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Hamid T, Xu Y, Ismahil MA, Rokosh G, Jinno M, Zhou G, Wang Q, Prabhu SD. Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Fibrosis and Remodeling in Heart Failure: Role of PDGF Signaling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:465-483. [PMID: 35663630 PMCID: PMC9156441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by progressive fibrosis. Both fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts. MSCs secrete and express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors. We hypothesized that PDGF signaling in cardiac MSCs (cMSCs) promotes their myofibroblast differentiation and aggravates post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling and fibrosis. We show that cMSCs from failing hearts post-myocardial infarction exhibit an altered phenotype. Inhibition of PDGF signaling in vitro inhibited cMSC-myofibroblast differentiation, whereas in vivo inhibition during established ischemic HF alleviated left ventricular remodeling and function, and decreased myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation. Modulating cMSC PDGF receptor expression may thus represent a novel approach to limit pathologic cardiac fibrosis in HF.
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Key Words
- CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand
- CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor 2
- DDR2, discoidin domain receptor 2
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- EF, ejection fraction
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- INF, interferon
- LV, left ventricular
- Lin, lineage
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cMSC, cardiac mesenchymal stem cell
- cardiac remodeling
- fibrosis
- heart failure
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mesenchymal stem cells
- myocardial inflammation
- myofibroblasts
- platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hamid
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Miki Jinno
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qiongxin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Ebert MLA, Schmidt VF, Pfaff L, von Thaden A, Kimm MA, Wildgruber M. Animal Models of Neointimal Hyperplasia and Restenosis: Species-Specific Differences and Implications for Translational Research. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:900-17. [PMID: 34869956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is the major factor contributing to restenosis after angioplasty procedures. Multiple animal models exist to study basic and translational aspects of restenosis formation. Animal models differ substantially, and species-specific differences have major impact on the pathophysiology of the model. Genetic, dietary, and mechanical interventions determine the translational potential of the animal model used and have to be considered when choosing the model.
The process of restenosis is based on the interplay of various mechanical and biological processes triggered by angioplasty-induced vascular trauma. Early arterial recoil, negative vascular remodeling, and neointimal formation therefore limit the long-term patency of interventional recanalization procedures. The most serious of these processes is neointimal hyperplasia, which can be traced back to 4 main mechanisms: endothelial damage and activation; monocyte accumulation in the subintimal space; fibroblast migration; and the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. A wide variety of animal models exists to investigate the underlying pathophysiology. Although mouse models, with their ease of genetic manipulation, enable cell- and molecular-focused fundamental research, and rats provide the opportunity to use stent and balloon models with high throughput, both rodents lack a lipid metabolism comparable to humans. Rabbits instead build a bridge to close the gap between basic and clinical research due to their human-like lipid metabolism, as well as their size being accessible for clinical angioplasty procedures. Every different combination of animal, dietary, and injury model has various advantages and disadvantages, and the decision for a proper model requires awareness of species-specific biological properties reaching from vessel morphology to distinct cellular and molecular features.
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Key Words
- Apo, apolipoprotein
- CETP, cholesteryl ester transferase protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLr, LDL receptor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- angioplasty
- animal model
- neointimal hyperplasia
- restenosis
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Fejza A, Poletto E, Carobolante G, Camicia L, Andreuzzi E, Capuano A, Pivetta E, Pellicani R, Colladel R, Marastoni S, Doliana R, Iozzo RV, Spessotto P, Mongiat M. Multimerin-2 orchestrates the cross-talk between endothelial cells and pericytes: A mechanism to maintain vascular stability. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100068. [PMID: 34435184 PMCID: PMC8377000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ECM Multimerin-2 is a substrate for pericyte adhesion. The recruitment of pericytes leads to enhanced Multimerin-2 expression by endothelial cells. Multimerin-2 induces the expression of important cytokines both in endothelial cells and pericytes. The deposition of Multimerin-2 is key for the endothelial cell/pericyte crosstalk required for the establishment of vascular stability.
Tumor angiogenesis is vital for the growth and development of various solid cancers and as such is a valid and promising therapeutic target. Unfortunately, the use of the currently available anti-angiogenic drugs increases the progression-free survival by only a few months. Conversely, targeting angiogenesis to prompt both vessel reduction and normalization, has been recently viewed as a promising approach to improve therapeutic efficacy. As a double-edged sword, this line of attack may on one side halt tumor growth as a consequence of the reduction of nutrients and oxygen supplied to the tumor cells, and on the other side improve drug delivery and, hence, efficacy. Thus, it is of upmost importance to better characterize the mechanisms regulating vascular stability. In this context, recruitment of pericytes along the blood vessels is crucial to their maturation and stabilization. As the extracellular matrix molecule Multimerin-2 is secreted by endothelial cells and deposited also in juxtaposition between endothelial cells and pericytes, we explored Multimerin-2 role in the cross-talk between the two cell types. We discovered that Multimerin-2 is an adhesion substrate for pericytes. Interestingly, and consistent with the notion that Multimerin-2 is a homeostatic molecule deposited in the later stages of vessel formation, we found that the interaction between endothelial cells and pericytes promoted the expression of Multimerin-2. Furthermore, we found that Multimerin-2 modulated the expression of key cytokines both in endothelial cells and pericytes. Collectively, our findings posit Multimerin-2 as a key molecule in the cross-talk between endothelial cells and pericytes and suggest that the expression of this glycoprotein is required to maintain vascular stability.
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Key Words
- Ang-2, Angiopeietin-2
- Angiogenesis
- CD248, cluster of differentiation 248
- CD93, cluster of differentiation 93
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDEN, EMI Domain ENdowed
- Extracellular matrix
- HB-EGF, heparin binding epidermal growth factor
- HBVP, human brain vascular pericytes
- HDMEC, human dermal vascular endothelial cells
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Notch-3-R, Notch Receptor 3
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vascular stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Fejza
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Evelina Poletto
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Greta Carobolante
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Camicia
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Eva Andreuzzi
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Alessandra Capuano
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Eliana Pivetta
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Rosanna Pellicani
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Roberta Colladel
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Stefano Marastoni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Doliana
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paola Spessotto
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mongiat
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
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Taniguchi J, Nakashima K, Matsuura T, Yoshikawa A, Honma K, Homma Y, Kubota N, Yoshimi M, Otsuki A, Ito H. Long-term survival of a patient with uterine cancer-induced pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab: A case report. Respir Med Case Rep 2021; 33:101447. [PMID: 34401286 PMCID: PMC8349034 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2021.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is a rare but fatal cancer-related disease. Owing to its non-specific findings, aggressive course, and lack of established treatment guidelines, only a few cases of antemortem diagnosis in long-term survivors have been reported. We aimed to report a case of uterine cervical cancer induced PTTM that was suspected based on pulmonary hypertension and successfully treated using combination chemotherapy despite of delayed diagnose. It is important to be aware that PTTM should be suspected when respiratory failure occurs in patients with unexplained pulmonary hypertension. Multidisciplinary treatments including molecular targeted therapies might be effective treatment options.
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Key Words
- BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage
- Bevacizumab
- CT, computed tomography
- Case report
- EBUS-TBLB, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy
- FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose (18F)
- GGO, ground glass opacity
- PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure
- PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PET–CT, positron emission tomography–computed tomography
- PTTM, pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Taniguchi
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Kei Nakashima
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Takuto Matsuura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Honma
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Yuya Homma
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kubota
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Michinori Yoshimi
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Ayumu Otsuki
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Pulmonology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
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Abstract
The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide, whereas that of most other cancers is decreasing. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has increased with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes, increases the risk of HCC. Interestingly, NAFLD-associated HCC can develop in patients with or without cirrhosis. A lack of awareness about NAFLD-related HCC has led to delays in diagnosis. Therefore, a large number of patients with HCC are diagnosed with advanced-stage HCC with low 5-year survival. In this context, increasing awareness of NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC may lead to earlier diagnosis and more effective interventions.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- ELF, enhanced liver fibrosis
- FIB-4, fibrosis-4
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor-α
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- awareness
- cirrhosis
- natural history
- non-cirrhosis
- surveillance
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M. Younossi
- Center for Liver Disease and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Medical Service Line. Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Linda Henry
- Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington DC, United States
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Arjmand MH, Hashemzehi M, Soleimani A, Asgharzadeh F, Avan A, Mehraban S, Fakhraei M, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Gharib M, Salari R, Sayyed Hoseinian SH, Parizadeh MR, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potential of active components of saffron in post-surgical adhesion band formation. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:328-335. [PMID: 34195027 PMCID: PMC8240116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal adhesions are common and often develop after abdominal surgery. There are currently no useful targeted pharmacotherapies for adhesive disease. Saffron and its active constituents, Crocin and Crocetin, are wildly used in traditional medicine for alleviating the severity of inflammatory or malignant disease. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of the pharmacological active component of saffron in attenuating the formation of post-operative adhesion bands using different administration methods in a murine model. MATERIAL METHOD saffron extract (100 mg/kg), Crocin (100 mg/kg), and Crocetin (100 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally and by gavage in various groups of male Wistar rat post-surgery. Also three groups were first treated intra-peritoneally by saffron extract, Crocin, and Crocetin (100 mg/kg) for 10 days and then had surgery. At the end of the experiments, animals sacrificed for biological assessment. RESULT A hydro-alcoholic extract of saffron and crocin but not crocetin potently reduced the adhesion band frequency in treatment and pre-treatment groups in the mice given intra-peritoneal (i.p) injections. Following the saffron or crocin administration, histological evaluation and quantitative analysis represented less inflammatory cell infiltration and less collagen composition, compared to control group. Moreover, the oxidative stress was significantly reduced in treatment groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a hydro-alcoholic extract of saffron or its active compound, crocin, is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of adhesions formation and might be used as beneficial anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrosis agents in clinical trials. TAXONOMY Abdominal surgeries/post-surgical adhesions.
