appreciated in the field. Though classically known for selective or bulk degradation of cellular components or energy-dense macromolecules, emerging evidence indicates autophagy selectively regulates various signaling proteins to directly impact the expression levels of metabolic enzymes or their upstream regulators. Hence, we review three specific mechanisms by which autophagy can regulate metabolism: A) nutrient regeneration, B) quality control of organelles, and C) signaling protein regulation. The plasticity of the autophagic function is unraveling a new therapeutic approach. Thus, we will also discuss the potential translation of promising preclinical data on autophagy modulation into therapeutic strategies that can be used in the clinic to treat common metabolic disorders.
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Key Words
- AIM, Atf8 interacting motif
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- ATL3, Atlastin GTPase 3
- ATM, ATM serine/threonine kinase
- Autophagy
- BA, bile acid
- BCL2L13, BCL2 like 13
- BNIP3, BCL2 interacting protein 3
- BNIP3L, BCL2 interacting protein 3 like
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCPG1, cell cycle progression 1
- CLN3, lysosomal/endosomal transmembrane protein
- CMA, chaperonin mediated autophagy
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- CRY1, cryptochrome 1
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cryptochrome 1
- DFCP1, double FYVE-containing protein 1
- FAM134B, family with sequence similarity 134, member B
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FOXO1, Forkhead box O1
- FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- GABARAPL1, GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1
- GIM, GABARAP-interacting motif
- LAAT-1, lysosomal amino acid transporter 1 homologue
- LALP70, lysosomal apyrase-like protein of 70 kDa
- LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1
- LAMP2, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2
- LD, lipid droplet
- LIMP1, lysosomal integral membrane protein-1
- LIMP3, lysosomal integral membrane protein-3
- LIR, LC3 interacting region
- LXRa, liver X receptor a
- LYAAT-1, lysosomal amino acid transporter 1
- Liver metabolism
- Lysosome
- MCOLN1, mucolipin 1
- MFSD1, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NBR1, BRCA1 gene 1 protein
- NCoR1, nuclear receptor co-repressor 1
- NDP52, calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2
- NPC-1, Niemann-Pick disease, type C1
- Nutrient regeneration
- OPTN, optineurin
- PEX5, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PINK1, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PLIN2, perilipin 2
- PLIN3, perilipin 3
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2a
- PPARα, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha
- PQLC2, PQ-loop protein
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Quality control
- RETREG1, reticulophagy regulator 1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTN3, reticulon 3
- RTNL3, a long isoform of RTN3
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- S6K, P70-S6 kinase
- S6RP, S6 ribosomal protein
- SCARB2, scavenger receptor class B member 2
- SEC62, SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SLC36A1, solute carrier family 36 member 1
- SLC38A7, solute carrier family 38 member 7
- SLC38A9, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 9
- SNAT7, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 7
- SPIN, spindling
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- STBD1, starch-binding domain-containing protein 1
- Signaling proteins
- TBK1, serine/threonine-protein kinase
- TEX264, testis expressed 264, ER-phagy receptor
- TFEB/TFE3, transcription factor EB
- TGR5, takeda G protein receptor 5
- TRAC-1, thyroid-hormone-and retinoic acid-receptor associated co-repressor 1
- TRPML1, transient receptor potential mucolipin 1
- ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- V-ATPase, vacuolar-ATPase
- VDR, vitamin D3 receptor
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- WIPI1, WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Marrocco V, Tran T, Zhu S, Choi SH, Gamo AM, Li S, Fu Q, Cunado MD, Roland J, Hull M, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph S, Chatterjee AK, Rogers N, Tremblay MS, Shen W. A small molecule UPR modulator for diabetes identified by high throughput screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3983-3993. [PMID: 35024320 PMCID: PMC8727761 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is specific to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR is activated upon accumulation of unfolded (or misfolded) proteins in the ER's lumen to restore protein folding capacity by increasing the synthesis of chaperones. In addition, UPR also enhances degradation of unfolded proteins and reduces global protein synthesis to alleviate additional accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Herein, we describe a cell-based ultra-high throughput screening (uHTS) campaign that identifies a small molecule that can modulate UPR and ER stress in cellular and in vivo disease models. Using asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR) fused with Cypridina luciferase (CLuc) as reporter assay for folding capacity, we have screened a million small molecule library and identified APC655 as a potent activator of protein folding, that appears to act by promoting chaperone expression. Furthermore, APC655 improved pancreatic β cell viability and insulin secretion under ER stress conditions induced by thapsigargin or cytokines. APC655 was also effective in preserving β cell function and decreasing lipid accumulation in the liver of the leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. These results demonstrate a successful uHTS campaign that identified a modulator of UPR, which can provide a novel candidate for potential therapeutic development for a host of metabolic diseases.
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Key Words
- ASGR, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1
- ATF4, activating transcription factor 4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6α/β
- BID, twice a day
- CLuc, Cypridina luciferase
- Cell signaling
- Chaperones
- Diabetes
- EGFP-VSVG, enhanced green fluorescence protein-vesicular stomatitis virus ts045 G protein
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERP72, endoplasmic reticulum proteins 72
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLuc, Gaussia luciferase
- GRP78, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
- GRPRP94, glucose-regulated protein 94
- GSIS, glucose stimulated insulin secretion
- IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
- IL1β, interleukin 1β
- INFγ, interferon gamma
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1α/β
- Liver
- Metabolic diseases
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nod, non-obese diabetic
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- Pancreas
- Protein folding
- SP1/2, serine protease1/2
- Small molecules
- T1/2D, type1/2 diabetes
- TG, thapsigargin
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Tm, tunicamycin
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box-binding protein 1
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- uHTS, ultra-high throughput screening
- β cells
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Tsukada T, Sakata-Haga H, Shimada H, Shoji H, Hatta T. Mid-pregnancy maternal immune activation increases Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells and causes integrated stress response in the fetal brain in a mouse model of maternal viral infection. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:73-80. [PMID: 34409402 PMCID: PMC8363822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) in midpregnancy is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. Improper brain development may cause malformations of the brain; maldevelopment induced by MIA may lead to a pathology-related phenotype. In this study, a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] was administered to C57BL/6J mice on embryonic day (E) 12.5 to mimic maternal viral infection. Histopathological analysis of neurogenesis was performed using markers for Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1. In these fetuses, significant increases were observed in the proportion of Pax6-positive neural progenitor cells and Pax6/Tbr2 double-positive cells 24 h after poly(I:C) injection. There were no differences in the proportion of Tbr1-positive postmitotic neurons 48 h after poly(I:C) injection. At E18.5, there were more Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells in the poly(I:C)-injected group than in the saline-injected group. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of poly(I:C)-induced differentially expressed genes in the fetal brain at E12.5 demonstrated that these genes were enriched in terms including response to cytokine, response to decreased oxygen levels in the category of biological process. At E13.5, activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4), which is an effector of integrated stress response, was significantly upregulated in the fetal brain. Our results show that poly(I:C)-induced MIA at E12.5 leads to dysregulated neurogenesis and upregulates Atf4 in the fetal brain. These findings provide a new insight in the mechanism of MIA causing improper brain development and subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders. MIA increases Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells. MIA impaired the process of neurogenesis from as early as the acute stage. MIA upregulated Atf4, an effector of integrated stress response, in the fetal brain.
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Key Words
- ASD, autism spectrum disorders
- Activating transcription factor 4
- Atf4, activating transcription factor 4
- CP, cortical plate
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Integrated stress response
- MIA, Maternal immune activation
- Maternal immune activation
- NPCs, neural progenitor cells
- Neurogenesis
- Polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- VZ, ventricular zone
- [polyI:C], polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsukada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Medical Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Long F, Yang D, Wang J, Wang Q, Ni T, Wei G, Zhu Y, Liu X. SMYD3-PARP16 axis accelerates unfolded protein response and mediates neointima formation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1261-1273. [PMID: 34094832 PMCID: PMC8148056 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury is a representative complication of restenosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular intimal hyperplasia. PARP16, a member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases family, is correlated with the nuclear envelope and the ER. Here, we found that PERK and IRE1α are ADP-ribosylated by PARP16, and this might promote proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB stimulating. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis, PARP16 was identified as a novel target gene for histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase SMYD3, and SMYD3 could bind to the promoter of Parp16 and increased H3K4me3 level to activate its host gene's transcription, which causes UPR activation and SMC proliferation. Moreover, knockdown either of PARP16 or SMYD3 impeded the ER stress and SMC proliferation. On the contrary, overexpression of PARP16 induced ER stress and SMC proliferation and migration. In vivo depletion of PARP16 attenuated injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia by mediating UPR activation and neointimal SMC proliferation. This study identified SMYD3-PARP16 is a novel signal axis in regulating UPR and neointimal hyperplasia, and targeting this axis has implications in preventing neointimal hyperplasia related diseases.
