1
|
Alsuraih M, O'Hara SP, Woodrum JE, Pirius NE, LaRusso NF. Genetic or pharmacological reduction of cholangiocyte senescence improves inflammation and fibrosis in the Mdr2 -/- mouse. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100250. [PMID: 33870156 PMCID: PMC8044431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Cholangiocyte senescence is important in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We found that CDKN2A (p16), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and mediator of senescence, was increased in cholangiocytes of patients with PSC and from a PSC mouse model (multidrug resistance 2; Mdr2-/-). Given that recent data suggest that a reduction of senescent cells is beneficial in different diseases, we hypothesised that inhibition of cholangiocyte senescence would ameliorate disease in Mdr2-/- mice. Methods We used 2 novel genetic murine models to reduce cholangiocyte senescence: (i) p16Ink4a apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase (INK-ATTAC)xMdr2-/-, in which the dimerizing molecule AP20187 promotes selective apoptotic removal of p16-expressing cells; and (ii) mice deficient in both p16 and Mdr2. Mdr2-/- mice were also treated with fisetin, a flavonoid molecule that selectively kills senescent cells. p16, p21, and inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) were measured by PCR, and hepatic fibrosis via a hydroxyproline assay and Sirius red staining. Results AP20187 treatment reduced p16 and p21 expression by ~35% and ~70% (p >0.05), respectively. Expression of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1) decreased (by 60%, 40%, and 60%, respectively), and fibrosis was reduced by ~60% (p >0.05). Similarly, p16-/-xMdr2-/- mice exhibited reduced p21 expression (70%), decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β (60%), and MCP-1 (65%) and reduced fibrosis (~50%) (p >0.05) compared with Mdr2-/- mice. Fisetin treatment reduced expression of p16 and p21 (80% and 90%, respectively), TNF-α (50%), IL-1β (50%), MCP-1 (70%), and fibrosis (60%) (p >0.05). Conclusions Our data support a pathophysiological role of cholangiocyte senescence in the progression of PSC, and that targeted removal of senescent cholangiocytes is a plausible therapeutic approach. Lay summary Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a fibroinflammatory, incurable biliary disease. We previously reported that biliary epithelial cell senescence (cell-cycle arrest and hypersecretion of profibrotic molecules) is an important phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Herein, we demonstrate that reducing the number of senescent cholangiocytes leads to a reduction in the expression of inflammatory, fibrotic, and senescence markers associated with the disease. p16 and p21 are major mediators of cellular senescence and are highly expressed in cholangiocytes in a Mdr2-/- murine model of PSC. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype markers are all increased in cholangiocytes of Mdr2-/- mice. Genetic and pharmacological elimination of senescent cholangiocytes reduces peribiliary inflammation and fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice. Preclinical work suggests that fisetin, a naturally occurring and safe senolytic flavonoid, has the potential to be tested in patients with PSC.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- AP, AP20187
- Apoptosis resistance
- BCL2, B cell lymphoma 2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- Biliary epithelial cell
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
- Cellular senescence
- Cholestatic liver disease
- Col.1A, collagen 1A
- D, dasatinib
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- FKBP-Casp8, FK506-binding-protein-caspase 8
- IF, immunofluorescence
- INK-ATTAC, p16Ink4a apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase
- IR, irradiation
- MCL1, myeloid cell leukemia 1
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NHC, normal human cholangiocyte
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Q, quercetin
- RT, reverse transcription
- SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-gal
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- Senolytics
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- WT, wild-type
- mdr2, multidrug-resistance 2
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- β-Gal, β-galactosidase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsuraih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven P O'Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julie E Woodrum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas E Pirius
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Saleh F, Khashab F, Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Al-Maghrebi M. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2174-2184. [PMID: 32714044 PMCID: PMC7376125 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.
