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Calligari P, Santucci V, Stella L, Bocchinfuso G. Discriminating between competing models for the allosteric regulation of oncogenic phosphatase SHP2 by characterizing its active state. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6125-6139. [PMID: 34900129 PMCID: PMC8632847 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src-homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) plays a critical role in crucial signaling pathways and is involved in oncogenesis and in developmental disorders. Its structure includes two SH2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2), and a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. Under basal conditions, SHP2 is auto-inhibited, with the N-SH2 domain blocking the PTP active site. Activation involves a rearrangement of the domains that makes the catalytic site accessible, coupled to the association between the SH2 domains and cognate proteins containing phosphotyrosines. Several aspects of this transition are debated and competing mechanistic models have been proposed. A crystallographic structure of SHP2 in an active state has been reported (PDB code 6crf), but several lines of evidence suggests that it is not fully representative of the conformations populated in solution. To clarify the structural rearrangements involved in SHP2 activation, enhanced sampling simulations of the autoinhibited and active states have been performed, for wild type SHP2 and its pathogenic E76K variant. Our results demonstrate that the crystallographic conformation of the active state is unstable in solution, and multiple interdomain arrangements are populated, thus allowing association to bisphosphorylated sequences. Contrary to a recent proposal, activation is coupled to the conformational changes of the N-SH2 binding site, which is significantly more accessible in the active sate, rather than to the structure of the central β-sheet of the domain. In this coupling, a previously undescribed role for the N-SH2 BG loop emerged.
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Key Words
- BTLA, B and T lymphocyte attenuator
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer
- Inter-domain dynamics
- JMML, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NS, Noonan syndrome
- NSML, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDB, protein data bank
- PMF, potential of mean force
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Protein flexibility
- REMD, replica exchange molecular dynamics
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- RMSF, root mean square fluctuation
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations
- SASA, solvent accessible surface area
- SAXS, small angle X-ray scattering
- SH2, Src homology 2
- SHP2 regulatory mechanism
- SHP2, Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2
- SIRPalpha, signal regulatory protein alpha
- pY, phosphorylated tyrosine
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calligari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Santucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Dai Q, Yan Y, Ning X, Li G, Yu J, Deng J, Yang L, Li GB. AncPhore: A versatile tool for anchor pharmacophore steered drug discovery with applications in discovery of new inhibitors targeting metallo- β-lactamases and indoleamine/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1931-1946. [PMID: 34386329 PMCID: PMC8343198 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe AncPhore, a versatile tool for drug discovery, which is characterized by pharmacophore feature analysis and anchor pharmacophore (i.e., most important pharmacophore features) steered molecular fitting and virtual screening. Comparative analyses of numerous protein–ligand complexes using AncPhore revealed that anchor pharmacophore features are biologically important, commonly associated with protein conservative characteristics, and have significant contributions to the binding affinity. Performance evaluation of AncPhore showed that it had substantially improved prediction ability on different types of target proteins including metalloenzymes by considering the specific contributions and diversity of anchor pharmacophore features. To demonstrate the practicability of AncPhore, we screened commercially available chemical compounds and discovered a set of structurally diverse inhibitors for clinically relevant metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs); of them, 4 and 6 manifested potent inhibitory activity to VIM-2, NDM-1 and IMP-1 MBLs. Crystallographic analyses of VIM-2:4 complex revealed the precise inhibition mode of 4 with VIM-2, highly consistent with the defined anchor pharmacophore features. Besides, we also identified new hit compounds by using AncPhore for indoleamine/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO/TDO), another class of clinically relevant metalloenzymes. This work reveals anchor pharmacophore as a valuable concept for target-centered drug discovery and illustrates the potential of AncPhore to efficiently identify new inhibitors for different types of protein targets.
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Key Words
- AMPC, asian mouse phenotyping consortium
- AP, anchor pharmacophore
- AR, aromatic ring
- AUC, area under the curve
- Anchor pharmacophore
- BACE1, beta-secretase 1
- BRD4, bromodomain-containing protein 4
- CA, carbonic anhydrase
- CA2, carbonic anhydrase 2
- CDK2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2
- CTS, cathepsins
- CV, covalent bonding
- CatK, cathepsin K
- EF, enrichment factor
- EX, exclusion volume
- GA, genetic algorithm
- HA, hydrogen-bond acceptor
- HD, hydrogen-bond donor
- HIV-P, human immunodeficiency virus protease
- HIV1-P, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease
- HY, hydrophobic
- IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
- IMP, imipenemase
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- LE, ligand efficiency
- MAPK14, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
- MB, metal coordination
- MBL, metallo-β-lactamase
- MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MMP13, matrix metallopeptidase 13
- Metallo-β-lactamase
- Metalloenzyme
- NDM, new delhi MBL
- NE, negatively charged center
- NP, without anchor pharmacophore features
- PO, positively charged center
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- ROC curve, receiver operating characteristic curve
- ROCK1, rho-associated protein kinase 1
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SBL, serine beta lactamase
- SSEL, secondary structure element length
- STK, serine threonine kinase
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- TDSS, torsion-driving systematic search
- TNKS2, tankyrase 2
- Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- VIM, verona integron-encoded MBL
- Virtual screening
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Jiang T, Wang G, Liu Y, Feng L, Wang M, Liu J, Chen Y, Ouyang L. Development of small-molecule tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors for NTRK fusion cancers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:355-372. [PMID: 33643817 PMCID: PMC7893124 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A, B and C (TRKA, TRKB and TRKC), which are well-known members of the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, are encoded by the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1, 2 and 3 (NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3) genes, respectively. TRKs can regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and even apoptosis through the RAS/MAPKs, PI3K/AKT and PLCγ pathways. Gene fusions involving NTRK act as oncogenic drivers of a broad diversity of adult and pediatric tumors, and TRKs have become promising antitumor targets. Therefore, achieving a comprehensive understanding of TRKs and relevant TRK inhibitors should be urgently pursued for the further development of novel TRK inhibitors for potential clinical applications. This review focuses on summarizing the biological functions of TRKs and NTRK fusion proteins, the development of small-molecule TRK inhibitors with different chemotypes and their activity and selectivity, and the potential therapeutic applications of these inhibitors for future cancer drug discovery efforts.