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Key Words
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- BIP, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- H3K4, histone H3 lysine 4
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- MMP, matrix metal proteinase
- Neointimal hyperplasia
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases
- PARP16
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SMYD3
- SMYD3, SET and MYND domain containing 3
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vascular smooth muscle cell
- XBP-1, X-box binding protein-1
- p-PERK, phosphate-PKR-like ER kinase
- p-eIF2α, phosphate-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Odiatis C, Savva I, Pieri M, Ioannou P, Petrou P, Papagregoriou G, Antoniadou K, Makrides N, Stefanou C, Ljubanović DG, Nikolaou G, Borza DB, Stylianou K, Gross O, Deltas C. A glycine substitution in the collagenous domain of Col4a3 in mice recapitulates late onset Alport syndrome. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 9:100053. [PMID: 33718859 PMCID: PMC7930875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a severe inherited glomerulopathy caused by mutations in the genes encoding the α-chains of type-IV collagen, the most abundant component of the extracellular glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Currently most AS mouse models are knockout models for one of the collagen-IV genes. In contrast, about half of AS patients have missense mutations, with single aminoacid substitutions of glycine being the most common. The only mouse model for AS with a homozygous knockin missense mutation, Col4a3-p.Gly1332Glu, was partly described before by our group. Here, a detailed in-depth description of the same mouse is presented, along with another compound heterozygous mouse that carries the glycine substitution in trans with a knockout allele. Both mice recapitulate essential features of AS, including shorten lifespan by 30–35%, increased proteinuria, increased serum urea and creatinine, pathognomonic alternate GBM thinning and thickening, and podocyte foot process effacement. Notably, glomeruli and tubuli respond differently to mutant collagen-IV protomers, with reduced expression in tubules but apparently normal in glomeruli. However, equally important is the fact that in the glomeruli the mutant α3-chain as well as the normal α4/α5 chains seem to undergo a cleavage at, or near the point of the mutation, possibly by the metalloproteinase MMP-9, producing a 35 kDa C-terminal fragment. These mouse models represent a good tool for better understanding the spectrum of molecular mechanisms governing collagen-IV nephropathies and could be used for pre-clinical studies aimed at better treatments for AS. Two mouse models were generated that recapitulate essential features of AS patients. Glomeruli and tubuli respond differently to mutant collagen IV protomers. The mutant colIV protomers in glomeruli probably undergo a cleavage process by MMP9. The two AS mouse models represent a good tool for studying collagen-IV nephropathies. These models could be used for pre-clinical studies aimed at better treatments.
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Key Words
- ARAS, autosomal recessive alport syndrome
- AS, alport syndrome
- Alport syndrome
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Collagen-IV
- EM, electron microscopy
- ESRD, end stage renal disease
- GBM, glomerular basement membrane
- Glomerular basement membrane
- Glycine missense mutation
- Kidney disease
- Mouse model
- PAS, periodic acid schiff
- TBM, tubular basement membrane
- TGF-b1, transforming growth factor beta1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Odiatis
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Isavella Savva
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Myrtani Pieri
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos Ioannou
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Petros Petrou
- Department of Biochemistry, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Antoniadou
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Developmental Functional Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus
| | - Charalambos Stefanou
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
| | | | - Georgios Nikolaou
- Veterinary diagnostic laboratory, Vet ex Machina LTD, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dorin-Bogdan Borza
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kostas Stylianou
- Department of Nephrology, University of Crete Medical School, Greece
| | - Oliver Gross
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus Medical School, Cyprus
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Lu A, Pallero MA, Owusu BY, Borovjagin AV, Lei W, Sanders PW, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin is important for the development of renal fibrosis and dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 8:100034. [PMID: 33543033 PMCID: PMC7852315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our lab showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and calcium regulatory protein, calreticulin (CRT), is important for collagen transcription, secretion, and assembly into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and that ER CRT is critical for TGF-β stimulation of type I collagen transcription through stimulation of ER calcium release and NFAT activation. Diabetes is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. TGF-β is a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of calreticulin (Calr) in fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy has not been investigated. In current work, we used both in vitro and in vivo approaches to assess the role of ER CRT in TGF-β and glucose stimulated ECM production by renal tubule cells and in diabetic mice. Knockdown of CALR by siRNA in a human proximal tubular cell line (HK-2) showed reduced induction of soluble collagen when stimulated by TGF-β or high glucose as compared to control cells, as well as a reduction in fibronectin and collagen IV transcript levels. CRT protein is increased in kidneys of mice made diabetic with streptozotocin and subjected to uninephrectomy to accelerate renal tubular injury as compared to controls. We used renal-targeted ultrasound delivery of Cre-recombinase plasmid to knockdown specifically CRT expression in the remaining kidney of uninephrectomized Calr fl/fl mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This approach reduced CRT expression in the kidney, primarily in the tubular epithelium, by 30-55%, which persisted over the course of the studies. Renal function as measured by the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was improved in the mice with knockdown of CRT as compared to diabetic mice injected with saline or subjected to ultrasound and injected with control GFP plasmid. PAS staining of kidneys and immunohistochemical analyses of collagen types I and IV show reduced glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Renal sections from diabetic mice with CRT knockdown showed reduced nuclear NFAT in renal tubules and treatment of diabetic mice with 11R-VIVIT, an NFAT inhibitor, reduced proteinuria and renal fibrosis. These studies identify ER CRT as an important regulator of TGF-β stimulated ECM production in the diabetic kidney, potentially through regulation of NFAT-dependent ECM transcription.
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Key Words
- 4-PBA, 4-phenylbutyrate
- CRT, calreticulin
- Calreticulin
- Collagen
- Diabetic nephropathy
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Fibrosis
- GRP78, glucose related protein 78
- MB/US, microbubble/ultrasound
- NFAT
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells
- PAS, Periodic Acid-Schiff
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- UPR, unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Manuel A. Pallero
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Weiqi Lei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Paul W. Sanders
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Chen W, Hu Y, Ju D. Gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders: advances, insights and prospects. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1347-1359. [PMID: 32963936 PMCID: PMC7488363 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is rapidly emerging as a powerful therapeutic strategy for a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Some early clinical trials have failed to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects. Efforts to enhance effectiveness are now concentrating on three major fields: identification of new vectors, novel therapeutic targets, and reliable of delivery routes for transgenes. These approaches are being assessed closely in preclinical and clinical trials, which may ultimately provide powerful treatments for patients. Here, we discuss advances and challenges of gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting promising technologies, targets, and future prospects.