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Key Words
- APC, activated protein C
- Crocetin
- Crocin
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- Fibrosis
- HE, Hematoxylin & Eosin
- IP, intera-peritoneal
- Inflammation
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PSAB, post-surgical adhesion band
- Post-surgical adhesion band formation
- SOD, superoxidase dismutase
- Saffron
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mehraban
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Fakhraei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Salari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Iwakiri Y, Trebicka J. Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100316. [PMID: 34337369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension, defined as increased pressure in the portal vein, develops as a consequence of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance due to the dysregulation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), frequently arising from chronic liver diseases. Extrahepatic haemodynamic changes contribute to the aggravation of portal hypertension. The pathogenic complexity of portal hypertension and the unsuccessful translation of preclinical studies have impeded the development of effective therapeutics for patients with cirrhosis, while counteracting hepatic and extrahepatic mechanisms also pose a major obstacle to effective treatment. In this review article, we will discuss the following topics: i) cellular and molecular mechanisms of portal hypertension, focusing on dysregulation of LSECs, HSCs and hepatic microvascular thrombosis, as well as changes in the extrahepatic vasculature, since these are the major contributors to portal hypertension; ii) translational/clinical advances in our knowledge of portal hypertension; and iii) future directions.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiogenesis-converting enzyme 2
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AT1R, angiotensin II type I receptor
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CSPH, clinically significant portal hypertension
- Dll4, delta like canonical Notch ligand 4
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EUS, endoscopic ultrasound
- FXR
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HRS, hepatorenal syndrome
- HSC
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- KO, knockout
- LSEC
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- MLCP, myosin light-chain phosphatase
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- NO
- NO, nitric oxide
- NSBB
- NSBBs, non-selective beta blockers
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase
- Rho-kinase
- TIPS
- TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- angiogenesis
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- fibrosis
- liver stiffness
- statins
- β-Arr2, β-arrestin 2
- β1-AR, β1-adrenergic receptor
- β2-AR, β2-adrenergic receptor
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Long F, Yang D, Wang J, Wang Q, Ni T, Wei G, Zhu Y, Liu X. SMYD3-PARP16 axis accelerates unfolded protein response and mediates neointima formation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1261-1273. [PMID: 34094832 PMCID: PMC8148056 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury is a representative complication of restenosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular intimal hyperplasia. PARP16, a member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases family, is correlated with the nuclear envelope and the ER. Here, we found that PERK and IRE1α are ADP-ribosylated by PARP16, and this might promote proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB stimulating. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis, PARP16 was identified as a novel target gene for histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase SMYD3, and SMYD3 could bind to the promoter of Parp16 and increased H3K4me3 level to activate its host gene's transcription, which causes UPR activation and SMC proliferation. Moreover, knockdown either of PARP16 or SMYD3 impeded the ER stress and SMC proliferation. On the contrary, overexpression of PARP16 induced ER stress and SMC proliferation and migration. In vivo depletion of PARP16 attenuated injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia by mediating UPR activation and neointimal SMC proliferation. This study identified SMYD3-PARP16 is a novel signal axis in regulating UPR and neointimal hyperplasia, and targeting this axis has implications in preventing neointimal hyperplasia related diseases.
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Key Words
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- BIP, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- H3K4, histone H3 lysine 4
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- MMP, matrix metal proteinase
- Neointimal hyperplasia
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases
- PARP16
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SMYD3
- SMYD3, SET and MYND domain containing 3
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vascular smooth muscle cell
- XBP-1, X-box binding protein-1
- p-PERK, phosphate-PKR-like ER kinase
- p-eIF2α, phosphate-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Yang C, He B, Dai W, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhang Q. The role of caveolin-1 in the biofate and efficacy of anti-tumor drugs and their nano-drug delivery systems. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:961-977. [PMID: 33996409 PMCID: PMC8105775 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important components of caveolae, caveolin-1 is involved in caveolae-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis pathways, and also plays a role in regulating the cell membrane cholesterol homeostasis and mediating signal transduction. In recent years, the relationship between the expression level of caveolin-1 in the tumor microenvironment and the prognostic effect of tumor treatment and drug treatment resistance has also been widely explored. In addition, the interplay between caveolin-1 and nano-drugs is bidirectional. Caveolin-1 could determine the intracellular biofate of specific nano-drugs, preventing from lysosomal degradation, and facilitate them penetrate into deeper site of tumors by transcytosis; while some nanocarriers could also affect caveolin-1 levels in tumor cells, thereby changing certain biophysical function of cells. This article reviews the role of caveolin-1 in tumor prognosis, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, antibody drug sensitivity, and nano-drug delivery, providing a reference for the further application of caveolin-1 in nano-drug delivery systems.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ADC, antibody drug conjugates
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- Biofate
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CPT, camptothecin
- CSD, caveolin scaffolding domain
- CTB, cholera toxins B
- Cancer
- Caveolin-1
- Drug resistance
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- HSA, human serum albumin
- IBC, infiltrating breast cancer
- IR, insulin receptor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MSV, multistage nanovectors
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nano-drug delivery systems
- PC, prostate cancer
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFS, progression free survival
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- SV40, simian virus 40
- Transcytosis
- cell SMA, styrene maleic acid
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10
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Li J, Urabe G, Huang Y, Zhang M, Wang B, Marcho L, Shen H, Kent KC, Guo LW. A Role for Polo-Like Kinase 4 in Vascular Fibroblast Cell-Type Transition. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:257-283. [PMID: 33778212 PMCID: PMC7987547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PLK4, previously known as a centriole-associated factor, regulates the transcription factor activity of serum response factor. PLK4 inhibition blocks the profibrogenic cell state transition of vascular fibroblasts. PLK4’s activation and gene expression are regulated by PDGF receptor and epigenetic reader BRD4, respectively. Periadventitial administration of a PLK4 inhibitor mitigates vascular fibrosis.
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is canonically known for its cytoplasmic function in centriole duplication. Here we show a noncanonical PLK4 function of regulating the transcription factor SRF’s nuclear activity and associated myofibroblast-like cell-type transition. In this context, we have further found that PLK4’s phosphorylation and transcription are respectively regulated by PDGF receptor and epigenetic factor BRD4. Furthermore, in vivo experiments suggest PLK4 inhibition as a potential approach to mitigating vascular fibrosis.
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Key Words
- AA, PDGF-AA
- BET, bromo/extraterminal domain–containing protein
- BRD4
- BRD4, bromodomain protein 4
- CenB, centrinone-B
- EEL, external elastic lamina
- JQ1, a BET family–selective epigenetic modulator drug
- MRTF-A, myocardin-related transcription factor A
- PDGF receptor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, PDGF receptor
- PLK, polo-like kinase
- PLK4
- SRF
- SRF, serum response factor
- fibroblast cell-type transition
- αSMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lynn Marcho
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Fujii-Tezuka R, Ishige-Wada M, Nagoshi N, Okano H, Mugishima H, Takahashi S, Morioka I, Matsumoto T. Umbilical artery tissue contains p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive pericyte-like cells that possess neurosphere formation capacity and neurogenic differentiation potential. Regen Ther 2021; 16:1-11. [PMID: 33426237 PMCID: PMC7773767 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is known as an efficient marker for the prospective isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs). To date, there is quite limited information concerning p75NTR-expressing cells in umbilical cord (UC), although UC is known as a rich source of MSCs. We show for the first time the localization, phenotype, and functional properties of p75NTR+ cells in UC. METHODS Human UC tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry for MSC markers including p75NTR. Enzymatically isolated umbilical artery (UA) cells containing p75NTR+ cells were assessed for immunophenotype, clonogenic capacity, and differentiation potential. To identify the presence of neural crest-derived cells in the UA, P0-Cre/Floxed-EGFP reporter mouse embryos were used, and immunohistochemical analysis of UC tissue was performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p75NTR+ cells were specifically localized to the subendothelial area of the UA and umbilical vein. The p75NTR+ cells co-expressed PDGFRβ, CD90, CD146, and NG2, phenotypic markers of MSCs and pericytes. Isolated UA cells possessed the potential to form neurospheres that further differentiated into neuronal and glial cell lineages. Genetic lineage tracing analysis showed that EGFP+ neural crest-derived cells were detected in the subendothelial area of UA with p75NTR immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results show that UA tissue harbors p75NTR+ pericyte-like cells in the subendothelial area that have the capacity to form neurospheres and the potential for neurogenic differentiation. The lineage tracing data suggests the p75NTR+ cells are putatively derived from the neural crest.