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Key Words
- AFAP1, actin filament-associated protein 1
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARHGEF2, Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2
- BCAN, brevican
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BTBD1, BTB (POZ) domain containing 1
- CDK-2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2
- CR, complete response
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CTCs, sequencing of circulating tumor cells
- DFG, Asp-Phe-Gly
- DOR, durable objective responses
- ETV6, ETS translocation variant 6
- EWG, electron-withdrawing group
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- IG-C2, Ig-like C2 type I
- LMNA, lamin A/C
- MASC, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
- MPRIP, myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein
- NACC2, NACC family member 2
- NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network
- NFASC, neurofascin
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NGS, next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- NT3, neurotrophin-3
- NTRK fusion cancer
- NTRK, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase
- Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusions
- OAK, osteoarthritis of the knee
- ORR, overall response rate
- PAN3, poly(A) nuclease 3
- PPL, periplakin
- PROTAC proteolysis targeting chimera, QKI
- RABGTPase activating protein 1-like, RFWD2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBC, secretory breast carcinoma
- SCYL3, SCY1 like pseudokinase 3
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- Small-molecule inhibitor
- TFG, TRK-fused gene
- TP53, tumor protein P53
- TPM3, tropomyosin 3
- TPR, translocated promoter region
- TRIM24, tripartite motif containing 24
- TRK, tropomyosin receptor kinase
- Tropomyosin receptor kinase
- VCL, vinculin
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- quaking I protein, RABGAP1L
- ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Silva Paiva R, Gomes I, Casimiro S, Fernandes I, Costa L. c-Met expression in renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases. J Bone Oncol 2020; 25:100315. [PMID: 33024658 PMCID: PMC7527574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common metastatic site in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). HGF/c-Met pathway is particularly relevant in tumors with bone metastases. c-Met/HGF pathway is involved in RCC progression, conferring poor prognosis. Several c-Met targeting therapies are currently in clinical development. c-Met expression is an important therapeutic target in RCC with bone metastases.
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met pathway is implicated in embryogenesis and organ development and differentiation. Germline or somatic mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, gene amplification, and transcriptional upregulation in MET or alterations in autocrine or paracrine c-Met signalling have been associated with cancer cell proliferation and survival, including in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and associated with disease progression. HGF/c-Met pathway has been shown to be particularly relevant in tumors with bone metastases (BMs). However, the efficacy of targeting c-Met in bone metastatic disease, including in RCC, has not been proven. Therefore, further investigation is required focusing the particular role of HGF/c-Met pathway in bone microenvironment (BME) and how to effectively target this pathway in the context of bone metastatic disease.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene
- AR, androgen receptor
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AXL, AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
- BME, bone microenvironment
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- BMs, bone metastases
- BPs, Bisphosphonates
- BTAs, Bone-targeting agents
- Bone metastases
- CCL20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
- CI, confidence interval
- CRPC, Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
- CSC, cancer stem cells
- CTC, circulating tumor cells
- CaSR, calcium/calcium-sensing receptor
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FLT-3, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3
- GEJ, Gastroesophageal Junction
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HGF/c-Met
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factors
- HR, hazard ratio
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF2BP3, insulin mRNA Binding Protein-3
- IL, interleukin
- IRC, independent review committees
- KIT, tyrosine-protein kinase KIT
- Kidney cancer
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MET, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- ORR, overall response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFS, progression free survival
- PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related peptide
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RET, rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene
- ROS, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCLC, Squamous Cell Lung Cancer
- SREs, skeletal-related events
- SSE, symptomatic skeletal events
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TIE-2, Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor TIE-2
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TRKB, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- Targeted therapy
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VHL, Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene
- ZA, zoledronic acid
- ccRCC, clear-cell RCC
- mAb, monoclonal antibodies
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva Paiva
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Costa
- Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix is engaged in an ever-evolving and elegant ballet of dynamic reciprocity that directly and bi-directionally regulates cell behavior. Homeostatic and pathophysiological changes in cell-matrix signaling cascades manifest as complex matrix phenotypes. Indeed, the extracellular matrix can be implicated in virtually every known human disease, thus, making it the most critical and dynamic "organ" in the human body. The overall goal of this Special Issue is to provide an accurate and inclusive functional definition that addresses the inherent complexity of matrix phenotypes. This goal is summarily achieved via a corpus of expertly written articles, reviews and original research, focused at answering this question empirically and fundamentally via state-of-the-art methods and research strategies.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Angiogenesis
- Cancer
- Collagen
- DDR1, discoidin domain receptor 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMILIN1, elastin microfibril interfacer 1
- EMILIN2, elastin microfibril interfacer 2
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- ERβ, estrogen receptor β
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1, HAS2 antisense 1
- HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-Hook 2