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Key Words
- AADC, aromatic-l-amino-acid
- AAVs, adeno-associated viruses
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ARSA, arylsulfatase A
- ASOs, antisense oligonucleotides
- ASPA, aspartoacylase
- Adeno-associated viruses
- Adv, adenovirus
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BCSFB, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- BRB, blood–retina barrier
- Bip, glucose regulated protein 78
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein
- CLN6, ceroidlipofuscinosis neuronal protein 6
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Central nervous system
- Delivery routes
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GAA, lysosomal acid α-glucosidase
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor
- Gene therapy
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HSPGs, heparin sulfate proteoglycans
- HTT, mutant huntingtin
- IDS, iduronate 2-sulfatase
- LVs, retrovirus/lentivirus
- Lamp2a, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGRN, Progranulin
- PINK1, putative kinase 1
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RGCs, retinal ganglion cells
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RPE, retinal pigmented epithelial
- SGSH, lysosomal heparan-N-sulfamidase gene
- SMN, survival motor neuron
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SUMF, sulfatase-modifying factor
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TPP1, tripeptidyl peptidase 1
- TREM2, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- ZFPs, zinc finger proteins
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
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Al-Saleh F, Khashab F, Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Al-Maghrebi M. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2174-2184. [PMID: 32714044 PMCID: PMC7376125 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASK1, apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BTB, blood-testis barrier
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- Chk, checkpoint kinase
- DAPI, diamidino phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GCA, germ cell apoptosis
- GRP78, glucose-related protein 78
- Germ cell apoptosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2AX, histone variant
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IRE1, inositol requiring kinase 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH oxidase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2, molecular oxygen
- O2−, superoxide anion
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PCC, protein carbonyl content
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, pancreatic ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- ST, seminiferous tubule
- TOS, testicular oxidative stress
- TRAF-2, tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Testicular ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- eIF2α1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α1
- gDNA, genomic DNA
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- kDa, kilodalton
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-, phosphorylated
- phox, phagocyte oxidase
- γ-H2AX, 139 serine-phosphorylated histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
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Sharma RS, Harrison DJ, Kisielewski D, Cassidy DM, McNeilly AD, Gallagher JR, Walsh SV, Honda T, McCrimmon RJ, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ashford ML, Dillon JF, Hayes JD. Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Liver Fibrosis Are Ameliorated by Pharmacologic Activation of Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-Related Factor 2). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:367-398. [PMID: 29552625 PMCID: PMC5852394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with oxidative stress. We surmised that pharmacologic activation of NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) using the acetylenic tricyclic bis(cyano enone) TBE-31 would suppress NASH because Nrf2 is a transcriptional master regulator of intracellular redox homeostasis. METHODS Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-/- C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat plus fructose (HFFr) or regular chow diet for 16 weeks or 30 weeks, and then treated for the final 6 weeks, while still being fed the same HFFr or regular chow diets, with either TBE-31 or dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control. Measures of whole-body glucose homeostasis, histologic assessment of liver, and biochemical and molecular measurements of steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress were performed in livers from these animals. RESULTS TBE-31 treatment reversed insulin resistance in HFFr-fed wild-type mice, but not in HFFr-fed Nrf2-null mice. TBE-31 treatment of HFFr-fed wild-type mice substantially decreased liver steatosis and expression of lipid synthesis genes, while increasing hepatic expression of fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein assembly genes. Also, TBE-31 treatment decreased ER stress, expression of inflammation genes, and markers of apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in the livers of HFFr-fed wild-type mice. By comparison, TBE-31 did not decrease steatosis, ER stress, lipogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis, or oxidative stress in livers of HFFr-fed Nrf2-null mice. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 in mice that had already been rendered obese and insulin resistant reversed insulin resistance, suppressed hepatic steatosis, and mitigated against NASH and liver fibrosis, effects that we principally attribute to inhibition of ER, inflammatory, and oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- ACACA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha
- ACLY, ATP citrate lyase
- ACOT7, acetyl-CoA thioesterase 7
- ACOX2, acetyl-CoA oxidase 2
- ADRP, adipose differentiation-related protein
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ATF4, activating transcription factor-4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor-6
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma
- BIP, binding immunoglobulin protein
- C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
- CAT, catalase
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- CDDO, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid
- CES1G, carboxylesterase 1g
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- COL1A1, collagen, type I, alpha-1
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a
- ChREBP, carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
- DGAT2, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic
- GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier
- GPX2, glutathione peroxidase-2
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GSTA4, glutathione S-transferase Alpha-4
- GSTM1, glutathione S-transferase Mu-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HF, high-fat
- HF30Fr, high-fat diet with 30% fructose in drinking water
- HF55Fr, high-fat diet with 55% fructose in drinking water
- HFFr, high-fat diet with fructose in drinking water
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase-1
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IRE1α, inositol requiring kinase-1α
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1
- LXRα, liver X receptor α
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MGPAT, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acetyltransferase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MTTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase-2
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, NF-E2 p45-related factor 2
- PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDI, protein disulfide isomerase
- PERK, PRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- PRDX6, peroxiredoxin 6
- PTGR1, prostaglandin reductase-1
- PTT, pyruvate tolerance test
- RC, regular chow
- SCAD, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- TBE-31
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta-1
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TXN1, thioredoxin-1
- TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase-1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box binding protein-1
- eIf2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A
- p58IPK, p58 inhibitor of the PKR kinase
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu S. Sharma
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Kisielewski
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Diane M. Cassidy
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alison D. McNeilly
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer R. Gallagher
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun V. Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Tayside NHS Trust, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Rory J. McCrimmon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L.J. Ashford
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Hayes
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Waldron RT, Su HY, Piplani H, Capri J, Cohn W, Whitelegge JP, Faull KF, Sakkiah S, Abrol R, Yang W, Zhou B, Freeman MR, Pandol SJ, Lugea A. Ethanol Induced Disordering of Pancreatic Acinar Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: An ER Stress/Defective Unfolded Protein Response Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:479-97. [PMID: 29930975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Heavy alcohol drinking is associated with pancreatitis, whereas moderate intake lowers the risk. Mice fed ethanol long term show no pancreas damage unless adaptive/protective responses mediating proteostasis are disrupted. Pancreatic acini synthesize digestive enzymes (largely serine hydrolases) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where perturbations (eg, alcohol consumption) activate adaptive unfolded protein responses orchestrated by spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Here, we examined ethanol-induced early structural changes in pancreatic ER proteins. METHODS Wild-type and Xbp1+/- mice were fed control and ethanol diets, then tissues were homogenized and fractionated. ER proteins were labeled with a cysteine-reactive probe, isotope-coded affinity tag to obtain a novel pancreatic redox ER proteome. Specific labeling of active serine hydrolases in ER with fluorophosphonate desthiobiotin also was characterized proteomically. Protein structural perturbation by redox changes was evaluated further in molecular dynamic simulations. RESULTS Ethanol feeding and Xbp1 genetic inhibition altered ER redox balance and destabilized key proteins. Proteomic data and molecular dynamic simulations of Carboxyl ester lipase (Cel), a unique serine hydrolase active within ER, showed an uncoupled disulfide bond involving Cel Cys266, Cel dimerization, ER retention, and complex formation in ethanol-fed, XBP1-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Results documented in ethanol-fed mice lacking sufficient spliced XBP1 illustrate consequences of ER stress extended by preventing unfolded protein response from fully restoring pancreatic acinar cell proteostasis during ethanol-induced redox challenge. In this model, orderly protein folding and transport to the secretory pathway were disrupted, and abundant molecules including Cel with perturbed structures were retained in ER, promoting ER stress-related pancreas pathology.
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Key Words
- %-ox, percentage oxidized
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- Alcohol Pancreatitis
- Carboxyl Ester Lipase
- Cel, carboxyl ester lipase
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Disulfide Bond
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation
- FAEE, fatty acid ethyl esters
- FP, fluorophosphonate
- ICAT, isotope-coded affinity tags
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- MW, molecular weight
- RER, rough ER
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded Protein Response
- WT, wild type
- sXBP1, spliced X box-binding protein 1
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13