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Key Words
- ASMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- BDNF, bone-derived neurotrophic factor
- CFU-F, colony-forming unit fibroblast
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- FSK, forskolin
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- NCSCs, neural crest-derived stem cells
- NF200, neurofilament 200
- NG2, neuron-glial antigen 2
- Neural crest stem cells
- Neurosphere
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RA, all-trans-retinoic acid
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- UA, umbilical artery
- UC, umbilical cord
- UV, umbilical vein
- Umbilical cord
- WJ, Wharton's jelly
- p75 neurotrophin receptor
- p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
- α-MEM, alpha-modified minimum essential medium
- βME, β-mercaptoethanol
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Fujii-Tezuka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Ishige-Wada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Mugishima
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Kawagoe Preventive Medical Center Clinic, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Shori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Department of Functional Morphology, Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100251. [PMID: 34151244 PMCID: PMC8189933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) includes 5 members (VEGF-A to -D, and placenta growth factor), which regulate several critical biological processes. VEGF-A exerts a variety of biological effects through high-affinity binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), co-receptors and accessory proteins. In addition to its fundamental function in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, VEGF/VEGFR signalling also plays a role in other cell types including epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of VEGF signalling in biliary epithelial cell biology in both normal and pathologic conditions. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling stimulates bile duct proliferation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. VEGF/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 and angiopoietins are involved at different stages of biliary development. In certain conditions, cholangiocytes maintain the ability to secrete VEGF-A, and to express a functional VEGFR-2 receptor. For example, in polycystic liver disease, VEGF secreted by cystic cells stimulates cyst growth and vascular remodelling through a PKA/RAS/ERK/HIF1α-dependent mechanism, unveiling a new level of complexity in VEFG/VEGFR-2 regulation in epithelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling is also reactivated during the liver repair process. In this context, pro-angiogenic factors mediate the interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells. This process takes place during the wound healing response, however, in chronic biliary diseases, it may lead to pathological neo-angiogenesis, a condition strictly linked with fibrosis progression, the development of cirrhosis and related complications, and cholangiocarcinoma. Novel observations indicate that in cholangiocarcinoma, VEGF is a determinant of lymphangiogenesis and of the immune response to the tumour. Better insights into the role of VEGF signalling in biliary pathophysiology might help in the search for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, adult dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Anti-Angiogenic therapy
- BA, biliary atresia
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLDs, chronic liver diseases
- Cholangiocytes
- Cholangiopathies
- DP, ductal plate
- DPM, ductal plate malformation
- DRCs, ductular reactive cells
- Development
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor type 1α
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IHBD, intrahepatic bile ducts
- IL-, interleukin-
- LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver repair
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- PBP, peribiliary plexus
- PC, polycystin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PLD, polycystic liver diseases
- Polycystic liver diseases
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors
- VEGF-A
- VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling
- VEGFR-1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Shepherd EL, Saborano R, Northall E, Matsuda K, Ogino H, Yashiro H, Pickens J, Feaver RE, Cole BK, Hoang SA, Lawson MJ, Olson M, Figler RA, Reardon JE, Nishigaki N, Wamhoff BR, Günther UL, Hirschfield G, Erion DM, Lalor PF. Ketohexokinase inhibition improves NASH by reducing fructose-induced steatosis and fibrogenesis. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100217. [PMID: 33490936 PMCID: PMC7807164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Increasing evidence highlights dietary fructose as a major driver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis, the majority of which is cleared on first pass through the hepatic circulation by enzymatic phosphorylation to fructose-1-phosphate via the ketohexokinase (KHK) enzyme. Without a current approved therapy, disease management emphasises lifestyle interventions, but few patients adhere to such strategies. New targeted therapies are urgently required. Methods We have used a unique combination of human liver specimens, a murine dietary model of NAFLD and human multicellular co-culture systems to understand the hepatocellular consequences of fructose administration. We have also performed a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic tracing of the fate of isotopically labelled fructose upon administration to the human liver. Results Expression of KHK isoforms is found in multiple human hepatic cell types, although hepatocyte expression predominates. KHK knockout mice show a reduction in serum transaminase, reduced steatosis and altered fibrogenic response on an Amylin diet. Human co-cultures exposed to fructose exhibit steatosis and activation of lipogenic and fibrogenic gene expression, which were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of KHK activity. Analysis of human livers exposed to 13C-labelled fructose confirmed that steatosis, and associated effects, resulted from the accumulation of lipogenic precursors (such as glycerol) and enhanced glycolytic activity. All of these were dose-dependently reduced by administration of a KHK inhibitor. Conclusions We have provided preclinical evidence using human livers to support the use of KHK inhibition to improve steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation in the context of NAFLD. Lay summary We have used a mouse model, human cells, and liver tissue to test how exposure to fructose can cause the liver to store excess fat and become damaged and scarred. We have then inhibited a key enzyme within the liver that is responsible for fructose metabolism. Our findings show that inhibition of fructose metabolism reduces liver injury and fibrosis in mouse and human livers and thus this may represent a potential route for treating patients with fatty liver disease in the future.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related cirrhosis
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- BEC, biliary epithelial cells
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CT, computed tomography
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- FIB4, fibrosis-4
- Fibrosis
- Fructose
- G/F, glucose/fructose
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- HSECs, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells
- HSQC, heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- KHK, ketohexokinase
- KO, knockout
- LGLI, low glucose and insulin
- Metabolism
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- TG, triglyceride
- TGFB, transforming growth factor beta
- TIMP-1, Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase-1
- Treatment
- WT, wild-type
- aLMF, activated liver myofibroblasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Raquel Saborano
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellie Northall
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kae Matsuda
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogino
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pickens
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nobuhiro Nishigaki
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Diana R, Ardhani R, Kristanti Y, Santosa P. Dental pulp stem cells response on the nanotopography of scaffold to regenerate dentin-pulp complex tissue. Regen Ther 2020; 15:243-250. [PMID: 33426225 PMCID: PMC7770425 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of regenerative dentistry receives a fast growing interest. The potential ability of the dentin-pulp complex to regenerate is both promising and perplexing. To answer the challenging nature of the dental environment, scientists have developed various combinations of biomaterial scaffolds, stem cells, and incorporation of several growth factors. One of the crucial elements of this tissue engineering plan is the selection and fabrication of scaffolds. However, further findings suggest that cell behavior hugely depends on mechanical signaling. Nanotopography modifies scaffolds to alter cell migration and differentiation. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, there are very few studies addressing the correlation between nanotopography and dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments, particularly in the incorporation of nanotopography design for dentin-pulp complex regeneration.
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Key Words
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- DPSC, dental pulp stem cell
- Dental pulp stem cell
- Dentin-pulp complex tissue
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
- GO, graphene oxide
- GelMA, methacrylated gelatin
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- ION-CPC, iron oxide nanoparticle-incorporating calcium phosphate cement
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Nanotopography
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PEGMA, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PHMS, polyhydroxymethylsiloxane
- PLGA, poly-dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLLA, poly-l-lactic acid
- RGO, reduced graphene oxide
- Regenerative dentistry
- SACP, stem cells from apical papilla
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1
- SHED, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth
- Scaffold
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, t umour necrosis factor-alpha
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasda Diana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Retno Ardhani
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Fax: +62274 515307.
| | - Yulita Kristanti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Pribadi Santosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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15
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Gentile M, Centonza A, Lovero D, Palmirotta R, Porta C, Silvestris F, D'Oronzo S. Application of "omics" sciences to the prediction of bone metastases from breast cancer: State of the art. J Bone Oncol 2020; 26:100337. [PMID: 33240786 PMCID: PMC7672315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first cause of cancer-related death in women. Most patients with advanced BC develop bone metastases (BM). Omics technologies have been applied to identify putative BM “predicting” biomarkers. Prospective studies are needed before any clinical application of such biomarkers.