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer
- IGF-IR, insulin growth factor I receptor
- IR-A, insulin receptor A
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- LOX, lysyl oxidases
- LTBP, latent TGFβ-binding proteins
- MAGP, microfibril-associated glycoproteins
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- Methodologies
- OB, osteoblast
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- PARs, protease activated receptors
- PG, proteoglycans
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Proteoglycans
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SLRP, small leucine rich proteoglycans
- SSR, solar-simulated radiation
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNT, tunneling nanotubes
- UVR, ultraviolet radiation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miR, microRNA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Scheepstra M, Hekking KFW, van Hijfte L, Folmer RHA. Bivalent Ligands for Protein Degradation in Drug Discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:160-176. [PMID: 30788082 PMCID: PMC6369262 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the "undruggable" proteome remains one of the big challenges in drug discovery. Recent innovations in the field of targeted protein degradation and manipulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system open up new therapeutic approaches for disorders that cannot be targeted with conventional inhibitor paradigms. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bivalent ligands in which a compound that binds to the protein target of interest is connected to a second molecule that binds an E3 ligase via a linker. The E3 protein is usually either Cereblon or Von Hippel-Lindau. Several examples of selective PROTAC molecules with potent effect in cells and in vivo models have been reported. The degradation of specific proteins via these bivalent molecules is already allowing for the study of biochemical pathways and cell biology with more specificity than was possible with inhibitor compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of small molecule mediated protein degradation, including transcription factors, kinases and nuclear receptors. We discuss the potential benefits of protein degradation over inhibition as well as the challenges that need to be overcome.
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Key Words
- ABCB1, ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AHR, aryl hydrogen receptor
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- Aβ, amyloid-β
- BET, bromodomain and extra-terminal
- BTK, Bruton's tyrosine kinase
- Bcl6, B-cell lymphoma 6
- Bivalent ligand
- Brd4, bromodomain 4
- CDK9, cyclin dependent kinase 9
- CK2, Casein kinase 2
- CLIPTAC, click-formed proteolysis targeting chimera
- CRBN, Cereblon
- Chimera
- DC50, the compound concentration that results in 50% target protein degradation
- DHODH, Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
- Degrader
- ERK1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
- ERRα, estrogen-related receptor alpha
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- FLT3, FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3
- FRS2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2
- GCN5, general control nonderepressible 5
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- MDM2, mouse double-minute 2 homolog
- MetAP-2, methionine aminopeptidase-2
- PCAF, P300/CBP-associated factor
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PLK-1, polo-like kinase 1
- POI, protein of interest
- PROTAC
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- Proteasome
- Protein degradation
- RAR, retinoic acid receptor
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SARM, selective androgen receptor modulator
- SNIPER, specific and non-genetic IAP-dependent protein eraser
- TBK1, TANK-Binding kinase 1
- TRIM24, tripartite motif-containing 24 (also known as TIF1α)
- VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau
- cIAP1, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koen F W Hekking
- Mercachem BV, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 BB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luc van Hijfte
- Mercachem BV, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 BB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Doycheva I, Thuluvath PJ. Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Update of a Rapidly Evolving Field. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 9:588-596. [PMID: 31695249 PMCID: PMC6823698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and mortality have shown an unfavorable upward trend over the last two decades, especially in developed countries. More than one-sixth of the patients have advanced HCC at presentation. Systemic therapy remains the treatment of choice for these patients. Current options include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the rapidly evolving field of systemic therapy with several newly approved medications over the last year. Sorafenib remains one of the first-line treatment choices for patients with hepatitis C etiology, intermediate to advanced HCC stage, and Child-Pugh class A. Lenvatinib is the other first-line drug that might have better efficacy in non-hepatitis C etiologies and advanced HCC without portal vein thrombosis. Patients intolerant to first-line therapy might benefit from immunotherapy with nivolumab or pembrolizumab. In those who fail first-line therapy, the choice should be based on the side effects related to previous treatment, performance status, and underlying liver dysfunction. Ongoing studies are investigating immunotherapy alone or immunotherapy in combination with TKIs as first-line therapy. Several second-line options for combination systemic therapy and systemic plus local-regional treatment are under investigation. Future studies should focus on identifying reliable biomarkers to predict response to therapy and to better stratify patients at high risk for progression. Multidisciplinary approach is pivotal for successful outcomes in patients with advanced HCC.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha-fetoprotein
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
- CI, confidence interval
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4
- CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh
- ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HR, hazard ratio
- LRT, local-regional therapy
- LT, liver transplantation
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PFS, progression-free survival
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolization
- TEAE, treatment-emergent adverse effect
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TTP, time to progression
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- combination therapy
- immunotherapy
- irAE, immune-related adverse events
- systemic therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Doycheva
- Institute for Digestive Heath and Liver Disease, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul J. Thuluvath