Collapse
Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASK1, apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BTB, blood-testis barrier
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- Chk, checkpoint kinase
- DAPI, diamidino phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GCA, germ cell apoptosis
- GRP78, glucose-related protein 78
- Germ cell apoptosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2AX, histone variant
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IRE1, inositol requiring kinase 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH oxidase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2, molecular oxygen
- O2−, superoxide anion
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PCC, protein carbonyl content
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, pancreatic ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- ST, seminiferous tubule
- TOS, testicular oxidative stress
- TRAF-2, tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Testicular ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- eIF2α1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α1
- gDNA, genomic DNA
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- kDa, kilodalton
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-, phosphorylated
- phox, phagocyte oxidase
- γ-H2AX, 139 serine-phosphorylated histone variant
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schwaber J, Andersen S, Nielsen L. Shedding light: The importance of reverse transcription efficiency standards in data interpretation. Biomol Detect Quantif 2019; 17:100077. [PMID: 30805297 PMCID: PMC6374950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-to-cDNA conversion step in transcriptomics experiments is widely recognised as inefficient and variable, casting doubt on the ability to do quantitative transcriptomics analyses. Multiple studies have focused on ways to optimise this process, resulting in contradictory recommendations. Here we explore the problem of reverse transcription efficiency using digital PCR and the RT method’s impact on subsequent data analysis. Using synthetic RNA standards, an example experiment is presented, outlining a method to (1) determine relevant efficiency and variability values and then to (2) incorporate this information into downstream analyses as a way to improve the accuracy of quantitative transcriptomics experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schwaber
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Stacey Andersen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College and Cooper Roads, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067 QLD, Australia
| | - Lars Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College and Cooper Roads, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067 QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Virtanen E, Mannonen L, Lappalainen M, Auvinen E. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus by nucleotide sequencing: A robust method for a diagnostic laboratory. MethodsX 2018; 5:414-418. [PMID: 30050759 PMCID: PMC6060086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally significant blood-borne agent causing liver diseases, and it has infected over 170 million people worldwide. HCV is a diverse group of RNA viruses currently divided into genotypes 1-7 as well as subtypes. HCV infection can be treated with antiviral drugs, but the HCV genotype has to be determined for optimal selection of treatment strategy. The aim of this study was to set up a sequencing-based HCV genotyping method suitable for the workflow of a diagnostic laboratory. The established method is robust and stable, and it utilizes a one-step reverse transcription and PCR amplification of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and partial Core region of the HCV genome. Amplification products are sequenced using the standard Sanger method, and the genotype is determined by using a freely accessible web-based genotyping tool. The method was validated at the Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory using 238 previously genotyped serum samples. •A new one-step RT-PCR method for the amplification of the 5' untranslated region and partial Core region of hepatitis C virus was established.•HCV genotype is determined using Sanger sequencing and a freely accessible, easy-to-use web-based genotyping tool.•The method is robust, reproducible and suitable for diagnostic laboratory workflow, and it requires no costly instrumentation or specialized sequence analysis skills.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hösel M, Quasdorff M, Ringelhan M, Kashkar H, Debey-Pascher S, Sprinzl MF, Bockmann JH, Arzberger S, Webb D, von Olshausen G, Weber A, Schultze JL, Büning H, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Hepatitis B Virus Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Supporting Hepatocyte Survival and Virus Replication. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:339-63. [PMID: 28884137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but molecular mechanisms driving liver disease and carcinogenesis are largely unknown. We therefore studied cellular pathways altered by HBV infection. METHODS We performed gene expression profiling of primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV and proved the results in HBV-replicating cell lines and human liver tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) was examined in HBV-replicating human hepatocytes, HBV-replicating mice, and liver tissue from HBV-infected individuals using Western blotting, STAT3-luciferase reporter assay, and immunohistochemistry. The consequences of STAT3 activation on HBV infection and cell survival were studied by chemical inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3. RESULTS Gene expression profiling of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes detected no interferon response, while genes encoding for acute phase and antiapoptotic proteins were up-regulated. This gene regulation was confirmed in liver tissue samples of patients with chronic HBV infection and in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathway analysis revealed activation of STAT3 to be the major regulator. Interleukin-6-dependent and -independent activation of STAT3 was detected in HBV-replicating hepatocytes in cell culture and in vivo. Prevention of STAT3 activation by inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinases as well as small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3-induced apoptosis and reduced HBV replication and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS HBV activates STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes to foster its own replication but also to prevent apoptosis of infected cells. This very likely supports HBV-related carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Key Words
- APR, acute phase response
- Apoptosis
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HBV pg RNA, hepatitis B pregenomic RNA
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HBVtg, hepatitis B transgenic
- HBeAg, hepatitis B early antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- STAT3 Signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cRNA, complementary RNA
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- p.i., postinfection
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
Collapse
|
6
|
Alikian M, Gale RP, Apperley JF, Foroni L. Molecular techniques for the personalised management of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Biomol Detect Quantif 2017; 11:4-20. [PMID: 28331814 PMCID: PMC5348117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is the paradigm for targeted cancer therapy. RT-qPCR is the gold standard for monitoring response to tyrosine kinase-inhibitor (TKI) therapy based on the reduction of blood or bone marrow BCR-ABL1. Some patients with CML and very low or undetectable levels of BCR-ABL1 transcripts can stop TKI-therapy without CML recurrence. However, about 60 percent of patients discontinuing TKI-therapy have rapid leukaemia recurrence. This has increased the need for more sensitive and specific techniques to measure residual CML cells. The clinical challenge is to determine when it is safe to stop TKI-therapy. In this review we describe and critically evaluate the current state of CML clinical management, different technologies used to monitor measurable residual disease (MRD) focus on comparingRT-qPCR and new methods entering clinical practice. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of new methods.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABL1, Abelson murine leukaemia virus
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- AP, accelerated phase
- ARQ, armored RNA Quant
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BC, blast crisis
- BCR, breakpoint cluster region
- BM, bone marrow
- BMT, bone marrow transplantation
- Bp, base pair
- CAP, College of American Pathology
- CES, capillary electrophoresis sequencing
- CML
- CML, chronic myeloid leukaemia
- CMR, complete molecular response/remission
- CP, chronic phase
- DESTINY, De-Escalation and Stopping Treatment of Imatinib, Nilotinib or sprYcel in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EAC, Europe Against Cancer
- ELN, European Leukaemia Net
- EURO-SKI, European Stop Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Study
- GUSB, glucuronidase beta gene
- IC, inhibotory concentration
- IRIS, interferon and cytarabine versus STI571
- IS, International Scale
- InDels, insertions and deletions
- KDa, Kilo Dalton
- Kbp, Kilo Base Pairs
- LPC, leukemic progenitor cells
- LSC, leukemic stem cell
- LoD, limit of detection
- LoQ, limit of quantification
- M-bcr, major-breakpoint cluster region
- MMR, major molecular response/remission
- MR, deep molecular response/remission
- MRD
- MRD, minimal residual disease
- Mbp, mega base pair
- Molecular monitoring
- NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network
- NEQAS, National External Quality Assessement Service
- NGS
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- NTC, No Template Control
- PB, Peripheral Blood
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- PFS, Progression Free Survival
- Ph, Philadelpia
- Q-PCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- QC, Quality Control
- RT, reverse transcription
- RT-dPCR, reverse transcription-digital polymerase chain reaction
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SCT, stem cell transplant
- SMRT, single-molecule real-time sequencing
- STIM, stop imatinib
- TKD, tyrosine kinase domain
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- ZMW, zero-mode wave-guided
- allo-SCT, Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