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy and the first cause of cancer-related death in women. The majority of patients with advanced BC develop skeletal metastases which may ultimately lead to serious complications, termed skeletal-related events, that often dramatically impact on quality of life and survival. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers able to stratify BC patient risk to develop bone metastases (BM) is fundamental to define personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, possibly at the earliest stages of the disease. In this regard, the advent of “omics” sciences boosted the investigation of several putative biomarkers of BC osteotropism, including deregulated genes, proteins and microRNAs. The present review revisits the current knowledge on BM development in BC and the most recent studies exploring potential BM-predicting biomarkers, based on the application of omics sciences to the study of primary breast malignancies.
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Key Words
- ADAMTS1, a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BALP (BSAP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
- BC, breast cancer
- BM, bone metastases
- BOLCs, breast osteoblast-like cells
- BTM, bone turnover markers
- Biomarkers
- Bone metastases
- Breast cancer
- CAPG, capping-protein
- CCN3, cellular communication network factor 3
- CDH11, cadherin-11
- CNV, copy number variation
- CTGF, connective tissue-derived growth factor
- CTSK, cathepsin K
- CTX, C-telopeptide
- CXCL, C-X-C-ligand
- CXCR, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- DOCK4, dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4
- DPD, deoxypyridoline
- DTC, disseminated tumour cells
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERRα, estrogen-related receptor alpha
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FST, follistatin
- GIPC1, PDZ domain-containing protein member 1
- HR, hazard ratio
- Her, human epidermal growth factor
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- LC/MS/MS, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
- MAF, v-maf avian muscolo aponeurotic fibro-sarcoma oncogene homolog
- MDA-MB, MD Anderson metastatic BC
- MMP1, matrix metalloproteinase-1
- NTX, N-telopeptide
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Omics sciences
- Osteotropism
- P1CP, pro-collagen type I C-terminal
- P1NP, pro-collagen type I N-terminal
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PRG1, proteoglycan-1
- PTH-rP, parathyroid hormone-related protein
- PYD, pyridoline
- PgR, progesterone receptor
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor к-B
- RT-PCR, real time-PCR
- SILAC-MS, stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture-mass spectrometry
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SPP1, osteopontin
- SREs, skeletal-related events
- TCGA, the cancer genome atlas
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRACP-5b, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-5b
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZNF217, zinc-finger protein 217
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- ncRNAs, noncoding RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Gentile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Centonza
- "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Onco-hematologic Department, Medical Oncology Unit, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stella D'Oronzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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16
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Silva Paiva R, Gomes I, Casimiro S, Fernandes I, Costa L. c-Met expression in renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases. J Bone Oncol 2020; 25:100315. [PMID: 33024658 PMCID: PMC7527574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common metastatic site in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). HGF/c-Met pathway is particularly relevant in tumors with bone metastases. c-Met/HGF pathway is involved in RCC progression, conferring poor prognosis. Several c-Met targeting therapies are currently in clinical development. c-Met expression is an important therapeutic target in RCC with bone metastases.
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met pathway is implicated in embryogenesis and organ development and differentiation. Germline or somatic mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, gene amplification, and transcriptional upregulation in MET or alterations in autocrine or paracrine c-Met signalling have been associated with cancer cell proliferation and survival, including in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and associated with disease progression. HGF/c-Met pathway has been shown to be particularly relevant in tumors with bone metastases (BMs). However, the efficacy of targeting c-Met in bone metastatic disease, including in RCC, has not been proven. Therefore, further investigation is required focusing the particular role of HGF/c-Met pathway in bone microenvironment (BME) and how to effectively target this pathway in the context of bone metastatic disease.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene
- AR, androgen receptor
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AXL, AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
- BME, bone microenvironment
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- BMs, bone metastases
- BPs, Bisphosphonates
- BTAs, Bone-targeting agents
- Bone metastases
- CCL20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
- CI, confidence interval
- CRPC, Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
- CSC, cancer stem cells
- CTC, circulating tumor cells
- CaSR, calcium/calcium-sensing receptor
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FLT-3, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3
- GEJ, Gastroesophageal Junction
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HGF/c-Met
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factors
- HR, hazard ratio
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF2BP3, insulin mRNA Binding Protein-3
- IL, interleukin
- IRC, independent review committees
- KIT, tyrosine-protein kinase KIT
- Kidney cancer
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MET, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- ORR, overall response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFS, progression free survival
- PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related peptide
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RET, rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene
- ROS, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCLC, Squamous Cell Lung Cancer
- SREs, skeletal-related events
- SSE, symptomatic skeletal events
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TIE-2, Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor TIE-2
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TRKB, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- Targeted therapy
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VHL, Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene
- ZA, zoledronic acid
- ccRCC, clear-cell RCC
- mAb, monoclonal antibodies
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva Paiva
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Costa
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
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17
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Yao Y, Liu Z, Zhao M, Chen Z, Li P, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao C, Long C, Chen X, Yang J. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-(3-chloro-4-(3-cyclopropylthioureido)-2-fluorophenoxy)-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxamide (WXFL-152): a novel triple angiokinase inhibitor for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1453-1475. [PMID: 32963943 PMCID: PMC7488503 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiokinases, such as vascular endothelial-, fibroblast- and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (VEGFRs, FGFRs and PDGFRs) play crucial roles in tumor angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenesis therapy using multi-angiokinase inhibitor has achieved great success in recent years. In this study, we presented the design, synthesis, target identification, molecular mechanism, pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) research of a novel triple-angiokinase inhibitor WXFL-152. WXFL-152, identified from a series of 4-oxyquinoline derivatives based on a structure-activity relationship study, inhibited the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes by blocking the angiokinase signals VEGF/VEGFR2, FGF/FGFRs and PDGF/PDGFRβ simultaneously in vitro. Significant anticancer effects of WXFL-152 were confirmed in multiple preclinical tumor xenograft models, including a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model. Pharmacokinetic studies of WXFL-152 demonstrated high favourable bioavailability with single-dose and continuous multi-dose by oral administration in rats and beagles. In conclusion, WXFL-152, which is currently in phase Ib clinical trials, is a novel and effective triple-angiokinase inhibitor with clear PD and PK in tumor therapy.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- AUC, area under the plasma concentration–time curve
- Anti-angiogenesis therapy
- CE, collision energy
- CL, systemic clearance
- Cmax, maximum plasma concentration
- Drug synthesis
- EC, vascular endothelial cell
- ECM, endothelial cell medium
- ERKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGFRs, fibroblast growth factor receptors
- HBVPs, human brain vascular pericytes
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MsOH, methane sulfonic acid
- Multi-angiokinase inhibitor
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PD, pharmacodynamics
- PDB, protein data bank
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFRs, platelet-derived growth factor receptors
- PDX, patient-derived tumor xenograft
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- PM, pericyte medium
- Pharmacokinetic
- QC, quality control
- RE, values and relative error
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases
- TGI, tumor growth inhibition rate
- TLC, thin-layer chromatography
- Tmax, time the maximum concentration occurred
- Tumor
- ULOQ, up limit of quantitation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFRs, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors
- Vdss, volume of distribution at steady state
- i.v., intravenous injection
- p.o., per os
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523325, China
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhuowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523325, China
- Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd. Dongguan 523325, China
| | - Manyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | - Peng Li
- WuXi AppTec Ltd. Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chaofeng Long
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523325, China
- Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd. Dongguan 523325, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523325, China
- Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd. Dongguan 523325, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523325, China
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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18
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Wang B, Zhang M, Urabe G, Huang Y, Chen G, Wheeler D, Dornbos DJ 3rd, Huttinger A, Nimjee SM, Gong S, Guo LW, Kent KC. PERK Inhibition Mitigates Restenosis and Thrombosis: A Potential Low-Thrombogenic Antirestenotic Paradigm. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:245-63. [PMID: 32215348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents impede neointimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia but exacerbate endothelial cell dysfunction and thrombogenicity. It has been a challenge to identify a common target to inhibit both. Findings in this study suggest PERK as such a target. A PERK inhibitor administered either via an endovascular (in biomimetic nanocarriers) or perivascular (in hydrogel) route effectively mitigated neointimal hyperplasia in rats. Oral gavage of the PERK inhibitor partially preserved the normal blood flow in a mouse model of induced thrombosis. Dampening PERK activity inhibited STAT3 while activating SRF in smooth muscle cells, and also reduced prothrombogenic tissue factor and growth impairment of endothelial cells.