- Institute for Digestive Heath and Liver Disease, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA,University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore S, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Address for correspondence: Paul J. Thuluvath, MD Institute for Digestive Health and Liver Disease, Mercy Medical Center, 301 St. Paul Place, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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Lyu H, Han A, Polsdofer E, Liu S, Liu B. Understanding the biology of HER3 receptor as a therapeutic target in human cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:503-10. [PMID: 30109175 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HER3 belongs to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family which also includes HER1/EGFR/erbB1, HER2/erbB2, and HER4/erbB4. As a unique member of the HER family, HER3 lacks or has little intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. It frequently co-expresses and forms heterodimers with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cancer cells to activate oncogenic signaling, especially the PI-3K/Akt pathway and Src kinase. Elevated expression of HER3 has been observed in a wide variety of human cancers and associates with a worse survival in cancer patients with solid tumors. Studies on the underlying mechanism implicate HER3 expression as a major cause of treatment failure in cancer therapy. Activation of HER3 signaling has also been shown to promote cancer metastasis. These data strongly support the notion that therapeutic inactivation of HER3 and/or its downstream signaling is required to overcome treatment resistance and improve the outcomes of cancer patients.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Ab, antibody
- Cell signaling
- Dimerization
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HER, Human epidermal growth factor receptor
- HER3
- HRG, heregulin
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEK, MAPK kinase
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OS, overall survival
- PI-3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Targeted therapy
- Therapeutic resistance
- Tumor metastasis
- lncRNA, long ncRNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- ncRNA, noncoding RNA
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Abstract
Advancement in the field of cancer genomics is revolutionizing the molecular characterization of a wide variety of different cancers. Recent application of large-scale, next-generation sequencing technology to gastric cancer, which remains a major source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, has helped better define the complex genomic landscape of this cancer. These studies also have led to the development of novel genomically based molecular classification systems for gastric cancer, reinforced the importance of classic driver mutations in gastric cancer pathogenesis, and led to the discovery of new driver gene mutations that previously were not known to be associated with gastric cancer. This wealth of genomic data has significant potential to impact the future management of this disease, and the challenge remains to effectively translate this genomic data into better treatment paradigms for gastric cancer.
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Key Words
- ACRG, Asian Cancer Research Group
- CIN, chromosomal instability
- Driver Gene Mutations
- EBV, Epstein–Barr virus
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- GS, genomic stability
- Gastric Cancer
- Genomics
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- MSS, microsatellite stable
- NGS, next-generation sequencing
- Next-Generation Sequencing
- PD-L, programmed death-ligand
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson W. Katona
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bryson W. Katona, MD, PhD, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 751 South Pavilion, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. fax: (215) 349-5915.Perelman Center for Advanced MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology3400 Civic Center Boulevard751 South PavilionUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104
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Han W, Sfondouris ME, Jones FE. Direct coupling of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) and STAT5A signaling is required to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:323-327. [PMID: 28955922 PMCID: PMC5613636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary luminal progenitor cell maturation and mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Coupled HER4 and STAT5A signaling is mediated, in part, through association of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) with STAT5A at STAT5A target gene promoters where 4ICD functions as a STAT5A transcriptional coactivator. Despite an essential role for coupled 4ICD and STAT5A signaling in mammary gland development, the mechanistic basis of 4ICD and STAT5A cooperative signaling remains unexplored. Here we show for the first time that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact through STAT5A recruitment and binding to HER4/4ICD residue Y984. Accordingly, altering the 4ICD Y984 to phenylalanine results in a dramatic reduction of STAT5A and 4ICD-Y984F interacting complexes coimmunoprecipitated with HER4 or STAT5A specific antibodies. We further show that disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction has an important physiological impact on mammary epithelial cell differentiation. HC11 mammary epithelial cells with stable expression of 4ICD undergo differentiation with significantly increased expression of the STAT5A target genes and differentiation markers β-casein and WAP. In contrast, HC11 cells stably expressing 4ICD-Y984F failed to undergo differentiation with basal expression levels of β-casein and WAP. Differentiation in this cell system was induced in the absence of exogenous prolactin indicating that 4ICD activity is sufficient to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Finally, we show that suppression of STAT5A expression abolishes the ability of 4ICD to induce HC11 differentiation and activate β-casein or WAP expression. Taken together our results demonstrate for the first time that direct coupling of 4ICD and STAT5A is both necessary and sufficient to drive mammary epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, our findings that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact to form a physiologically important transcriptional activation complex, provide a mechanistic basis for the in vivo observations that HER4/4ICD and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary gland progenitor cell maturation and initiate lactation at parturition. HER4/4ICD tyrosine 984 mediates a direct interaction with STAT5A. 4ICD expression with an intact Y984 is sufficient to induce mammary differentiation. Mammary differentiation is abolished by disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction. STAT5 expression is required for 4ICD-induced mammary differentiation.