- cDNA, coding or complimentary DNA
- dMIQE, Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments
- dPCR
- dPCR, digital polymerase chain reaction
- emPCR, emulsion PCR
- gDNA, genomic deoxyribonucleic acid
- m-bcr, minor-breakpoint cluster region
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- nM, manomolar
- μ-bcr, micro-breakpoint cluster region
- μg, microgram
- μl, microliter
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alikian
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London UK; Imperial Molecular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London UK
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London UK
| | - Letizia Foroni
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han W, Sfondouris ME, Jones FE. Direct coupling of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) and STAT5A signaling is required to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:323-327. [PMID: 28955922 PMCID: PMC5613636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary luminal progenitor cell maturation and mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Coupled HER4 and STAT5A signaling is mediated, in part, through association of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) with STAT5A at STAT5A target gene promoters where 4ICD functions as a STAT5A transcriptional coactivator. Despite an essential role for coupled 4ICD and STAT5A signaling in mammary gland development, the mechanistic basis of 4ICD and STAT5A cooperative signaling remains unexplored. Here we show for the first time that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact through STAT5A recruitment and binding to HER4/4ICD residue Y984. Accordingly, altering the 4ICD Y984 to phenylalanine results in a dramatic reduction of STAT5A and 4ICD-Y984F interacting complexes coimmunoprecipitated with HER4 or STAT5A specific antibodies. We further show that disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction has an important physiological impact on mammary epithelial cell differentiation. HC11 mammary epithelial cells with stable expression of 4ICD undergo differentiation with significantly increased expression of the STAT5A target genes and differentiation markers β-casein and WAP. In contrast, HC11 cells stably expressing 4ICD-Y984F failed to undergo differentiation with basal expression levels of β-casein and WAP. Differentiation in this cell system was induced in the absence of exogenous prolactin indicating that 4ICD activity is sufficient to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Finally, we show that suppression of STAT5A expression abolishes the ability of 4ICD to induce HC11 differentiation and activate β-casein or WAP expression. Taken together our results demonstrate for the first time that direct coupling of 4ICD and STAT5A is both necessary and sufficient to drive mammary epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, our findings that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact to form a physiologically important transcriptional activation complex, provide a mechanistic basis for the in vivo observations that HER4/4ICD and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary gland progenitor cell maturation and initiate lactation at parturition. HER4/4ICD tyrosine 984 mediates a direct interaction with STAT5A. 4ICD expression with an intact Y984 is sufficient to induce mammary differentiation. Mammary differentiation is abolished by disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction. STAT5 expression is required for 4ICD-induced mammary differentiation.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4ICD, HER4 intracellular domain
- ATCC, American type culture collection
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor family
- EGFR-family
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gene expression
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HER4/ERBB4
- HRGα, heregulin alpha
- HRGα1, heregulin beta 1
- Mammary epithelial differentiation
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- RIP, regulated intramembrane cleavage
- RT, reverse transcription
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, src homology 2
- STAT5A
- STAT5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme
- Transactivation
- WAP, whey acidic protein
- YAP, yes-associated protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mary E Sfondouris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Frank E Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kondratov K, Kurapeev D, Popov M, Sidorova M, Minasian S, Galagudza M, Kostareva A, Fedorov A. Heparinase treatment of heparin-contaminated plasma from coronary artery bypass grafting patients enables reliable quantification of microRNAs. Biomol Detect Quantif 2016; 8:9-14. [PMID: 27335806 PMCID: PMC4906134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma collected before cardiac surgery also contain variable amounts of heparin. Evaluation of RT-qPCR inhibition is recommended for all types of clinical samples. Heparinase treatment completely eliminated widely different levels of inhibition. Heparinase treatment causes different (1.5- to 6.5-fold) decrease in the amount of detected RNA for different targets. Heparinase treatment did not influence the technical variability RNA quantification, neither at high nor at low concentration of targets.