Developing endothelial-protective, nonthrombogenic antirestenotic treatments has been a challenge. A major hurdle to this has been the identification of a common molecular target in both smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, inhibition of which blocks dysfunction of both cell types. The authors’ findings suggest that the PERK kinase could be such a target. Importantly, PERK inhibition mitigated both restenosis and thrombosis in preclinical models, implicating a low-thrombogenic antirestenotic paradigm.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Ad, adenovirus
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- DES, drug-eluting stents
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EC, endothelial cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HA, hemagglutinin
- I/M, intima to media
- IEL, internal elastic lamina
- IH, intimal hyperplasia
- IRE1, inositol-requiring kinase 1
- MRTF-A, myocardin related transcription factor A
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor with 2 B subunits
- PERK
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- endothelial cells
- restenosis
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
- smooth muscle cells
- thrombosis
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19
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Abstract
Expansion and activation of fibroblasts following cardiac injury is important for repair but may also contribute to fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. The authors discuss the dynamic alterations of fibroblasts in failing and remodeling myocardium. Emerging concepts suggest that fibroblasts are not unidimensional cells that act exclusively by secreting extracellular matrix proteins, thus promoting fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. In addition to their involvement in extracellular matrix expansion, activated fibroblasts may also exert protective actions, preserving the cardiac extracellular matrix, transducing survival signals to cardiomyocytes, and regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. The functional diversity of cardiac fibroblasts may reflect their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Key Words
- AT1, angiotensin type 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MRTF, myocardin-related transcription factor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- cytokines
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast
- infarction
- lncRNA, long noncoding ribonucleic acid
- miRNA, micro–ribonucleic acid
- remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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20
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Stamatopoulos A, Stamatopoulos T, Gamie Z, Kenanidis E, Ribeiro RDC, Rankin KS, Gerrand C, Dalgarno K, Tsiridis E. Mesenchymal stromal cells for bone sarcoma treatment: Roadmap to clinical practice. J Bone Oncol 2019; 16:100231. [PMID: 30956944 PMCID: PMC6434099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been growing interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and progression, as it is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current management of large bone sarcomas typically includes the complex therapeutic approach of limb salvage or sacrifice combined with pre- and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and is still associated with high recurrence rates. The development of cellular strategies against specific characteristics of tumour cells appears to be promising, as they can target cancer cells selectively. Recently, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been the subject of significant research in orthopaedic clinical practice through their use in regenerative medicine. Further research has been directed at the use of MSCs for more personalized bone sarcoma treatments, taking advantage of their wide range of potential biological functions, which can be augmented by using tissue engineering approaches to promote healing of large defects. In this review, we explore the use of MSCs in bone sarcoma treatment, by analyzing MSCs and tumour cell interactions, transduction of MSCs to target sarcoma, and their clinical applications on humans concerning bone regeneration after bone sarcoma extraction.
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Key Words
- 5-FC, 5-fluorocytosine
- AAT, a1-antitrypsin
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- ASC, adipose-derived stromal/stem cells
- Abs, antibodies
- Ang1, angiopoietin-1
- BD, bone defect
- BMMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
- Biology
- Bone
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CCL5, chemokine ligand 5
- CCR2, chemokine receptor 2
- CD, classification determinants
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- CLUAP1, clusterin associated protein 1
- CSPG4, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4
- CX3CL1, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1
- CXCL12/CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 4
- CXCL12/CXCR7, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 7
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor type 4
- Cell
- DBM, Demineralized Bone Marrow
- DKK1, dickkopf-related protein 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factors-2
- FGF-7, fibroblast growth factors-7
- GD2, disialoganglioside 2
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HMGB1/RACE, high mobility group box-1 protein/ receptor for advanced glycation end-products
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-α, interferon alpha
- IFN-β, interferon beta
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-12, interleukin-12
- IL-18, interleukin-18
- IL-1b, interleukin-1b
- IL-21, interleukin-21
- IL-2a, interleukin-2a
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IL-8, interleukin-8
- IL11RA, Interleukin 11 Receptor Subunit Alpha
- MAGE, melanoma antigen gene
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2
- MMP2/9, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
- Mesenchymal
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Orthopaedic
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDX, patient derived xenograft
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- Regeneration
- SC, stem cells
- SCF, stem cells factor
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1
- STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Sarcoma
- Stromal
- TAAs, tumour-associated antigens
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta
- TGF-b1, transforming growth factor beta 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNF-a, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TRAIL, tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Tissue
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WBCs, white blood cell
- hMSCs, human mesenchymal stromal cells
- rh-TRAIL, recombinant human tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodosios Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zakareya Gamie
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Eustathios Kenanidis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ricardo Da Conceicao Ribeiro
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Kenneth Samora Rankin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig Gerrand
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Kenneth Dalgarno
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Tang H, Wu K, Wang J, Vinjamuri S, Gu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Balistrieri A, Ayon RJ, Rischard F, Vanderpool R, Chen J, Zhou G, Desai AA, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Yuan JXJ, Makino A. Pathogenic Role of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:744-762. [PMID: 30623134 PMCID: PMC6314964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors signal through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce cell proliferation, survival, and growth. mTOR is a kinase present in 2 functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Functional disruption of mTORC1 by knockout of Raptor (regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin) in smooth muscle cells ameliorated the development of experimental PH. Functional disruption of mTORC2 by knockout of Rictor (rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin) caused spontaneous PH by up-regulating platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Use of mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) to treat PH should be accompanied by inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (e.g., imatinib).
Concentric lung vascular wall thickening due to enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is an important pathological cause for the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. We identified a differential role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and complex 2, two functionally distinct mTOR complexes, in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 attenuated the development of PH; however, inhibition of mTOR complex 2 caused spontaneous PH, potentially due to up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, and compromised the therapeutic effect of the mTOR inhibitors on PH. In addition, we describe a promising therapeutic strategy using combination treatment with the mTOR inhibitors and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitors on PH and right ventricular hypertrophy. The data from this study provide an important mechanism-based perspective for developing novel therapies for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure.
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Key Words
- EC, endothelial cell
- FOXO3a, Forkhead box O3a
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HPH, hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension
- PA, pulmonary artery
- PAEC, pulmonary arterial endothelial cell
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance
- RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- Raptor
- Raptor, regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin
- Rictor
- Rictor, rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin
- SM, smooth muscle
- TKR, tyrosine kinase receptor
- WT, wild-type
- mTOR
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- mTORC2, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
- pAKT, phosphorylated AKT
- pulmonary hypertension
- right ventricle
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujana Vinjamuri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yali Gu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Balistrieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Vanderpool
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guofei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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D'Oronzo S, Coleman R, Brown J, Silvestris F. Metastatic bone disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic options: Up-date on bone metastasis management. J Bone Oncol 2019; 15:004-4. [PMID: 30937279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases negatively impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). Skeletal related events have a detrimental effect on both QoL and survival. Both local and systemic treatments are often required to manage bone metastases. Bone turnover modulators reduce the risk of skeletal complications and improve pain. Novel agents may deserve further investigation for the management of bone metastases.
Bone metastases (BM) are a common complication of cancer, whose management often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Despite the recent therapeutic advances, patients with BM may still experience skeletal-related events and symptomatic skeletal events, with detrimental impact on quality of life and survival. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the onset of lytic and sclerotic BM has been acquired in the last decades, leading to the development of bone-targeting agents (BTA), mainly represented by anti-resorptive drugs and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have showed promising effects of novel agents, whose safety and efficacy need to be confirmed by prospective clinical trials. Among BTA, adjuvant bisphosphonates have also been shown to reduce the risk of BM in selected breast cancer patients, but failed to reduce the incidence of BM from lung and prostate cancer. Moreover, adjuvant denosumab did not improve BM free survival in patients with breast cancer, suggesting the need for further investigation to clarify BTA role in early-stage malignancies. The aim of this review is to describe BM pathogenesis and current treatment options in different clinical settings, as well as to explore the mechanism of action of novel potential therapeutic agents for which further investigation is needed.
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Key Words
- ActRIIA, activin-A type IIA receptor
- BC, breast cancer
- BM, bone metastases
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells
- BPs, bisphosphonates
- BTA, bone targeting agents
- BTM, bone turnover markers
- Bone metastases
- Bone targeting agents
- CCR, chemokine-receptor
- CRPC, castration-resistant PC
- CXCL-12, C–X–C motif chemokine-ligand-12
- CXCR-4, chemokine-receptor-4
- DFS, disease-free survival
- DKK1, dickkopf1
- EBC, early BC
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- FDA, food and drug administration
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GAS6, growth-arrest specific-6
- GFs, growth factors
- GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HR, hormone receptor
- IL, interleukin
- LC, lung cancer
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MCSFR, MCSF receptor
- MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MPC, malignant plasma cells
- N-BPs, nitrogen-containing BPs
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- ONJ, osteonecrosis of the jaw
- OS, overall survival
- Osteotropic tumors
- PC, prostate cancer
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PIs, proteasome inhibitors
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PTH-rP, PTH related protein
- QoL, quality of life
- RANK-L, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- RT, radiation therapy
- SREs, skeletal-related events
- SSEs, symptomatic skeletal events
- Skeletal related events
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TK, tyrosine kinase
- TKIs, TK inhibitors
- TNF, tumornecrosis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, VEGF receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- non-N-BPs, non-nitrogen containing BPs
- v-ATPase, vacuolar-type H+ ATPase
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Bacik
- Penn State Hershey Department of Dermatology, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie Dhossche
- Oregon Health and Science University Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alex G Ortega-Loayza
- Oregon Health and Science University Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tracy Funk
- Oregon Health and Science University Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon
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24
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D'Oronzo S, Brown J, Coleman R. The role of biomarkers in the management of bone-homing malignancies. J Bone Oncol 2017; 9:1-9. [PMID: 28948139 PMCID: PMC5602513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone represents a common site of metastasis from several solid tumours, including breast, prostate and lung malignancies. The onset of bone metastases (BM) is associated not only with serious skeletal complications, but also shortened overall survival, owing to the lack of curative treatment options for late-stage cancer. Despite the diagnostic advances, BM detection often occurs in the symptomatic stage, underlining the need for novel strategies aimed at the early identification of high-risk patients. To this purpose, both bone turnover and tumour-derived markers are being investigated for their potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive roles. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of BM in breast, prostate and lung tumours, while exploring the current research focused on the identification and clinical validation of BM biomarkers.