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Key Words
- 4ICD, HER4 intracellular domain
- ATCC, American type culture collection
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor family
- EGFR-family
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gene expression
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HER4/ERBB4
- HRGα, heregulin alpha
- HRGα1, heregulin beta 1
- Mammary epithelial differentiation
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- RIP, regulated intramembrane cleavage
- RT, reverse transcription
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, src homology 2
- STAT5A
- STAT5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme
- Transactivation
- WAP, whey acidic protein
- YAP, yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mary E Sfondouris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Frank E Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Canfield K, Li J, Wilkins OM, Morrison MM, Ung M, Wells W, Williams CR, Liby KT, Vullhorst D, Buonanno A, Hu H, Schiff R, Cook RS, Kurokawa M. Receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB4 mediates acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibitors in breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:648-55. [PMID: 25590338 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.994966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25% of breast cancers overexpress and depend on the receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB2, one of 4 ERBB family members. Targeted therapies directed against ERBB2 have been developed and used clinically, but many patients continue to develop resistance to such therapies. Although much effort has been focused on elucidating the mechanisms of acquired resistance to ERBB2-targeted therapies, the involvement of ERBB4 remains elusive and controversial. We demonstrate that genetic ablation of ERBB4, but not ERBB1-3, led to apoptosis in lapatinib-resistant cells, suggesting that the efficacy of pan-ERBB inhibitors was, at least in part, mediated by the inhibition of ERBB4. Moreover, ERBB4 was upregulated at the protein level in ERBB2+ breast cancer cell lines selected for acquired lapatinib resistance in vitro and in MMTV-Neu mice following prolonged lapatinib treatment. Knockdown of ERBB4 caused a decrease in AKT phosphorylation in resistant cells but not in sensitive cells, suggesting that ERBB4 activated the PI3K/AKT pathway in lapatinib-resistant cells. Importantly, ERBB4 knockdown triggered apoptosis not only in lapatinib-resistant cells but also in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Our results suggest that although ERBB4 is dispensable for naïve ERBB2+ breast cancer cells, it may play a key role in the survival of ERBB2+ cancer cells after they develop resistance to ERBB2 inhibitors, lapatinib and trastuzumab.
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Key Words
- EGFR
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor
- HER2
- HER3
- HER4
- Herceptin
- MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- Q-VD-OPh, quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluoro-phenoxy]-methyl ketone
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
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Nalluri S, Peirce SK, Tanos R, Abdella HA, Karmali D, Hogarty MD, Goldsmith KC. EGFR signaling defines Mcl⁻1 survival dependency in neuroblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:276-86. [PMID: 25756510 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pediatric solid tumor neuroblastoma (NB) often depends on the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl(-)1, for survival through Mcl(-)1 sequestration of pro-apoptotic Bim. High affinity Mcl(-)1 inhibitors currently do not exist such that novel methods to inhibit Mcl(-)1 clinically are in high demand. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) regulate Mcl(-)1 in many cancers and play a role in NB survival, yet how they regulate Bcl(-)2 family interactions in NB is unknown. We found that NB cell lines derived to resist the Bcl(-)2/-xl/-w antagonist, ABT-737, acquire a dependence on Mcl(-)1 and show increased expression and activation of the RTK, EGFR. Mcl(-)1 dependent NB cell lines derived at diagnosis and from the same tumor following relapse also have increased EGFR expression compared to those dependent on Bcl(-)2. Inhibition of EGFR by shRNA or erlotinib in Mcl(-)1 dependent NBs disrupts Bim binding to Mcl(-)1 and enhances its affinity for Bcl(-)2, restoring sensitivity to ABT-737 as well as cytotoxics in vitro. Mechanistically treatment of NBs with small molecule inhibitors of EGFR (erlotinib, cetuximab) and ERK (U0126) increases Noxa expression and dephosphorylates Bim to promote Bim binding to Bcl(-)2. Thus, EGFR regulates Mcl(-)1 dependence in high-risk NB via ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Bim such that EGFR/ERK inhibition renders Mcl(-)1 dependent tumors now reliant on Bcl(-)2. Clinically, EGFR inhibitors are ineffective as single agent compounds in patients with recurrent NB, likely due to this transferred survival dependence to Bcl(-)2. Likewise, EGFR or ERK inhibitors warrant further testing in combination with Bcl(-)2 antagonists in vivo as a novel future combination to overcome therapy resistance in the clinic.