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Schofield HK, Tandon M, Park MJ, Halbrook CJ, Ramakrishnan SK, Kim EC, Shi J, Omary MB, Shah YM, Esni F, Pasca di Magliano M. Pancreatic HIF2α Stabilization Leads to Chronic Pancreatitis and Predisposes to Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:169-185.e2. [PMID: 29693047 PMCID: PMC5904051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tissue hypoxia controls cell differentiation in the embryonic pancreas, and promotes tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. The cellular response to hypoxia is controlled by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins, including HIF2α. Previous studies of HIF action in the pancreas have relied on loss-of-function mouse models, and the effects of HIF2α expression in the pancreas have remained undefined. METHODS We developed several transgenic mouse models based on the expression of an oxygen-stable form of HIF2α, or indirect stabilization of HIF proteins though deletion of von Hippel-Lindau, thus preventing HIF degradation. Furthermore, we crossed both sets of animals into mice expressing oncogenic KrasG12D in the pancreas. RESULTS We show that HIF2α is not expressed in the normal human pancreas, however, it is up-regulated in human chronic pancreatitis. Deletion of von Hippel-Lindau or stabilization of HIF2α in mouse pancreata led to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Importantly, pancreatic HIF1α stabilization did not disrupt the pancreatic parenchyma, indicating that the chronic pancreatitis phenotype is specific to HIF2α. In the presence of oncogenic Kras, HIF2α stabilization drove the formation of cysts resembling mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) in humans. Mechanistically, we show that the pancreatitis phenotype is linked to expression of multiple inflammatory cytokines and activation of the unfolded protein response. Conversely, MCN formation is linked to activation of Wnt signaling, a feature of human MCN. CONCLUSIONS We show that pancreatic HIF2α stabilization disrupts pancreatic homeostasis, leading to chronic pancreatitis, and, in the context of oncogenic Kras, MCN formation. These findings provide new mouse models of both chronic pancreatitis and MCN, as well as illustrate the importance of hypoxia signaling in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Schofield
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manuj Tandon
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher J. Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sadeesh K. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Esther C. Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Cnop M, Toivonen S, Igoillo-Esteve M, Salpea P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and eIF2α phosphorylation: The Achilles heel of pancreatic β cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1024-1039. [PMID: 28951826 PMCID: PMC5605732 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β cell dysfunction and death are central in the pathogenesis of most if not all forms of diabetes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying β cell failure is important to develop β cell protective approaches. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in β cell failure in monogenic and polygenic forms of diabetes. There is substantial evidence for the presence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in β cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Direct evidence for the importance of this stress response is provided by an increasing number of monogenic forms of diabetes. In particular, mutations in the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response provide insight into its importance for human β cell function and survival. The knowledge gained from different rodent models is reviewed. More disease- and patient-relevant models, using human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into β cells, will further advance our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. Finally, we review the therapeutic modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and signaling in β cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic β cells are sensitive to excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulated eIF2α phosphorylation, as indicated by transcriptome data, monogenic forms of diabetes and pharmacological studies. This should be taken into consideration when devising new therapeutic approaches for diabetes.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CReP, constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation
- Diabetes
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, ER-associated degradation
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- GCN2, general control non-derepressible-2
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HNF1A, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-α
- HRI, heme-regulated inhibitor kinase
- IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide
- IER3IP1, immediate early response-3 interacting protein-1
- IRE1, inositol-requiring protein-1
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Insulin
- Islet
- MEHMO, mental retardation, epilepsy, hypogonadism and -genitalism, microcephaly and obesity
- MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young
- NRF2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2
- PBA, 4-phenyl butyric acid
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PKR, protein kinase RNA
- PP1, protein phosphatase 1
- PPA, phenylpropenoic acid glucoside
- Pancreatic β cell
- Pdx1, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1
- RIDD, regulated IRE1-dependent decay
- RyR2, type 2 ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel
- SERCA, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase
- TUDCA, taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid derivative
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- WFS, Wolfram syndrome
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- eIF2α
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell
- uORF, upstream open reading frame
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paraskevi Salpea
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Traylor-Knowles N, Rose NH, Sheets EA, Palumbi SR. Early Transcriptional Responses during Heat Stress in the Coral Acropora hyacinthus. Biol Bull 2017; 232:91-100. [PMID: 28654330 DOI: 10.1086/692717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Corals respond to heat pulses that cause bleaching with massive transcriptional change, but the immediate responses to stress that lead up to these shifts have never been detailed. Understanding these early signals could be important for identifying the regulatory mechanisms responsible for bleaching and how these mechanisms vary between more and less resilient corals. Using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and sampling every 30 minutes during a short-term heat shock, we found that components of the transcriptome were significantly upregulated within 90 min and after a temperature increase of +2 °C. The developmental transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 7, was highly expressed within 60 min, and stress-related transcription factors such as Elk-3 were highly expressed starting at 240 min. The sets of genes enriched for early transcriptional response to heat stress included heat shock proteins, small GTPases, and proteasome genes. Retrovirus-related Pol polyproteins from transposons were significantly expressed throughout the whole experiment. Lastly, we propose a model for early transcriptional regulation of protein degradation and cell adhesion response that may ultimately lead to the bleaching and stress response.
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Zanotto TM, Quaresma PGF, Guadagnini D, Weissmann L, Santos AC, Vecina JF, Calisto K, Santos A, Prada PO, Saad MJA. Blocking iNOS and endoplasmic reticulum stress synergistically improves insulin resistance in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 6:206-218. [PMID: 28180062 PMCID: PMC5279911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data show that iNOS has an essential role in ER stress in obesity. However, whether iNOS is sufficient to account for obesity-induced ER stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we used iNOS knockout mice to investigate whether high-fat diet (HFD) can still induce residual ER stress-associated insulin resistance. METHODS For this purpose, we used the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, western blotting and qPCR in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue of iNOS KO and control mice on HFD. RESULTS The results of the present study demonstrated that, in HFD fed mice, iNOS-induced alteration in insulin signaling is an essential mechanism of insulin resistance in muscle, suggesting that iNOS may represent an important target that could be blocked in order to improve insulin sensitivity in this tissue. However, in liver and adipose tissue, the insulin resistance induced by HFD was only partially dependent on iNOS, and, even in the presence of genetic or pharmacological blockade of iNOS, a clear ER stress associated with altered insulin signaling remained evident in these tissues. When this ER stress was blocked pharmacologically, insulin signaling was improved, and a complete recovery of glucose tolerance was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reinforce the tissue-specific regulation of insulin signaling in obesity, with iNOS being sufficient to account for insulin resistance in muscle, but in liver and adipose tissue ER stress and insulin resistance can be induced by both iNOS-dependent and iNOS-independent mechanisms.
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Key Words
- AKT, Protein kinase B
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- Blocking
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IKK, kappa α/β kinase
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Improving
- Insulin resistance
- JNK, c-JunN-terminal kinase
- NO, nitric oxide
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- iNOS
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- qPCR, real time PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires M Zanotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Vecina
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Calisto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Henkel AS, LeCuyer B, Olivares S, Green RM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulates Hepatic Bile Acid Metabolism in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:261-271. [PMID: 28275692 PMCID: PMC5331781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestasis promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver, however, the effect of ER stress on hepatic bile acid metabolism is unknown. We aim to determine the effect of ER stress on hepatic bile acid synthesis and transport in mice. METHODS ER stress was induced pharmacologically in C57BL/6J mice and human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The hepatic expression of genes controlling bile acid synthesis and transport was determined. To measure the activity of the primary bile acid synthetic pathway, the concentration of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1 was measured in plasma. RESULTS Induction of ER stress in mice and HepG2 cells rapidly suppressed the hepatic expression of the primary bile acid synthetic enzyme, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1 were reduced in mice subjected to ER stress, indicating impaired bile acid synthesis. Induction of ER stress in mice and HepG2 cells increased expression of the bile salt export pump (adenosine triphosphate binding cassette [Abc]b11) and a bile salt efflux pump (Abcc3). The observed regulation of Cyp7a1, Abcb11, and Abcc3 occurred in the absence of hepatic inflammatory cytokine activation and was not dependent on activation of hepatic small heterodimer partner or intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15. Consistent with suppressed bile acid synthesis and enhanced bile acid export from hepatocytes, prolonged ER stress decreased the hepatic bile acid content in mice. CONCLUSIONS Induction of ER stress in mice suppresses bile acid synthesis and enhances bile acid removal from hepatocytes independently of established bile acid regulatory pathways. These data show a novel function of the ER stress response in regulating bile acid metabolism.