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Key Words
- 1CTP, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen
- BALP, bone specific alkaline phosphatase
- BC, breast cancer
- BM, bone metastases
- BMDC, bone marrow derived cells
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- BSP, bone sialoprotein
- BTA, bone-targeting agents
- BTM, bone turnover markers
- Biomarkers
- Bone metastasis
- Bone turnover markers
- Breast cancer
- CAPG, macrophage-capping protein
- CCL2, chemokine C-C ligand 2
- CTC, circulating tumour cells
- CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand
- CXCR, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor
- CaSR, calcium sensing receptor
- DPD, deoxypyridinoline
- DTC, disseminated tumour cells
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GIPC1, PDZ domain–containing protein member 1
- HR, hormone receptor
- Her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1R, IL-1 receptor
- LC, lung cancer
- Lung cancer
- M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor
- MAF, v-maf avian musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog
- NSCLC, non-small cell LC
- NTX and CTX, N- and C- telopeptides of type 1 collagen
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- P1NP and P1CP, N and C terminal pro-peptides of type 1 collagen
- PC, prostate cancer
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFRα, PDGF receptor α
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PTH-rP, PTH related protein
- PYD, pyridinoline
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- Prostate cancer
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB
- RANK-L, RANK-ligand
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1
- SREs, skeletal related events
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TRACP-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b
- TRAF3, TNF receptor associated factor 3
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZNF217, zinc-finger protein 217
- miRNA, micro RNA
- sBALP, serum BALP
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- uNTX, urinary NTX
- β-CTX, CTX β isomer
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella D'Oronzo
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
| | - Janet Brown
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
| | - Robert Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
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Ikeda T, Fragiadaki M, Shi-wen X, Ponticos M, Khan K, Denton C, Garcia P, Bou-Gharios G, Yamakawa A, Morimoto C, Abraham D. Transforming growth factor- β-induced CUX1 isoforms are associated with fibrosis in systemic sclerosis lung fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:246-252. [PMID: 28955913 PMCID: PMC5613511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the enhancer region of the human type I collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2) gene, we identified cis-elements for the transcription factor CUX1. However, the role of CUX1 in fibrosis remains unclear. Here we investigated the role of CUX1 in the regulation of COL1 expression and delineated the mechanisms underlying the regulation of COL1A2 expression by CUX1 in systemic sclerosis (SSc) lung fibroblasts. The binding of CUX1 to the COL1A2 enhancer region was assessed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays after treatment with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Subsequently, the protein expression levels of CUX1 isoforms were determined using Western blotting. Finally, the expression levels of COL1 and fibrosis-related cytokines, including CTGF, ET-1, Wnt1 and β-catenin were determined. The binding of CUX1 isoforms to the COL1A2 enhancer region increased after TGF-β treatment. TGF-β also increased the protein levels of the CUX1 isoforms p200, p150, p110, p75, p30 and p28. Moreover, SSc lung fibroblasts showed higher levels of CUX1 isoforms than normal lung fibroblasts, and treatment of SSc lung fibroblasts with a cathepsin L inhibitor (IW-CHO) decreased COL1 protein expression and reduced cell size, as measured using immunocytochemistry. In SSc and diffuse alveolar damage lung tissue sections, CUX1 localised within α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. Our results suggested that CUX1 isoforms play vital roles in connective tissue deposition during wound repair and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsurou Ikeda
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
- Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Xu Shi-wen
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | | | - Korsa Khan
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | | | - Patricia Garcia
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | | | - Akio Yamakawa
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Abraham
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Breuksch I, Weinert M, Brenner W. The role of extracellular calcium in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:143-145. [PMID: 27761377 PMCID: PMC5063220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the role of extracellular calcium, as found present in the bone tissue, in the process of bone metastasis.
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Key Words
- AKT, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog
- BMP's, bone morphogenetic proteins
- Bone metastasis
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CaSR
- CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor
- Calcium
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- Ion channels
- JNK, jun N-terminal kinase
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLC, phospholipase C
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein
- RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- SK3, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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27
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Chaumeil MM, Radoul M, Najac C, Eriksson P, Viswanath P, Blough MD, Chesnelong C, Luchman HA, Cairncross JG, Ronen SM. Hyperpolarized (13)C MR imaging detects no lactate production in mutant IDH1 gliomas: Implications for diagnosis and response monitoring. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:180-9. [PMID: 27437179 PMCID: PMC4939422 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic imaging of brain tumors using (13)C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate is a promising neuroimaging strategy which, after a decade of preclinical success in glioblastoma (GBM) models, is now entering clinical trials in multiple centers. Typically, the presence of GBM has been associated with elevated hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate produced from [1-(13)C] pyruvate, and response to therapy has been associated with a drop in hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate. However, to date, lower grade gliomas had not been investigated using this approach. The most prevalent mutation in lower grade gliomas is the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation, which, in addition to initiating tumor development, also induces metabolic reprogramming. In particular, mutant IDH1 gliomas are associated with low levels of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1, MCT4), three proteins involved in pyruvate metabolism to lactate. We therefore investigated the potential of (13)C MRS of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate for detection of mutant IDH1 gliomas and for monitoring of their therapeutic response. We studied patient-derived mutant IDH1 glioma cells that underexpress LDHA, MCT1 and MCT4, and wild-type IDH1 GBM cells that express high levels of these proteins. Mutant IDH1 cells and tumors produced significantly less hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate compared to GBM, consistent with their metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate production was not affected by chemotherapeutic treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) in mutant IDH1 tumors, in contrast to previous reports in GBM. Our results demonstrate the unusual metabolic imaging profile of mutant IDH1 gliomas, which, when combined with other clinically available imaging methods, could be used to detect the presence of the IDH1 mutation in vivo.
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Key Words
- 2-HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate
- AIF, arterial input function
- AUC, area under the curve
- DNP, dynamic nuclear polarization
- DNP-MR, dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FA, flip angle
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery
- FOV, field of view
- GBM, glioblastoma
- Glioma
- Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
- IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter 1
- MCT4, monocarboxylate transporter 4
- MR, magnetic resonance
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Metabolic reprogramming
- NA, number of averages
- NT, number of transients
- PBS, phosphate-buffer saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RB1, retinoblastoma protein 1
- SLC16A1, solute carrier family 16 member 1
- SLC16A3, solute carrier family 16 member 3
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SW, spectral width
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TE, echo time
- TMZ, temozolomide
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- TR, repetition time
- Tacq, acquisition time
- VOI, voxel of interest
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael D. Blough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Charles Chesnelong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - H. Artee Luchman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - J. Gregory Cairncross
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, 1450 3rd Street, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
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Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is highly expressed in cancer tissues. Its cellular sources are cancer and stromal cells, including fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and also vascular cells. TNC expressed in cancer tissues dominantly contains large splice variants. Deposition of the stroma promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also facilitates the formation of cancer stroma including desmoplasia and angiogenesis. Integrin receptors that mediate the signals of TNC have also been discussed.