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Key Words
- ABT-737
- AKT, protein kinase B
- BH3, Bcl-2 homology domain 3
- Bcl-2 antagonist
- Bcl-2 homology proteins
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- EGFR
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal related kinase
- HR NB, high-risk neuroblastoma
- LPP, lambda protein phosphatase
- Mcl-1
- Mcl-1, Myeloid cell leukemia-1
- NB, neuroblastoma
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TK, tyrosine kinase
- WCL, whole cell lysate
- apoptosis
- bim regulation
- co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Nalluri
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology; Aflac Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center ; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta ; Atlanta , GA USA
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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Abstract
Epithelial cells are tightly coupled together through specialized intercellular junctions, including adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. A growing body of evidence suggests epithelial cells also directly exchange information at cell-cell contacts via the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-associated ephrin ligands. Ligand-dependent and -independent signaling via Eph receptors as well as reverse signaling through ephrins impact epithelial tissue homeostasis by organizing stem cell compartments and regulating cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and survival. This review focuses on breast, gut, and skin epithelia as representative examples for how Eph receptors and ephrins modulate diverse epithelial cell responses in a context-dependent manner. Abnormal Eph receptor and ephrin signaling is implicated in a variety of epithelial diseases raising the intriguing possibility that this cell-cell communication pathway can be therapeutically harnessed to normalize epithelial function in pathological settings like cancer or chronic inflammation.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease
- Apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Breast
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Eph receptor
- Eph, erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular
- Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- KLF, Krüppel-like factor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMTV-LTR, mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat
- MT1-MMP, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase
- PDZ, postsynaptic density protein 95, discs large 1, and zonula occludens-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, Src homology 2
- SHIP2, SH2 inositol phosphatase 2
- SLAP, Src-like adaptor protein
- TCF, T-cell specific transcription factor
- TEB, terminal end bud
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
- cell-cell
- ephrin
- epithelial
- intestine
- receptor tyrosine kinase
- skin
- stem cell
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Abstract
Blood vessels and the lymphatic vasculature are extensive tubular networks formed by endothelial cells that have several indispensable functions in the developing and adult organism. During growth and tissue regeneration but also in many pathological settings, these vascular networks expand, which is critically controlled by the receptor EphB4 and the ligand ephrin-B2. An increasing body of evidence links Eph/ephrin molecules to the function of other receptor tyrosine kinases and cell surface receptors. In the endothelium, ephrin-B2 is required for clathrin-dependent internalization and full signaling activity of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, ephrin-B2 antagonizes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of PDGFRβ and controls the balanced activation of different signal transduction processes after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. This review summarizes the important roles of Eph/ephrin molecules in vascular morphogenesis and explains the function of ephrin-B2 as a molecular hub for receptor endocytosis in the vasculature.
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Key Words
- Ang, angiopoietin
- CHC, clathrin heavy chains
- CLASP, clathrin-associated-sorting protein
- CV, cardinal vein
- DA, dorsal aorta
- EC, endothelial cell
- EEA1, early antigen 1
- Eph
- Ephrin-B2ΔV, ephrin-B2 deletion of C-terminal PDZ binding motif
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LEC, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LRP1, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MVB, multivesicular body
- NRP, neuropilin
- PC, pericytes
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PTC, peritubular capillary
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- endocytosis
- endothelial cells
- ephrin
- mural cells
- receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara E Pitulescu
- a Department of Tissue Morphogenesis; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; and Faculty of Medicine , University of Münster ; Münster , Germany
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Jain MV, Jangamreddy JR, Grabarek J, Schweizer F, Klonisch T, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Łos MJ. Nuclear localized Akt enhances breast cancer stem-like cells through counter-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(kip1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2109-20. [PMID: 26030190 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells capable of propagating the disease and causing cancer recurrence. In this study, we found that the cellular localization of PKB/Akt kinase affects the maintenance of CSCs. When Akt tagged with nuclear localization signal (Akt-NLS) was overexpressed in SKBR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, these cells showed a 10-15% increase in the number of cells with CSCs enhanced ALDH activity and demonstrated a CD44(+High)/CD24(-Low) phenotype. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of Akt-specific inhibitor, triciribine. Furthermore, cells overexpressing Akt or Akt-NLS were less likely to be in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inactivating p21(Waf1/Cip1) and exhibited increased clonogenicity and proliferation as assayed by colony-forming assay (mammosphere formation). Thus, our data emphasize the importance the intracellular localization of Akt has on stemness in human breast cancer cells. It also indicates a new robust way for improving the enrichment and culture of CSCs for experimental purposes. Hence, it allows for the development of simpler protocols to study stemness, clonogenic potency, and screening of new chemotherapeutic agents that preferentially target cancer stem cells. SUMMARY The presented data, (i) shows new, stemness-promoting role of nuclear Akt/PKB kinase, (ii) it underlines the effects of nuclear Akt on cell cycle regulation, and finally (iii) it suggests new ways to study cancer stem-like cells.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Akt-NLS
- BPE, bovine pituitary epithelial
- Bcl2, B cell lymphoma 2
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSCs, cancer stem-like cells
- DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- JAK, Janus kinase
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDK, phosphoinositide dependent kinase
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PI3K
- PI3K, phoshatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, room temperature
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- WT, wild type
- cancer stem-like cells
- hEGF, human epidermal growth factor
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- poly-HEMA, poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- stemness
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Vilas Jain
- a Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN); Linköping Univ. ; Linköping , Sweden
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Krüger J, Brachs S, Trappiel M, Kintscher U, Meyborg H, Wellnhofer E, Thöne-Reineke C, Stawowy P, Östman A, Birkenfeld AL, Böhmer FD, Kappert K. Enhanced insulin signaling in density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:325-36. [PMID: 25830095 PMCID: PMC4354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance can be triggered by enhanced dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor or downstream components in the insulin signaling cascade through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Downregulating density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) resulted in an improved metabolic status in previous analyses. This phenotype was primarily caused by hepatic DEP-1 reduction. Methods Here we further elucidated the role of DEP-1 in glucose homeostasis by employing a conventional knockout model to explore the specific contribution of DEP-1 in metabolic tissues. Ptprj−/− (DEP-1 deficient) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping was combined with analyses of phosphorylation patterns of insulin signaling components. Additionally, experiments with skeletal muscle cells and muscle tissue were performed to assess the role of DEP-1 for glucose uptake. Results High-fat diet fed-Ptprj−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, leptin levels and blood pressure were reduced in Ptprj−/− mice. DEP-1 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation of components of the insulin signaling cascade in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after insulin challenge. The beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis in vivo was corroborated by increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in which DEP-1 was downregulated, and in skeletal muscle of Ptprj−/− mice. Conclusion Together, these data establish DEP-1 as novel negative regulator of insulin signaling.