Background microRNAs have recently been identified as powerful biomarkers of human disease. Reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantification of nucleic acids in clinical samples contaminated with polymerase inhibitor heparin requires deheparinization. However, the effects of deheparinization procedure on quantification of nucleic acids remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the deheparinization procedure completely eliminates the inhibition of amplification, while maintaining RNA integrity and technical variability of the measured microRNA levels. Methods Heparinized plasma from 9 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the heparin-free plasma from 58 rats were spiked with a synthetic RNA oligonucleotide and total RNA was extracted. The RNA solutions were then treated with heparinase I to remove contaminating heparin prior to reverse transcription. Levels of synthetic spike-in RNA oligonucleotide, as well as endogenous hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-208a-3p, were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The amplification efficiency and presence of inhibitors in individual samples were directly determined using calibration curves. Results In contrast to RNA samples from rat plasma, RNA samples derived from the CABG patient plasma contained inhibitors, which were completely eliminated by treatment with heparinase. The procedure caused a decrease in the amount of detected RNA; however, the technical variability of the measured targets did not change, allowing for the quantification of circulating endogenous hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-208a-3p in the plasma of CABG patients. Conclusions The heparinase treatment procedure enables utilization of RT-qPCR for reliable microRNA quantification in heparinized plasma.
Collapse
Key Words
- Biomarkers
- CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting
- Cq, quantification cycle
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Heparinized plasma
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RNase, ribonuclease
- RT, reverse transcription
- RT-qPCR efficiency
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR
- TP, time point
- cel-miR-39-3p, 3p strand of mature Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA-39
- hsa-miR-1-3p, 3p strand of mature Homo sapiens microRNA-1
- hsa-miR-208a-3p, 3p strand of mature Homo sapiens microRNA-208a
- microRNA quantification
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- tRNA, transfer RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kondratov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kurapeev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Popov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Sidorova
- Department of Biotechnical Systems, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sarkis Minasian
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Translational Medicine, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Fedorov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JJ, Yu J, Bag J, Bakovic M, Cant JP. Translation attenuation via 3' terminal codon usage in bovine csn1s2 is responsible for the difference in αs2- and β-casein profile in milk. RNA Biol 2015; 12:354-67. [PMID: 25826667 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1017231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of secretion of αs2-casein into bovine milk is approximately 25% of that of β-casein, yet mammary expression of their respective mRNA transcripts (csn1s2 and csn2) is not different. Our objective was to identify molecular mechanisms that explain the difference in translation efficiency between csn1s2 and csn2. Cell-free translational efficiency of csn2 was 5 times that of csn1s2. Transcripts of csn1s2 distributed into heavier polysomes than csn2 transcripts, indicating an attenuation of elongation and/or termination. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the 5' and 3' UTRs on translational efficiency were different with luciferase and casein sequences in the coding regions. Substituting the 5' and 3' UTRs from csn2 into csn1s2 did not improve csn1s2 translation, implicating the coding region itself in the translation difference. Deletion of a 28-codon fragment from the 3' terminus of the csn1s2 coding region, which displays codons with low correlations to cell fitness, increased translation to a par with csn2. We conclude that the usage of the last 28 codons of csn1s2 is the main regulatory element that attenuates its expression and is responsible for the differential translational expression of csn1s2 and csn2.