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Key Words
- 7α-Hydroxy-4-Cholesten-3-1
- ABC, adenosine triphosphate binding cassette
- Bile Acid Synthesis
- C4, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-1
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cyp7a1
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular signaling-regulated kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IRE1α, inositol requiring enzyme 1α
- JNK, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase
- NTCP, sodium/taurocholate cotransporter
- RIDD, regulated inositol requiring enzyme 1α–dependent messenger RNA decay
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded Protein Response
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Henkel
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anne S. Henkel, MD, 320 East Superior Street, Tarry 15-705, Chicago, Illinois 60611. fax: (312) 908-9032.320 East Superior StreetTarry 15-705ChicagoIllinois 60611
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Chen WY, Zhang J, Ghare S, Barve S, McClain C, Joshi-Barve S. Acrolein Is a Pathogenic Mediator of Alcoholic Liver Disease and the Scavenger Hydralazine Is Protective in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:685-700. [PMID: 28119953 PMCID: PMC5042858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy. Chronic alcohol consumption causes a pro-oxidant environment and increases hepatic lipid peroxidation, with acrolein being the most reactive/toxic by-product. This study investigated the pathogenic role of acrolein in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, steatosis, and injury in experimental ALD, and tested acrolein elimination/scavenging (using hydralazine) as a potential therapy in ALD. METHODS In vitro (rat hepatoma H4IIEC cells) and in vivo (chronic+binge alcohol feeding in C57Bl/6 mice) models were used to examine alcohol-induced acrolein accumulation and consequent hepatic ER stress, apoptosis, and injury. In addition, the potential protective effects of the acrolein scavenger, hydralazine, were examined both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Alcohol consumption/metabolism resulted in hepatic accumulation of acrolein-protein adducts, by up-regulation of cytochrome P4502E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase, and down-regulation of glutathione-s-transferase-P, which metabolizes/detoxifies acrolein. Alcohol-induced acrolein adduct accumulation led to hepatic ER stress, proapoptotic signaling, steatosis, apoptosis, and liver injury; however, ER-protective/adaptive responses were not induced. Notably, direct exposure to acrolein in vitro mimicked the in vivo effects of alcohol, indicating that acrolein mediates the adverse effects of alcohol. Importantly, hydralazine, a known acrolein scavenger, protected against alcohol-induced ER stress and liver injury, both in vitro and in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the following: (1) alcohol consumption triggers pathologic ER stress without ER adaptation/protection; (2) alcohol-induced acrolein is a potential therapeutic target and pathogenic mediator of hepatic ER stress, cell death, and injury; and (3) removal/clearance of acrolein by scavengers may have therapeutic potential in ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Apoptosis
- CHOP
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P4502E1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDP-lysine, Nε-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine
- GRP, glucose regulated protein
- GSTP, glutathione-s-transferase-Pi
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- JNK, cJun N-terminal kinase
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- Lipid Peroxidation
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- Therapeutic
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box binding protein-1
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Smita Ghare
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Swati Joshi-Barve, PhD, Departments of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Room 505 Clinical Translational Research Building, Louisville, Kentucky 40202. fax: (502) 852-8927.Departments of Medicine, and Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville505 South Hancock StreetRoom 505 Clinical Translational Research BuildingLouisvilleKentucky 40202
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Luan Q, Jin L, Jiang CC, Tay KH, Lai F, Liu XY, Liu YL, Guo ST, Li CY, Yan XG, Tseng HY, Zhang XD. RIPK1 regulates survival of human melanoma cells upon endoplasmic reticulum stress through autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:975-94. [PMID: 26018731 PMCID: PMC4590596 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1049800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although RIPK1 (receptor [TNFRSF]-interacting protein kinase 1) is emerging as a critical determinant of cell fate in response to cellular stress resulting from activation of death receptors and DNA damage, its potential role in cell response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains undefined. Here we report that RIPK1 functions as an important prosurvival mechanism in melanoma cells undergoing pharmacological ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) or thapsigargin (TG) through activation of autophagy. While treatment with TM or TG upregulated RIPK1 and triggered autophagy in melanoma cells, knockdown of RIPK1 inhibited autophagy and rendered the cells sensitive to killing by TM or TG, recapitulating the effect of inhibition of autophagy. Consistently, overexpression of RIPK1 enhanced induction of autophagy and conferred resistance of melanoma cells to TM- or TG-induced cell death. Activation of MAPK8/JNK1 or MAPK9/JNK2, which phosphorylated BCL2L11/BIM leading to its dissociation from BECN1/Beclin 1, was involved in TM- or TG-induced, RIPK1-mediated activation of autophagy; whereas, activation of the transcription factor HSF1 (heat shock factor protein 1) downstream of the ERN1/IRE1-XBP1 axis of the unfolded protein response was responsible for the increase in RIPK1 in melanoma cells undergoing pharmacological ER stress. Collectively, these results identify upregulation of RIPK1 as an important resistance mechanism of melanoma cells to TM- or TG-induced ER stress by protecting against cell death through activation of autophagy, and suggest that targeting the autophagy-activating mechanism of RIPK1 may be a useful strategy to enhance sensitivity of melanoma cells to therapeutic agents that induce ER stress.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- Baf A1, bafilomycin A1
- CAMKK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2: β
- EIF2AK3/PERK, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 3
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERN1/IRE1, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- HSPA5, heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein: 78kDa)
- MAP2K1/MEK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MAPK1/ERK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- MAPK11/p38β, mitogen-activated protein kinase 11
- MAPK12/p38γ, mitogen-activated protein kinase 12
- MAPK13/p38δ, mitogen-activated protein kinase 13
- MAPK14/p38α, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
- MAPK3/ERK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
- MAPK8/JNK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
- MAPK9/JNK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
- NFKB1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1
- PRKAA1, protein kinase AMP-activated: α 1 catalytic subunit
- RIPK1
- RIPK1, receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting protein kinase 1
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TG, thapsigargin
- TM, tunicamycin
- TNFRSF1A/TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily: member 1A
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP1, x-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- cell death
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- melanoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luan
- a School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Newcastle ; NSW , Australia
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Milan E, Perini T, Resnati M, Orfanelli U, Oliva L, Raimondi A, Cascio P, Bachi A, Marcatti M, Ciceri F, Cenci S. A plastic SQSTM1/p62-dependent autophagic reserve maintains proteostasis and determines proteasome inhibitor susceptibility in multiple myeloma cells. Autophagy 2016; 11:1161-78. [PMID: 26043024 PMCID: PMC4590585 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1052928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the paradigmatic proteasome inhibitor (PI) responsive cancer, but many patients fail to respond. An attractive target to enhance sensitivity is (macro)autophagy, recently found essential to bone marrow plasma cells, the normal counterpart of MM. Here, integrating proteomics with hypothesis-driven strategies, we identified the autophagic cargo receptor and adapter protein, SQSTM1/p62 as an essential component of an autophagic reserve that not only synergizes with the proteasome to maintain proteostasis, but also mediates a plastic adaptive response to PIs, and faithfully reports on inherent PI sensitivity. Lentiviral engineering revealed that SQSTM1 is essential for MM cell survival and affords specific PI protection. Under basal conditions, SQSTM1-dependent autophagy alleviates the degradative burden on the proteasome by constitutively disposing of substantial amounts of ubiquitinated proteins. Indeed, its inhibition or stimulation greatly sensitized to, or protected from, PI-induced protein aggregation and cell death. Moreover, under proteasome stress, myeloma cells selectively enhanced SQSTM1 de novo expression and reset its vast endogenous interactome, diverting SQSTM1 from signaling partners to maximize its association with ubiquitinated proteins. Saturation of such autophagic reserve, as indicated by intracellular accumulation of undigested SQSTM1-positive aggregates, specifically discriminated patient-derived myelomas inherently susceptible to PIs from primarily resistant ones. These aggregates correlated with accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum, which comparative proteomics identified as the main cell compartment targeted by autophagy in MM. Altogether, the data integrate autophagy into our previously established proteasome load-versus-capacity model, and reveal SQSTM1 aggregation as a faithful marker of defective proteostasis, defining a novel prognostic and therapeutic framework for MM.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Ab, antibody
- BM, bone marrow
- Baf A1, bafilomycin A1
- Btz, bortezomib
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERGIC, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
- GO, gene ontology
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MM, multiple myeloma
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PC, plasma cell
- PI, proteasome inhibitor
- Rapa, rapamycin
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling in cell culture
- SQSTM1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system
- Ub, ubiquitin
- aggregate
- amc, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
- autophagy
- bortezomib
- endoplasmic reticulum
- multiple myeloma
- p62
- pAb, polyclonal antibody
- plasma cells
- proteasome
- proteasome inhibitors
- proteostasis
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Milan
- a San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology ; Milan , Italy
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Rui YN, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhang S. The GST-BHMT assay reveals a distinct mechanism underlying proteasome inhibition-induced macroautophagy in mammalian cells. Autophagy 2016; 11:812-32. [PMID: 25984893 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1034402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By monitoring the fragmentation of a GST-BHMT (a protein fusion of glutathionine S-transferase N-terminal to betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase) reporter in lysosomes, the GST-BHMT assay has previously been established as an endpoint, cargo-based assay for starvation-induced autophagy that is largely nonselective. Here, we demonstrate that under nutrient-rich conditions, proteasome inhibition by either pharmaceutical or genetic manipulations induces similar autophagy-dependent GST-BHMT processing. However, mechanistically this proteasome inhibition-induced autophagy is different from that induced by starvation as it does not rely on regulation by MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) and PRKAA/AMPK (protein kinase, AMP-activated, α catalytic subunit), the upstream central sensors of cellular nutrition and energy status, but requires the presence of the cargo receptors SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and NBR1 (neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1) that are normally involved in the selective autophagy pathway. Further, it depends on ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress signaling, in particular ERN1/IRE1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) and its main downstream effector MAPK8/JNK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), but not XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), by regulating the phosphorylation-dependent disassociation of BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) from BECN1 (Beclin 1, autophagy related). Moreover, the multimerization domain of GST-BHMT is required for its processing in response to proteasome inhibition, in contrast to its dispensable role in starvation-induced processing. Together, these findings support a model in which under nutrient-rich conditions, proteasome inactivation induces autophagy-dependent processing of the GST-BHMT reporter through a distinct mechanism that bears notable similarity with the yeast Cvt (cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting) pathway, and suggest the GST-BHMT reporter might be employed as a convenient assay to study selective macroautophagy in mammalian cells.