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Key Words
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA, extra domain A
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like
- HS, heparan sulfate
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LAP, latency-associated peptide
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- OPN, osteopontin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RPTP, receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase
- Stromal cell
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNC, tenascin-C
- VN, vitronectin
- cancer cell
- integrins
- splice variant
- tenascin-C
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Yoshida
- a Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology ; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
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30
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Phatak TD, Maldjian PD. Progressive Bronchiectasis as a Manifestation of Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease Following Bone Marrow Transplantation. Radiol Case Rep 2008; 3:137. [PMID: 27303508 DOI: 10.2484/rcr.v3i1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of progressive bronchiectasis resulting in cystic bronchiectasis with regions of mucoid impaction as a manifestation of chronic graft versus host disease as a late complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
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Wang B, Zhang M, Takayama T, Shi X, Roenneburg DA, Kent KC, Guo LW. BET Bromodomain Blockade Mitigates Intimal Hyperplasia in Rat Carotid Arteries. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1650-61. [PMID: 26870791 PMCID: PMC4740308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimal hyperplasia is a common cause of many vasculopathies. There has been a recent surge of interest in the bromo and extra-terminal (BET) epigenetic “readers” including BRD4 since the serendipitous discovery of JQ1(+), an inhibitor specific to the seemingly undruggable BET bromodomains. The role of the BET family in the development of intimal hyperplasia is not known. Methods We investigated the effect of BET inhibition on intimal hyperplasia using a rat balloon angioplasty model. Results While BRD4 was dramatically up-regulated in the rat and human hyperplastic neointima, blocking BET bromodomains with JQ1(+) diminished neointima in rats. Knocking down BRD4 with siRNA, or treatment with JQ1(+) but not the inactive enantiomer JQ1(−), abrogated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB)-stimulated proliferation and migration of primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells. This inhibitory effect of JQ1(+) was reproducible in primary human aortic smooth muscle cells. In human aortic endothelial cells, JQ1(+) prevented cytokine-induced apoptosis and impairment of cell migration. Furthermore, either BRD4 siRNA or JQ1(+) but not JQ1(−), substantially down-regulated PDGF receptor-α which, in JQ1(+)-treated arteries versus vehicle control, was also reduced. Conclusions Blocking BET bromodomains mitigates neointima formation, suggesting an epigenetic approach for effective prevention of intimal hyperplasia and associated vascular diseases. Blocking BET epigenetic readers with JQ1(+) mitigates neointimal proliferation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. JQ1(+) or BRD4 knockdown inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and PDGF receptor expression. JQ1(+) prevents inflammatory dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells.
The transition of vascular smooth muscle cells to a migratory proliferative state produces a new thick layer of tissue on the inner vessel wall obstructing blood flow. Epigenetic control of this transition is poorly understood. We find that inhibiting a family of epigenetic regulators called “readers” halts this disease-prone process. Our study may open fresh opportunities for epigenetic interventions to prevent smooth muscle cell instability and associated occlusive vascular diseases that pose a great threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Toshio Takayama
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Drew Alan Roenneburg
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis remains a significant clinical problem in the United States and throughout the world. Although important advances in the understanding of this disease have been made, no effective pharmacologic agents have been developed that directly prevent or reverse the fibrotic process. Many of the successes in liver fibrosis treatment have been targeted toward treating the cause of fibrosis, such as the development of new antivirals that eradicate hepatitis virus. For many patients, however, this is not feasible, so a liver transplant remains the only viable option. Thus, there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic targets that will slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis in such patients. Research over the last 16 years has identified hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as key transcription factors that drive many aspects of liver fibrosis, making them potential targets of therapy. In this review, we discuss the latest work on HIFs and liver fibrosis, including the cell-specific functions of these transcription factors in the development of liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Ccr, C-C chemokine receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatic Stellate Cells
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
- Jmjd, Jumonji domain-containing
- Kupffer Cells
- Liver Fibrosis
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- Rgs, regulator of G-protein signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bryan L. Copple, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State University1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences BuildingEast LansingMichigan 48824
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Although cancer survival rate has been significantly improved over the years, the improvement is primarily due to early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition. Limited progress has been made in the treatment of cancer metastasis due to various factors. Current treatments for cancer metastasis are mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy, though the new generation anti-cancer drugs (predominantly neutralizing antibodies for growth factors and small molecule kinase inhibitors) do have the effects on cancer metastasis in addition to their effects on cancer growth. Cancer metastasis begins with detachment of metastatic cells from the primary tumor, travel of the cells to different sites through blood/lymphatic vessels, settlement and growth of the cells at a distal site. During the process, metastatic cells go through detachment, migration, invasion and adhesion. These four essential, metastatic steps are inter-related and affected by multi-biochemical events and parameters. Additionally, it is known that tumor microenvironment (such as extracellular matrix structure, growth factors, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases) plays a significant role in cancer metastasis. The biochemical events and parameters involved in the metastatic process and tumor microenvironment have been targeted or can be potential targets for metastasis prevention and inhibition. This review provides an overview of these metastasis essential steps, related biochemical factors, and targets for intervention.
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Key Words
- Adhesion
- BM, basement membrane
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CAMs, cell adhesion molecules
- CAT, collective amoeboid transition
- CCL2, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2
- CCR3, chemokine receptor 3
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF-1, chemokine colonystimulating factor–1
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CXCR2, chemokine receptor type 2
- Cancer
- Col, collagen
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- Detachment
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, EGF receptor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FAs, focal adhesions
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FN, fibronectin
- HA, hyaluronan
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- IKK, IκB kinase
- Invasion
- JAK, the Janus kinases
- LN, laminin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MAT, mesenchymal to amoeboid transition
- MET, mesenchymal–epithelial transition
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- Metastasis
- Migration
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- VCAMs, vascular cell adhesion molecules
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VN, vitronectin
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34
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Abstract
Blood vessels and the lymphatic vasculature are extensive tubular networks formed by endothelial cells that have several indispensable functions in the developing and adult organism. During growth and tissue regeneration but also in many pathological settings, these vascular networks expand, which is critically controlled by the receptor EphB4 and the ligand ephrin-B2. An increasing body of evidence links Eph/ephrin molecules to the function of other receptor tyrosine kinases and cell surface receptors. In the endothelium, ephrin-B2 is required for clathrin-dependent internalization and full signaling activity of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, ephrin-B2 antagonizes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of PDGFRβ and controls the balanced activation of different signal transduction processes after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. This review summarizes the important roles of Eph/ephrin molecules in vascular morphogenesis and explains the function of ephrin-B2 as a molecular hub for receptor endocytosis in the vasculature.
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Key Words
- Ang, angiopoietin
- CHC, clathrin heavy chains
- CLASP, clathrin-associated-sorting protein
- CV, cardinal vein
- DA, dorsal aorta
- EC, endothelial cell
- EEA1, early antigen 1
- Eph
- Ephrin-B2ΔV, ephrin-B2 deletion of C-terminal PDZ binding motif
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LEC, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LRP1, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MVB, multivesicular body
- NRP, neuropilin
- PC, pericytes
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PTC, peritubular capillary
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- endocytosis
- endothelial cells
- ephrin
- mural cells
- receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara E Pitulescu
- a Department of Tissue Morphogenesis; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; and Faculty of Medicine , University of Münster ; Münster , Germany
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35
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Abstract
Tumor metastasis is not only a sign of disease severity but also a major factor causing treatment failure and cancer-related death. Therefore, studies on the molecular mechanisms of tumor metastasis are critical for the development of treatments and for the improvement of survival. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an orderly, polygenic biological process that plays an important role in tumor cell invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The complex, multi-step process of EMT involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. Specifically, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can affect the EMT in a variety of ways to influence tumor aggressiveness. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms related to the EMT can provide a theoretical basis for the early prediction of tumor progression as well as targeted therapy.
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Key Words
- CK, cytokeratin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PKC, protein kinase C
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- YB-1, Y-box binding protein-1
- anti-cancer therapy
- bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix protein
- extracellular matrix
- transcription factors
- tumor aggressiveness
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University ; Nanchang , Jiangxi , China
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36
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Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis appears to be intrinsically associated with the fibrogenic progression of chronic liver diseases, which eventually leads to the development of cirrhosis and related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Several laboratories have suggested that this association is relevant for chronic liver disease progression, with angiogenesis proposed to sustain fibrogenesis. This minireview offers a synthesis of relevant findings and opinions that have emerged in the last few years relating liver angiogenesis to fibrogenesis. We discuss liver angiogenesis in normal and pathophysiologic conditions with a focus on the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors and assess the evidence supporting a clear relationship between angiogenesis and fibrogenesis. A section is dedicated to the critical interactions between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and either quiescent hepatic stellate cells or myofibroblast-like stellate cells. Finally, we introduce the unusual, dual (profibrogenic and proangiogenic) role of hepatic myofibroblasts and emerging evidence supporting a role for specific mediators like vasohibin and microparticles and microvesicles.
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Key Words
- ANGPTL3, angiopoietin-like-3 peptide
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Ang-1, angiopoietin-1
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CCR, chemokine receptor
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- ET-1, endothelin 1
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HSC/MFs, myofibroblast-like cells from activated hepatic stellate cells
- Hh, Hedgehog
- Hypoxia
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- Liver Angiogenesis
- Liver Fibrogenesis
- MF, myofibroblast
- MP, microparticle
- Myofibroblasts
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGF-R2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio Parola
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Maurizio Parola, PhD, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30–10125 Torino, Italy. fax: + 39-011-6707753.