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Key Words
- DEP-1, density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- Density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphorylation
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Krüger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Meyborg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Östman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:03, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank D Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Miller MJ, Foy KC, Overholser JP, Nahta R, Kaumaya PT. HER-3 peptide vaccines/mimics: Combined therapy with IGF-1R, HER-2, and HER-1 peptides induces synergistic antitumor effects against breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e956012. [PMID: 25941588 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.956012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER-3/ErbB3) is a unique member of the human epidermal growth factor family of receptors, because it lacks intrinsic kinase activity and ability to heterodimerize with other members. HER-3 is frequently upregulated in cancers with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER-1/ErbB1) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/ErBB2) overexpression, and targeting HER-3 may provide a route for overcoming resistance to agents that target EGFR or HER-2. We have previously developed vaccines and peptide mimics for HER-1, HER-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we extend our studies by identifying and evaluating novel HER-3 peptide epitopes encompassing residues 99-122, 140-162, 237-269 and 461-479 of the HER-3 extracellular domain as putative B-cell epitopes for active immunotherapy against HER-3 positive cancers. We show that the HER-3 vaccine antibodies and HER-3 peptide mimics induced antitumor responses: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, inhibition of receptor phosphorylation, induction of apoptosis and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Two of the HER-3 epitopes 237-269 (domain II) and 461-479 (domain III) significantly inhibited growth of xenografts originating from both pancreatic (BxPC3) and breast (JIMT-1) cancers. Combined therapy of HER-3 (461-471) epitope with HER-2 (266-296), HER-2 (597-626), HER-1 (418-435) and insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF-1R) (56-81) vaccine antibodies and peptide mimics show enhanced antitumor effects in breast and pancreatic cancer cells. This study establishes the hypothesis that combination immunotherapy targeting different signal transduction pathways can provide effective antitumor immunity and long-term control of HER-1 and HER-2 overexpressing cancers.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody dependent, cellular cytotoxicity
- Antibodies
- ECD, extracellular domain
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FDA, Federal Drug Administration
- HER-1
- HER-1 (EGFR or ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor
- HER-2
- HER-2 (ErbB2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HER-3 (ErbB3), human epidermal growth factor receptor 3
- HER-3 (erbb3)
- HER-4 (ErbB4), human epidermal growth factor receptor 4
- HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography
- IGF-1R
- Immunotherapy
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- MVF, Measles virus fusion protein
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TKIs, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
- immunogenicity
- mAb, monocolonal antibody
- peptide vaccines
- peptidomimetics
- receptor tyrosine kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Jo Miller
- Department of Microbiology; The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kevin C Foy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Jay P Overholser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology; Emory University , Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Pravin Tp Kaumaya
- Department of Microbiology; The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center ; Columbus, OH USA ; The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; and the Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH USA
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19
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Pénzes K, Baumann C, Szabadkai I, Őrfi L, Kéri G, Ullrich A, Torka R. Combined inhibition of AXL, Lyn and p130Cas kinases block migration of triple negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1571-82. [PMID: 25482942 PMCID: PMC4623058 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.956634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the migration of metastatic cancer cells is a major goal in the therapy of cancer. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is one of the main triggers for cancer cell migration in neoplasia of breast, colon, skin, thyroid and prostate. In our study we analyzed the effect of AXL inhibition on cell motility and viability in triple negative breast cancer cell lines overexpressing AXL. Thereby we reveal that the compound BMS777607, exhibiting the lowest IC50 values for inhibition of AXL kinase activity in the studied cell lines, attenuates cell motility to a lower extent than the kinase inhibitors MPCD84111 and SKI606. By analyzing the target kinases of MPCD84111 and SKI606 with kinase profiling assays we identified Lyn, a Src family kinase, as a target of both compounds. Knockdown of Lyn and the migration-related CRK-associated substrate (p130Cas), had a significant inhibitory effect on cell migration. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of combinatorial or multikinase inhibition of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase in the therapy of triple negative breast cancer.