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Key Words
- ACACA/B, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α/β
- ACTB, actin, β
- ATF4, activating transcription factor 4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG7, autophagy-related 7
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BHMT
- BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
- Baf A1, bafilomycin A1
- CTNNB1, catenin (cadherin-associated protein), β 1, 88kDa
- Cvt, cytoplasm-to-vacuole-targeting
- DDIT3, DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3
- EBSS, Earle's Balanced Salt Solution
- EIF2AK3, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α, kinase 3
- EIF4EBP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERN1, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1
- GST, glutathionine S-transferase
- GST-BHMT(FRAG), an autophagy-mediated cleavage product of the GST-BHMT reporter
- GST-BHMT, a fusion protein of glutathionine S-transferase N-terminal to betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HSPA5, heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)
- LSCS, linker-specific cleavage site
- MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MAP2K7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7
- MAPK8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
- MTOR
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NBR1, neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1
- P4HB, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, β polypeptide
- PRKAA, protein kinase, AMP-activated, α catalytic subunit
- PRKAA/AMPK
- RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in brain
- RM, rich medium
- RPS6KB1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/2
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- UPS, ubiquitin proteasome system
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- cargo receptors SQSTM1/p62 and NBR1
- proteasome inhibition
- selective macroautophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ning Rui
- a The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
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22
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Abstract
The extracellular aggregation of proteins into proteotoxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils is implicated in the onset and pathology of numerous diseases referred to as amyloid diseases. All of the proteins that aggregate extracellularly in association with amyloid disease pathogenesis originate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are secreted through the secretory pathway. Disruptions in ER protein homeostasis or proteostasis (i.e., ER stress) can facilitate the aberrant secretion of misfolded protein conformations to the extracellular space and exacerbate pathologic protein aggregation into proteotoxic species. Activation of an ER stress-responsive signaling pathway, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), restores ER proteostasis through the transcriptional regulation of ER proteostasis pathways. In contrast, the functional role for the UPR in regulating extracellular proteostasis during ER stress is poorly defined. We recently identified ERdj3 as a UPR-regulated secreted chaperone that increases extracellular proteostasis capacity in response to ER stress, revealing a previously-unanticipated direct mechanism by which the UPR impacts extracellular proteostasis. Here, we discuss the functional implications of ERdj3 secretion on extracellular proteostasis maintenance and define the mechanisms by which ERdj3 secretion coordinates intra- and extracellular proteostasis environments during ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Genereux
- a Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine; Department of Chemical Physiology ; The Scripps Research Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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23
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Lahlali T, Plissonnier ML, Romero-López C, Michelet M, Ducarouge B, Berzal-Herranz A, Zoulim F, Mehlen P, Parent R. Netrin-1 Protects Hepatocytes Against Cell Death Through Sustained Translation During the Unfolded Protein Response. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:281-301.e9. [PMID: 28174720 PMCID: PMC5042567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Netrin-1, a multifunctional secreted protein, is up-regulated in cancer and inflammation. Netrin-1 blocks apoptosis induced by the prototypical dependence receptors deleted in colorectal carcinoma and uncoordinated phenotype-5. Although the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggers apoptosis on exposure to stress, it first attempts to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis to foster cell survival. Importantly, UPR is implicated in chronic liver conditions including hepatic oncogenesis. Netrin-1's implication in cell survival on UPR in this context is unknown. METHODS Isolation of translational complexes, determination of RNA secondary structures by selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation and primer extension/dimethyl sulfate, bicistronic constructs, as well as conventional cell biology and biochemistry approaches were used on in vitro-grown hepatocytic cells, wild-type, and netrin-1 transgenic mice. RESULTS HepaRG cells constitute a bona fide model for UPR studies in vitro through adequate activation of the 3 sensors of the UPR (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)), inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6). The netrin-1 messenger RNA 5'-end was shown to fold into a complex double pseudoknot and bear E-loop motifs, both of which are representative hallmarks of related internal ribosome entry site regions. Cap-independent translation of netrin 5' untranslated region-driven luciferase was observed on UPR in vitro. Unlike several structurally related oncogenic transcripts (l-myc, c-myc, c-myb), netrin-1 messenger RNA was selected for translation during UPR both in human hepatocytes and in mice livers. Depletion of netrin-1 during UPR induces apoptosis, leading to cell death through an uncoordinated phenotype-5A/C-mediated involvement of protein phosphatase 2A and death-associated protein kinase 1 in vitro and in netrin transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS UPR-resistant, internal ribosome entry site-driven netrin-1 translation leads to the inhibition of uncoordinated phenotype-5/death-associated protein kinase 1-mediated apoptosis in the hepatic context during UPR, a hallmark of chronic liver disease.
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Key Words
- ATF6, activated transcription factor 6
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- DAPK, death-associated protein kinase
- DMS, dimethyl sulfate
- DR, dependence receptor
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FLuc, Firefly luciferase
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- Hepatocyte
- IRE1α, inositol requiring enzyme 1α
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- LSL, (Lox-Stop-Lox)
- NMIA, N-methyl-isatoic anhydride
- Netrin
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PERK, protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A
- PR65β, erine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform
- RLuc, Renilla lucerifase
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- Translation
- Tu, tunicamycin
- UNC5, uncoordinated phenotype-5
- UPR
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- UTR, untranslated region
- VR1, vanilloid receptor 1
- eIF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- pBic, Bicistronic plasmid
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lahlali
- Inserm U1052-UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Plissonnier
- Inserm U1052-UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Cristina Romero-López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciencia e Investigación (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Maud Michelet
- Inserm U1052-UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Ducarouge
- Inserm U1052-UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Alfredo Berzal-Herranz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciencia e Investigación (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Inserm U1052-UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Inserm U1052-UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Parent
- Inserm U1052-UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Berard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Romain Parent, PharmD, PhD, Inserm U1052, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France. fax: (33) 4-72-68-19-71.Inserm U1052151 Cours Albert ThomasF-69424 Lyon Cedex 03France
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24
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Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure is detrimental to the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol such that prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Neuronal loss in the brain is the most devastating consequence and is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits observed in FASD. Since alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not declined, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic strategies. One cellular mechanism that acts as a protective response for the central nervous system (CNS) is autophagy. Autophagy regulates lysosomal turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and is involved in cell differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity. We have recently shown that ethanol activates autophagy in the developing brain. The autophagic preconditioning alleviates ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy potentiates ethanol-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for autophagy in the CNS is developmentally regulated; their levels are much lower during an ethanol-sensitive period than during an ethanol-resistant period. Ethanol may stimulate autophagy through multiple mechanisms; these include induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of MTOR and AMPK signaling, alterations in BCL2 family proteins, and disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. This review discusses the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of autophagy in ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity as well as the potential therapeutic approach of targeting autophagic pathways.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALS, autophagy-lysosome system
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- ATG, autophagy-related
- CNS, central nervous system
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HD, Huntington disease, HNSCs, hippocampal neural stem cells
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/ 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- alcohol
- alcoholism
- development
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- neurodegeneration
- oxidative stress
- protein degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences ; University of Kentucky College of Medicine ; Lexington , KY USA
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25
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Abstract
Paclitaxel (Px) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. However, it is often associated with neurological side effects, including chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment (CACI), such as "chemobrain". Previously, we reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in Px-induced neurotoxicity, and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) inducer X (BIX) alleviates Px-induced neurotoxicity. However, BIX has not been used in clinical practice yet. We recently reported that fluvoxamine (Flv) alleviates ER stress via induction of sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Flv could alleviate Px-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. SK-N-SH cells were pre-treated for 12 h with or without 10 μg/ml Flv followed by treatment with 1 μM Px with or without co-existence of 10 μg/ml Flv for 24 h. To investigate the involvement of Sig-1R in alleviation effect on Px-induced neurotoxicity,1 μM NE100, an antagonist of Sig-1R, was added for 24 h. Neurotoxicity was assessed using the MTS viability assay and ER stress-mediated neurotoxicity was assessed by evaluating the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cleaved caspase 4, and cleaved caspase 3. Pre-treatment with Flv significantly alleviated the induction of CHOP, cleaved caspase 4, and cleaved caspase 3 in SK-N-SH cells. At the same time, pre-treatment with Flv significantly induced Sig-1R in SK-N-SH cells. In addition, viability was significantly higher in Flv-treated cells than in untreated cells, which was reversed by treatment with NE100. Our results suggest that Flv alleviates Px-induced neurotoxicity in part through the induction of Sig-1R. Our findings should contribute to one of the novel approaches for the alleviation of Px-induced neurotoxicity, including chemobrain.