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37
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Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is highly expressed in cancer tissues. Its cellular sources are cancer and stromal cells, including fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and also vascular cells. TNC expressed in cancer tissues dominantly contains large splice variants. Deposition of the stroma promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also facilitates the formation of cancer stroma including desmoplasia and angiogenesis. Integrin receptors that mediate the signals of TNC have also been discussed.
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Key Words
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA, extra domain A
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like
- HS, heparan sulfate
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LAP, latency-associated peptide
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- OPN, osteopontin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RPTP, receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase
- Stromal cell
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNC, tenascin-C
- VN, vitronectin
- cancer cell
- integrins
- splice variant
- tenascin-C
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Yoshida
- a Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology ; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
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38
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Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated multistep process that requires the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion, protrusion, and contraction. These processes require numerous protein–protein interactions and the activation of specific signaling pathways. The Rho family of GTPases plays a key role in virtually every aspect of the cell migration cycle. The activation of Rho GTPases is mediated by a large and diverse family of proteins; the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). GEFs work immediately upstream of Rho proteins to provide a direct link between Rho activation and cell–surface receptors for various cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. The regulated targeting and activation of RhoGEFs is essential to coordinate the migratory process. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of RhoGEFs in the regulation of cell migration.
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Key Words
- DH, Dbl-homology
- DHR, DOCK homology region
- DOCK, dedicator of cytokinesis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FA, focal adhesion
- FN, fibronectin
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- MII, myosin II
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate.
- Rho GEFs
- Rho GTPases
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cell migration
- cell polarization
- focal adhesions
- guanine nucleotide exchange factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; University of Toledo ; Toledo , OH USA
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39
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Ho YY, Baron M, Recklies AD, Roughley PJ, Mort JS. Cells from the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis secrete chitinase 3-like protein 1. BBA Clin 2014; 1:2-11. [PMID: 26675476 PMCID: PMC4633946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The chitinase-like protein, Chi3L1, is associated with increased fibrotic activity as well as inflammatory processes. The capacity of skin cells from systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients to produce Chi3L1, and the stimulation of its synthesis by cytokines or growth factors known to be associated with SSc, was investigated. Methods Cells were isolated from forearm and/or abdomen skin biopsies taken from SSc patients and normal individuals and stimulated with cytokines and growth factors to assess Chi3L1 expression. Chi3L1-expressing cells were characterized by immunohistochemical staining. Results Chi3L1 was not secreted by skin cells from normal individuals nor was its synthesis induced by any of the cytokines or growth factors investigated. In contrast, Chi3L1 secretion was induced by OSM or IL-1 in cells from all forearm biopsies of SSc patients, and endogenous secretion in the absence of cytokines was detected in several specimens. Patients with Chi3L1-producing cells at both the arm and abdomen had a disease duration of less than 3 years. Endogenous Chi3L1 production was not a property of the major fibroblast population nor of myofibroblasts, but rather was related to the presence of stem-like cells not present in normal skin. Other cells, however, contributed to the upregulation of Chi3L1 by OSM. Conclusions The emergence of cells primed to respond to OSM with increased Chi3L1 production appears to be associated with pathological processes active in SSc. General significance The presence of progenitor cells expressing the chilectin Chi3L1 in SSc skin appears to play a role in the initiation of the disease process. Cells isolated from the skin of scleroderma patients secrete Chi3L1. Chi3L1 production is stimulated by oncostatin M or interleukin 1. Patients with Chi3L1 producing cells have disease duration of < 3 years. Chi3L1 production is a property of stem-like cells not present in normal skin. Other cells contribute to Chi3L1 upregulation by oncostatin M.
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Key Words
- Chi3L1, chitinase 3-like protein 1
- Chitinase 3-like protein 1
- Cytokine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- IL, interleukin
- OSM, oncostatin M
- Oncostatin M
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- SBTI, soybean trypsin inhibitor
- SSc, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
- Scleroderma
- Stem cell
- Systemic sclerosis
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β
- TIE2, tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains-2
- mRSS, modified Rodnan skin score
- αSMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Yee Ho
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Murray Baron
- Department of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Anneliese D Recklies
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Peter J Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - John S Mort
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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40
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Mobarakeh ZT, Ai J, Yazdani F, Sorkhabadi SMR, Ghanbari Z, Javidan AN, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Massumi M, Barough SE. Human endometrial stem cells as a new source for programming to neural cells. Cell Biol Int Rep (2010) 2012; 19:e00015. [PMID: 23124318 PMCID: PMC3475442 DOI: 10.1042/cbr20110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human EnSC (endometrial-derived stem cell) is an abundant and easily available source for cell replacement therapy. Many investigations have shown the potency of the cells to differentiate into several mesoderm-derived cell lineages, including osteocytes and adipocytes. Here, the potency of EnSC in neural differentiation has been investigated. Flow cytometric analysis showed that they were positive for CD90, CD105, OCT4, CD44 and negative for CD31, CD34, CD133. The characterized cells were induced into neural differentiation by bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and EGF (epidermal growth factor) signalling molecules, respectively in a sequential protocol, and differentiated cells were analysed for expression of neuronal markers by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) and immunocytochemistry, including Nestin, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), β3-tub (class III β-tubulin) and NF-L (neurofilament-light) at the level of their mRNAs. The expression of MAP2, β3-tub and NF-L proteins in EnSC was confirmed 28 days PT (post-treatment) by immunocytochemistry. In conclusion, EnSC can respond to signalling molecules that are usually used as standards in neural differentiation and can programme neuronal cells, making these cells worth considering as a unique source for cell therapy in neurodegenerative disease.
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Key Words
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ES, embryonic stem
- EnSC, endometrial-derived stem cell
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- NF-L, neurofilament-light
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PT, post-treatment
- RT–PCR, reverse transcription–PCR
- T-PBS, Triton X-100 in PBS
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- differentiation
- endometrial stem cell
- neural cell
- β3-tub, class III β-tubulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taherian Mobarakeh
- *Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- †Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- ‡Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- §Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- ‖Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- *Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zinat Ghanbari
- **Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Noroozi Javidan
- ‡Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Massumi
- †Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Abstract
Portal hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Intrahepatic vascular resistance due to architectural distortion and intrahepatic vasoconstriction, increased portal blood flow due to splanchnic vasodilatation, and development of collateral circulation have been considered as major factors for the development of portal hypertension. Recently, sinusoidal remodeling and angiogenesis have been focused as potential etiologic factors and various researchers have tried to improve portal hypertension by modulating these new targets. This article reviews potential new treatments in the context of portal hypertension pathophysiology concepts.
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Key Words
- AT, angiotensin
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placenta! growth factor
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- angiogenesis
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- pathophysiology
- portal hypertension
- sinusoids
- treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Seok Seo
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN - 55905, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN - 55905, USA,Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN - 55905, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Vijay H Shah, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN - 55905, USA
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42
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Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, Moriwaki H. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases for chemoprevention by green tea catechin, EGCG. Int J Mol Sci. 2008;9:1034-1049. [PMID: 19325845 PMCID: PMC2658783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9061034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between consumption of tea, especially green tea, and development of cancers. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies indicate strong chemopreventive effects for green tea and its constituents against cancers of various organs. (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, appears to be the most biologically active constituent in tea with respect to inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent studies indicate that the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are one of the critical targets of EGCG to inhibit cancer cell growth. EGCG inhibits the activation of EGFR (erbB1), HER2 (neu/erbB2) and also HER3 (neu/erbB3), which belong to subclass I of the RTK superfamily, in various types of human cancer cells. The activation of IGF-1 and VEGF receptors, the other members of RTK family, is also inhibited by EGCG. In addition, EGCG alters membrane lipid organization and thus inhibits the dimerization and activation of EGFR. Therefore, EGCG inhibits the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which are RTK-related cell signaling pathways, as well as the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB, thereby modulating the expression of target genes which are associated with induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. These findings are significant because abnormalities in the expression and function of RTKs and their downstream effectors play a critical role in the development of several types of human malignancies. In this paper we review evidence indicating that EGCG exerts anticancer effects, at least in part, through inhibition of activation of the specific RTKs and conclude that targeting RTKs and related signaling pathway by tea catechins might be a promising strategy for the prevention of human cancers.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- EC, (–)-epicatechin
- ECG, epicatechin-3-gallate
- EGC, (–)-epigallocatechin
- EGCG
- EGCG, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
- IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IKKα, inhibitor of κB kinase-α
- IκBα, inhibitor of κB-α
- LR, laminin receptor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PGE2prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Poly E, polyphenon E
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- Stat, signal transducers and activator of transcription
- TGFα, transforming growth factor-α
- TRAMP, transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate
- Tea catechins
- UV, ultraviolet
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- cell signaling pathway
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