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Key Words
- AKT, RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase
- AXL
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- Gas6, growth arrest specific 6
- Lyn
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinases
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Pyk2, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TNBC, triple negative breast cancer
- breast cancer
- migration
- migration related kinases
- p130Cas
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Pénzes
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group; Department of Medical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christine Baumann
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - László Őrfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd.; Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Kéri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd.; Budapest, Hungary,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group; Department of Medical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany,Correspondence to: Robert Torka;
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20
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Anreddy N, Patel A, Sodani K, Kathawala RJ, Chen EP, Wurpel JN, Chen ZS. PD173074, a selective FGFR inhibitor, reverses MRP7 (ABCC10)-mediated MDR. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:202-7. [PMID: 26579384 PMCID: PMC4629066 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 7 (MRP7, ABCC10) is a recently identified member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, which adequately confers resistance to a diverse group of antineoplastic agents, including taxanes, vinca alkaloids and nucleoside analogs among others. Clinical studies indicate an increased MRP7 expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) compared to a normal healthy lung tissue. Recent studies revealed increased paclitaxel sensitivity in the Mrp7−/− mouse model compared to their wild-type counterparts. This demonstrates that MRP7 is a key contributor in developing drug resistance. Recently our group reported that PD173074, a specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, could significantly reverse P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR. However, whether PD173074 can interact with and inhibit other MRP members is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the ability of PD173074 to reverse MRP7-mediated MDR. We found that PD173074, at non-toxic concentration, could significantly increase the cellular sensitivity to MRP7 substrates. Mechanistic studies indicated that PD173074 (1 μmol/L) significantly increased the intracellular accumulation and in-turn decreased the efflux of paclitaxel by inhibiting the transport activity without altering expression levels of the MRP7 protein, thereby representing a promising therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of chemoresistant cancer patients.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP binding cassette
- ABCC10
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- Fibroblast growth factor receptor
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MRP7, multidrug resistance protein 7
- MSDs, membrane-spanning domains
- Multidrug resistance
- NBDs, nucleotide-binding domains
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinomas
- PD173074
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
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21
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Herrmann D, Magenau A, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Monitoring the dynamics of Src activity in response to anti-invasive dasatinib treatment at a subcellular level using dual intravital imaging. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:478-86. [PMID: 25482620 PMCID: PMC4594577 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer remains an extensive field of research. Intravital imaging is an emerging tool, which can be used in drug discovery to facilitate and fine-tune maximum drug response in live tumors. A greater understanding of intratumoural delivery and pharmacodynamics of a drug can be obtained by imaging drug target-specific fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors in real time. Here, we outline our recent work using a Src-FRET biosensor as a readout of Src activity to gauge optimal tyrosine kinase inhibition in response to dasatinib treatment regimens in vivo. By simultaneously monitoring both the inhibition of Src using FRET imaging, and the modulation of the surrounding extracellular matrix using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, we were able to show enhanced drug penetrance and delivery to live pancreatic tumors. We discuss the implications of this dual intravital imaging approach in the context of altered tumor-stromal interactions, while summarising how this approach could be applied to assess other combination strategies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, Moriwaki H. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases for chemoprevention by green tea catechin, EGCG. Int J Mol Sci. 2008;9:1034-1049. [PMID: 19325845 PMCID: PMC2658783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9061034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between consumption of tea, especially green tea, and development of cancers. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies indicate strong chemopreventive effects for green tea and its constituents against cancers of various organs. (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, appears to be the most biologically active constituent in tea with respect to inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent studies indicate that the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are one of the critical targets of EGCG to inhibit cancer cell growth. EGCG inhibits the activation of EGFR (erbB1), HER2 (neu/erbB2) and also HER3 (neu/erbB3), which belong to subclass I of the RTK superfamily, in various types of human cancer cells. The activation of IGF-1 and VEGF receptors, the other members of RTK family, is also inhibited by EGCG. In addition, EGCG alters membrane lipid organization and thus inhibits the dimerization and activation of EGFR. Therefore, EGCG inhibits the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which are RTK-related cell signaling pathways, as well as the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB, thereby modulating the expression of target genes which are associated with induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. These findings are significant because abnormalities in the expression and function of RTKs and their downstream effectors play a critical role in the development of several types of human malignancies. In this paper we review evidence indicating that EGCG exerts anticancer effects, at least in part, through inhibition of activation of the specific RTKs and conclude that targeting RTKs and related signaling pathway by tea catechins might be a promising strategy for the prevention of human cancers.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- EC, (–)-epicatechin
- ECG, epicatechin-3-gallate
- EGC, (–)-epigallocatechin
- EGCG
- EGCG, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
- IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IKKα, inhibitor of κB kinase-α
- IκBα, inhibitor of κB-α
- LR, laminin receptor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PGE2prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Poly E, polyphenon E
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- Stat, signal transducers and activator of transcription
- TGFα, transforming growth factor-α
- TRAMP, transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate
- Tea catechins
- UV, ultraviolet
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- cell signaling pathway
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