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Key Words
- BIX, BiP inducer X
- BiP, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein
- CACI, chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairments
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Chemobrain
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- Fluvoxamine
- Flv, fluvoxamine
- JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
- Paclitaxel
- Px, paclitaxel
- QOL, quality of life
- SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Sig-1R, sigma 1 receptor
- Sigma 1 receptor
- UPR, unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tanimukai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Pharmacogenomics, and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.,Palliative Care Center, Department of Palliative Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Syogoin, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Health Care Center, 1-17, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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26
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Podszywalow-Bartnicka P, Wolczyk M, Kusio-Kobialka M, Wolanin K, Skowronek K, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Dasgupta Y, Skorski T, Piwocka K. Downregulation of BRCA1 protein in BCR-ABL1 leukemia cells depends on stress-triggered TIAR-mediated suppression of translation. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3727-41. [PMID: 25483082 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 tumor suppressor regulates crucial cellular processes involved in DNA damage repair and cell cycle control. We showed that expression of BCR-ABL1 correlates with decreased level of BRCA1 protein, which promoted aberrant mitoses and aneuploidy as well as altered DNA damage response. Using polysome profiling and luciferase-BRCA1 3'UTR reporter system here we demonstrate that downregulation of BRCA1 protein in CML is caused by inhibition of BRCA1 mRNA translation, but not by increased protein degradation or reduction of mRNA level and half-life. We investigated 2 mRNA-binding proteins - HuR and TIAR showing specificity to AU-Rich Element (ARE) sites in 3'UTR of mRNA. BCR-ABL1 promoted cytosolic localization of TIAR and HuR, their binding to BRCA1 mRNA and formation of the TIAR-HuR complex. HuR protein positively regulated BRCA1 mRNA stability and translation, conversely TIAR negatively regulated BRCA1 translation and was found localized predominantly in the cytosolic stress granules in CML cells. TIAR-dependent downregulation of BRCA1 protein level was a result of ER stress, which is activated in BCR-ABL1 expressing cells, as we previously shown. Silencing of TIAR in CML cells strongly elevated BRCA1 level. Altogether, we determined that TIAR-mediated repression of BRCA1 mRNA translation is responsible for downregulation of BRCA1 protein level in BCR-ABL1 -positive leukemia cells. This mechanism may contribute to genomic instability and provide justification for targeting PARP1 and/or RAD52 to induce synthetic lethality in "BRCAness" CML and BCR-ABL1 -positive ALL cells.
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Key Words
- ARE, AU-rich element
- ATM, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase
- ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase
- BCR-ABL
- BRCA1
- BRCA1, Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- DNA damage response
- HuR
- HuR, Hu antigen R (alternative name: ELAV-like protein 1)
- TIAR
- TIAR, TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein-like 1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- UTR, untranslated region
- cell cycle
- eIF, eukaryotic initiation factor
- mRNA binding protein
- stress response
- synthetic lethality
- translation
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27
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is coated by a thick layer of mucus that forms the front line of innate host defense. Mucus consists of high molecular weight glycoproteins called mucins that are synthesized and secreted by goblet cells and functions primarily to lubricate the epithelium and protect it from damage by noxious substances. Recent studies have also suggested the involvement of goblet cells and mucins in complex immune functions such as antigen presentation and tolerance. Under normal physiological conditions, goblet cells continually produce mucins to replenish and maintain the mucus barrier; however, goblet cell function can be disrupted by various factors that can affect the integrity of the mucus barrier. Some of these factors such as microbes, microbial toxins and cytokines can stimulate or inhibit mucin production and secretion, alter the chemical composition of mucins or degrade the mucus layer. This can lead to a compromised mucus barrier and subsequently to various pathological conditions like chronic inflammatory diseases. Insight into how these factors modulate the mucus barrier in the gut is necessary in order to develop strategies to combat these disorders.
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Key Words
- Barrier function
- CD, Crohns disease
- ER stress
- ERAD, ER-associated protein degradation
- EhCP5, Entamoeba histolytica cysteine protease 5
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GalNAc, N-Acetylgalactosamine
- Goblet cell
- IBD
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease
- Innate defense
- LLO, Listeriolysin O
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MUC2
- MucBP, Mucin binding proteins
- Mucin
- SCFA, short chain fatty acids
- Secretory response
- UC, Ulcerative colitis
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Cornick
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adelaide Tawiah
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Yi Z, Bishop GA. Regulatory role of CD40 in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Adipocyte 2015; 4:65-9. [PMID: 26167405 DOI: 10.4161/adip.32214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive nutrient intake in obesity triggers the accumulation of various types of immune cells in adipose tissue, particularly visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This can result in chronic inflammation which disrupts insulin effects on adipocytes and muscle cells and culminates in development of insulin resistance. The interplay between immune cells and adipose tissue is a key event for the development of insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes. CD40, a well-documented costimulatory receptor, is required for efficient systemic adaptive immune responses. However, we and other groups recently showed that CD40 unexpectedly ameliorates inflammation in VAT and accordingly attenuates obesity-induced insulin resistance. Specifically, although CD40 is typically considered to play its principal immune roles on B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, we found that CD40(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes were major contributors to the protective effect. This unexpected inhibitory role of CD40 on CD8(+) T cell activation in VAT may reflect unique features of this microenvironment. Additional knowledge gaps include whether CD40 also plays roles in mucosal immunity that control the homeostasis of gut microbiota, and human metabolic diseases. Potential therapeutic approaches, including stimulating CD40 signaling and/or manipulating specific CD40 signaling pathways in the VAT microenvironment, may open new avenues for treatment of obesity-induced insulin resistance, and prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- CD40
- CD40KO, CD40 deficiency
- DIO, diet induced obesity
- HFD, high fat diet
- HIGM, Hyper-IgM syndrome
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IR, insulin resistance
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LFD, low fat diet
- MCP-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
- Mφ, macrophage
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
- Rag1, recombination activating gene 1
- T cell
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- gut microbiota
- insulin resistance
- mucosal immunity
- obesity
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29
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Christen V, Camenzind M, Fent K. Silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress response, oxidative stress and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1143-1151. [PMID: 28962324 PMCID: PMC5598250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (225 nm) induced ER stress and unfolded protein response. MAPK pathway and associated genes are induced. PP2Ac, TNFα, NFкB and interferon stimulated genes are up-regulated. p53 is down-regulated, indicating inhibition of apoptosis. The data suggest hepatotoxic, inflammatory and tumorigenic action of SiO2-NPs.
Application of silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) may result in human exposure. Here we investigate unexplored modes of action by which SiO2-NPs with average size of 225 nm act on human hepatoma cells (Huh7). We focused on the endoplasmic (ER) stress response and on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Both pathways were induced. ER stress and the associated three unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways were activated as demonstrated by significant inductions of BiP and XBP-1s and a moderate but significant induction of ATF-4 at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml. In addition to activation of NFкB interferon stimulated genes IP-10, IRF-9, and ISG-15 were up-regulated. As a consequence of ER stress, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and PP2Ac were induced following exposure to 0.05 mg/ml SiO2-NPs. Additionally, this occurred at 0.005 mg/ml SiO2-NPs for TNFα at 24 h. This in turn led to a strong transcriptional induction of MAP-kinases and its target genes cJun, cMyc and CREB. A strong transcriptional down-regulation of the proapoptotic gene p53 occurred at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml SiO2-NP. Exposure of Huh7 cells to the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine reduced transcriptional induction of ER stress markers demonstrating a link between the induction of oxidative stress and ER stress. Our study demonstrates that SiO2-NPs lead to strong ER stress and UPR induction, oxidative stress, activation of MAPK signaling and down-regulation of p53. All of these activated pathways, which are analyzed here for the first time in detail, inhibit apoptosis and induce cell proliferation, which may contribute to a hepatotoxic, inflammatory and tumorigenic action of SiO2-NPs.
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Key Words
- ATF-4, Activating transcription factor 4
- ATF-6, activating transcription factor 6
- BiP, binding immunoglobulin protein
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- Huh7, human hepatoma cells
- Human hepatoma cells
- IFN α, interferon α
- IFN β, interferon β
- IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10
- IRE-1, inositol-requiring protein 1
- IRF-9, interferon regulatory factor 9
- ISG-15, interferon-induced 17 kDa protein
- ISGs, interferon stiulated genes
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
- NFκB, nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells
- Noxa, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1
- PERK, protein kinase like ER kinase
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2a
- Proinflammatory response ;Iinterferon-stimulated genes
- STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- SiO2-NPs, silica nanoparticles
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP-1, X-box binding protein 1
- eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- p53, TP53-tumorsuppressor-gene
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Camenzind
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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Kennedy D, Mnich K, Samali A. Heat shock preconditioning protects against ER stress-induced apoptosis through the regulation of the BH3-only protein BIM. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:813-21. [PMID: 25349785 PMCID: PMC4208087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) preconditioning protects against ER stress-induced apoptosis upstream of BAX activation. HS preconditioning elevates the expression of HSPA1, a key pro-survival marker. The primary mechanism by which HS preconditioning renders cells resistant to ER stress is via downregulation of BIM. HSPA1 does not play a role in the regulation of BIM protein levels.
