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Wang B, Zhang M, Urabe G, Huang Y, Chen G, Wheeler D, Dornbos DJ 3rd, Huttinger A, Nimjee SM, Gong S, Guo LW, Kent KC. PERK Inhibition Mitigates Restenosis and Thrombosis: A Potential Low-Thrombogenic Antirestenotic Paradigm. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:245-63. [PMID: 32215348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents impede neointimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia but exacerbate endothelial cell dysfunction and thrombogenicity. It has been a challenge to identify a common target to inhibit both. Findings in this study suggest PERK as such a target. A PERK inhibitor administered either via an endovascular (in biomimetic nanocarriers) or perivascular (in hydrogel) route effectively mitigated neointimal hyperplasia in rats. Oral gavage of the PERK inhibitor partially preserved the normal blood flow in a mouse model of induced thrombosis. Dampening PERK activity inhibited STAT3 while activating SRF in smooth muscle cells, and also reduced prothrombogenic tissue factor and growth impairment of endothelial cells.
Developing endothelial-protective, nonthrombogenic antirestenotic treatments has been a challenge. A major hurdle to this has been the identification of a common molecular target in both smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, inhibition of which blocks dysfunction of both cell types. The authors’ findings suggest that the PERK kinase could be such a target. Importantly, PERK inhibition mitigated both restenosis and thrombosis in preclinical models, implicating a low-thrombogenic antirestenotic paradigm.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Ad, adenovirus
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- DES, drug-eluting stents
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EC, endothelial cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HA, hemagglutinin
- I/M, intima to media
- IEL, internal elastic lamina
- IH, intimal hyperplasia
- IRE1, inositol-requiring kinase 1
- MRTF-A, myocardin related transcription factor A
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor with 2 B subunits
- PERK
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- endothelial cells
- restenosis
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
- smooth muscle cells
- thrombosis
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Chen WY, Zhang J, Ghare S, Barve S, McClain C, Joshi-Barve S. Acrolein Is a Pathogenic Mediator of Alcoholic Liver Disease and the Scavenger Hydralazine Is Protective in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:685-700. [PMID: 28119953 PMCID: PMC5042858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy. Chronic alcohol consumption causes a pro-oxidant environment and increases hepatic lipid peroxidation, with acrolein being the most reactive/toxic by-product. This study investigated the pathogenic role of acrolein in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, steatosis, and injury in experimental ALD, and tested acrolein elimination/scavenging (using hydralazine) as a potential therapy in ALD. METHODS In vitro (rat hepatoma H4IIEC cells) and in vivo (chronic+binge alcohol feeding in C57Bl/6 mice) models were used to examine alcohol-induced acrolein accumulation and consequent hepatic ER stress, apoptosis, and injury. In addition, the potential protective effects of the acrolein scavenger, hydralazine, were examined both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Alcohol consumption/metabolism resulted in hepatic accumulation of acrolein-protein adducts, by up-regulation of cytochrome P4502E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase, and down-regulation of glutathione-s-transferase-P, which metabolizes/detoxifies acrolein. Alcohol-induced acrolein adduct accumulation led to hepatic ER stress, proapoptotic signaling, steatosis, apoptosis, and liver injury; however, ER-protective/adaptive responses were not induced. Notably, direct exposure to acrolein in vitro mimicked the in vivo effects of alcohol, indicating that acrolein mediates the adverse effects of alcohol. Importantly, hydralazine, a known acrolein scavenger, protected against alcohol-induced ER stress and liver injury, both in vitro and in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the following: (1) alcohol consumption triggers pathologic ER stress without ER adaptation/protection; (2) alcohol-induced acrolein is a potential therapeutic target and pathogenic mediator of hepatic ER stress, cell death, and injury; and (3) removal/clearance of acrolein by scavengers may have therapeutic potential in ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Apoptosis
- CHOP
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P4502E1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDP-lysine, Nε-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine
- GRP, glucose regulated protein
- GSTP, glutathione-s-transferase-Pi
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- JNK, cJun N-terminal kinase
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- Lipid Peroxidation
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- Therapeutic
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box binding protein-1
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Smita Ghare
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Swati Joshi-Barve, PhD, Departments of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Room 505 Clinical Translational Research Building, Louisville, Kentucky 40202. fax: (502) 852-8927.Departments of Medicine, and Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville505 South Hancock StreetRoom 505 Clinical Translational Research BuildingLouisvilleKentucky 40202
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