A mild heat shock (HS) preconditioning and acquisition of thermotolerance protects cells against a variety of cytotoxic agents that otherwise induce apoptosis. Here we tested whether there is a molecular link between HS preconditioning and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. ER stress results from a loss of ER lumen homeostasis, culminating in an accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER and activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Unresolved, ER stress leads to activation of BH3-only proteins, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. HS preconditioning (1 h at 42 °C) induced a rapid increase in HSPA1 (HSP70) levels which remained elevated for at least 48 h post-HS. HS preconditioning significantly reduced BAX, caspase activation and apoptosis in cell cultures treated with the ER stress-inducing agents thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM). HS-mediated protection was found to be due to regulation of the BH3-only protein BIM. Further, overexpression of HSPA1 could not mimic the effect of HS on BIM expression, suggesting that other HS factors may play a role in inhibiting ER stress-induced apoptosis by regulating BIM.
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Kapuy O, Vinod PK, Bánhegyi G. mTOR inhibition increases cell viability via autophagy induction during endoplasmic reticulum stress - An experimental and modeling study. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:704-13. [PMID: 25161878 PMCID: PMC4141208 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trigger an adaptive ER stress response known as unfolded protein response (UPR). Depending on the severity of ER stress, either autophagy-controlled survival or apoptotic cell death can be induced. The molecular mechanisms by which UPR controls multiple fate decisions have started to emerge. One such molecular mechanism involves a master regulator of cell growth, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which paradoxically is shown to have pro-apoptotic role by mutually interacting with ER stress response. How the interconnections between UPR and mTOR influence the dynamics of autophagy and apoptosis activation is still unclear. Here we make an attempt to explore this problem by using experiments and mathematical modeling. The effect of perturbed mTOR activity in ER stressed cells was studied on autophagy and cell viability by using agents causing mTOR pathway inhibition (such as rapamycin or metyrapone). We observed that mTOR inhibition led to an increase in cell viability and was accompanied by an increase in autophagic activity. It was also shown that autophagy was activated under conditions of severe ER stress but that in the latter phase of stress it was inhibited at the time of apoptosis activation. Our mathematical model shows that both the activation threshold and temporal dynamics of autophagy and apoptosis inducers are sensitive to variation in mTOR activity. These results confirm that autophagy has cytoprotective role and is activated in mutually exclusive manner with respect to ER stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - P K Vinod
- Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
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Holme JA, Nyvold HE, Tat V, Arlt VM, Bhargava A, Gutzkow KB, Solhaug A, Låg M, Becher R, Schwarze PE, Ask K, Ekeren L, Øvrevik J. Mechanisms linked to differences in the mutagenic potential of 1,3-dinitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:459-473. [PMID: 28962260 PMCID: PMC4547165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores and characterizes the toxicity of two closely related carcinogenic dinitro-pyrenes (DNPs), 1,3-DNP and 1,8-DNP, in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells and mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells. Neither 1,3-DNP nor 1,8-DNP (3–30 μM) induced cell death in BEAS-2B cells. In Hepa1c1c7 cells only 1,3-DNP (10–30 μM) induced a mixture of apoptotic and necrotic cell death after 24 h. Both compounds increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BEAS-2B as measured by CM-H2DCFDA-fluorescence. A corresponding increase in oxidative damage to DNA was revealed by the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (fpg)-modified comet assay. Without fpg, DNP-induced DNA damage detected by the comet assay was only found in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Only 1,8-DNP formed DNA adduct measured by 32P-postlabelling. In Hepa1c1c cells, 1,8-DNP induced phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX) and p53 at a lower concentration than 1,3-DNP and there was no direct correlation between DNA damage/DNA damage response (DR) and induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand, 1,3-DNP-induced apoptosis was inhibited by pifithrin-α, an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, 1,3-DNP triggered an unfolded protein response (UPR), as measured by an increased expression of CHOP, ATF4 and XBP1. Thus, other types of damage possibly linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and/or UPR could be involved in the induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that the stronger carcinogenic potency of 1,8-DNP compared to 1,3-DNP is linked to its higher genotoxic effects. This in combination with its lower potency to induce cell death may increase the probability of causing mutations.
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Key Words
- 1,3-DNP, 1,3-dinitropyrene
- 1,3-Dinitropyrene
- 1,8-DNP, 1,8-dinitropyrene
- 1,8-Dinitropyrene
- 1-NP, 1-nitropyrene
- 3-NBA, 3-nitrobenzanthrone
- AhR, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor
- Apoptosis
- B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene
- CM-H2DCFDA or H2DCFDA, 5-(and 6-)chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Chk, checkpoint kinases
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA damage
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Hoechst 33258, 2(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-benzimidazole-6-(1-methyl-4-piperazyl)benzimidazole hydrochloride)
- Hoechst 33342, 2′-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2′,5′-bis-1H-benzimidazole hydrochloride)
- NR, nitro-reductasesnitro-PAHnitro substituted-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- Nitro-PAHs
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PFT, pifithrin
- PI, propidium iodide
- PM, particular matter
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SSB, single strand breaks
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- fpg, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase
- zVAD-FMK, benzyolcarbonayl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone
- γH2AX, phosphorylated H2AX
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Holme
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - H E Nyvold
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Tat
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - V M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Bhargava
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K B Gutzkow
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Låg
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Becher
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - P E Schwarze
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - K Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Ekeren
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Øvrevik
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Kajimoto K, Minami Y, Harashima H. Cytoprotective role of the fatty acid binding protein 4 against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:602-10. [PMID: 25161868 PMCID: PMC4141204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was elevated by silencing of FABP4. FABP4 silencing did not alter levels of glutathione or superoxide dismutase. The recombinant FABP4 significantly reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide. The resistance of adipocytes to oxidative stress was decreased by FABP4 knockdown. Silencing of FABP4 elevated the endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipocytes.
The fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), one of the most abundant proteins in adipocytes, has been reported to have a proinflammatory function in macrophages. However, the physiological role of FABP4, which is constitutively expressed in adipocytes, has not been fully elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that FABP4 was involved in the regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of FABP4 silencing on the oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-nitro-cyclic GMP levels were significantly elevated in the differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Fabp4, although the intracellular levels or enzyme activities of antioxidants including reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4) were not altered. An in vitro evaluation using the recombinant protein revealed that FABP4 itself functions as a scavenger protein against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). FABP4-knockdown resulted in a significant lowering of cell viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes against H2O2 treatment. Moreover, four kinds of markers related to the ER stress response including the endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (Ern1), the signal sequence receptor α (Ssr1), the ORM1-like 3 (Ormdl3), and the spliced X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s), were all elevated as the result of the knockdown of FABP4. Consequently, FABP4 might have a new role as an antioxidant protein against H2O2 and contribute to cytoprotection against oxidative and ER stress in adipocytes.
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Key Words
- Adipocyte
- Antioxidant
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Ern1, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1
- FABP, fatty acid binding protein
- FABP4
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSTA4, glutathione S-transferase A4
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- Ormdl3, ORM1-like 3
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Ssr1, signal sequence receptor α
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Xbp1, X-box binding protein 1.
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 11 706 2197; fax: +81 11 706 4879.
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Haberzettl P, Hill BG. Oxidized lipids activate autophagy in a JNK-dependent manner by stimulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Redox Biol 2013; 1:56-64. [PMID: 24024137 PMCID: PMC3757667 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of unsaturated aldehydes from oxidized lipoproteins and membrane lipids is a characteristic feature of cardiovascular disease. Our previous studies show that unsaturated lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) promote autophagy in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). In this study, we examined the mechanism by which HNE induces autophagy. Exposure of RASMC to HNE led to the modification of several proteins, most of which were identified by mass spectrometry and confocal microscopy to be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). HNE stimulated the phosphorylation of PKR-like ER kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) abundance. HNE treatment also increased LC3-II formation and the phosphorylation of JNK and p38. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK, but not p38, prevented HNE-induced HO-1 expression and LC3-II formation. Inhibition of JNK increased cell death in HNE-treated cells. Pretreatment with the chemical chaperone phenylbutryic acid prevented LC3-II formation as well as JNK phosphorylation and HO-1 induction. Taken together, these data suggest that autophagic responses triggered by unsaturated aldehydes could be attributed, in part, to ER stress, which stimulates autophagy by a JNK-dependent mechanism and promotes cell survival during oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- Autophagy
- DMEM, Delbucco's Eagle Modified Medium
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Grp, glucose regulated protein
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HNE, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IRE, inositol requiring enzyme
- JNK
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- NP-40, noniodet P40
- Oxidative stress
- PDI, protein disulfide isomerase
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RASMC, rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Smooth muscle cells
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- eIF2α, elongation initiation factor 2 α
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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