Collapse
Key Words
- 40S, small ribosomal subunit
- 60S, large ribosomal subunit
- AA, amino acid
- ARE, AU-rich element
- Apaf-1, apoptosis protease activating factor 1
- DLG1, disc large 1 ncosuppressor
- FMR1, fragile X mental retardation 1
- HRP, horseradish eroxidase
- IE, inhibitory element
- IRE, iron-responsive element
- IRES, nternal ribosome entry site
- IRP, iron-regulatory protein
- MACT, bovine mammary epithelial cell
- PABP, poly(A) binding protein
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RRL, rabbit reticulocyte lysate
- RT, reverse transcription
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SE, standard error
- STR, single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein
- TBS-T, Tris-buffered saline containing 0.5%
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- Tween 20
- UTR, untranslated region
- aa-tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA
- aaRS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
- bovine casein
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cell-free translation
- coding region
- codon usage
- eEF, eukaryotic elongation factor
- eIF, eukaryotic initiation factor
- eRF, eukaryotic termination factor
- m7G, 7-methylated uanidine
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qPCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- sAUG, start codon
- tRNA, transfer RNA
- translational efficiency
- uAUG, upstream start codon
- uORF, open reading frame
- untranslated region
- ΔG, free energy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Kim
- a Animal and Poultry Science; University of Guelph ; Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Daniels SM, Sinck L, Ward NJ, Melendez-Peña CE, Scarborough RJ, Azar I, Rance E, Daher A, Pang KM, Rossi JJ, Gatignol A. HIV-1 RRE RNA acts as an RNA silencing suppressor by competing with TRBP-bound siRNAs. RNA Biol 2015; 12:123-35. [PMID: 25668122 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1014759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins and RNAs expressed by mammalian viruses have been reported to interfere with RNA interference (RNAi) activity. We investigated the ability of the HIV-1-encoded RNA elements Trans-Activation Response (TAR) and Rev-Response Element (RRE) to alter RNAi. MicroRNA let7-based assays showed that RRE is a potent suppressor of RNAi activity, while TAR displayed moderate RNAi suppression. We demonstrate that RRE binds to TAR-RNA Binding Protein (TRBP), an essential component of the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). The binding of TAR and RRE to TRBP displaces small interfering (si)RNAs from binding to TRBP. Several stem-deleted RRE mutants lost their ability to suppress RNAi activity, which correlated with a reduced ability to compete with siRNA-TRBP binding. A lentiviral vector expressing TAR and RRE restricted RNAi, but RNAi was restored when Rev or GagPol were coexpressed. Adenoviruses are restricted by RNAi and encode their own suppressors of RNAi, the Virus-Associated (VA) RNA elements. RRE enhanced the replication of wild-type and VA-deficient adenovirus. Our work describes RRE as a novel suppressor of RNAi that acts by competing with siRNAs rather than by disrupting the RISC. This function is masked in lentiviral vectors co-expressed with viral proteins and thus will not affect their use in gene therapy. The potent RNAi suppressive effects of RRE identified in this study could be used to enhance the expression of RNAi restricted viruses used in oncolysis such as adenoviruses.
Collapse
Key Words
- Ago2, Argonaute-2
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EMSA, electrophoresis mobility shift assay
- FL, firefly luciferase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- NC, nucleocapsid
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- RISC, RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
- RL, Renilla luciferase
- RNA interference
- RNA silencing suppressor
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RRE, Rev Response Element
- RSS, RNA silencing suppressor
- RT, reverse transcription
- Rev-Response Element RNA
- TAR RNA Binding Protein (TRBP)
- TAR, trans-activation responsive element
- TRBP, TAR RNA Binding Protein
- Trans-Activation Response Element
- UTR, untranslated region
- VA, virus-associated
- WT, wild-type
- adenovirus
- ds, double-stranded
- lentiviral vectors
- miRNA, micro RNA
- pre-miRNA, precursor miRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanne M Daniels
- a Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory ; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research ; Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shah M, Rennoll SA, Raup-Konsavage WM, Yochum GS. A dynamic exchange of TCF3 and TCF4 transcription factors controls MYC expression in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:323-32. [PMID: 25659031 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.980643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) by activating expression of the c-MYC proto-oncogene (MYC). In the nucleus, the β-catenin transcriptional co-activator binds T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors, and together TCF/β-catenin complexes activate MYC expression through Wnt responsive DNA regulatory elements (WREs). The MYC 3' WRE maps 1.4-kb downstream from the MYC transcription stop site and binds TCF4/β-catenin transcription complexes to activate MYC. However, the underlying mechanisms for how this element operates are not fully understood. Here, we report that the TCF family member, TCF3, plays an important role in regulating MYC expression in CRCs. We demonstrate that TCF3 binds the MYC 3' WRE to repress MYC. When TCF3 is depleted using shRNAs, the MYC 3' WRE is more available to bind TCF4/β-catenin complexes. Stimulating downstream Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting GSK3β causes an exchange of TCF3 with TCF4/β-catenin complexes to activate MYC. Finally, this transcription factor switch at the MYC 3' WRE controls MYC expression as quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle and progress to S phase. These results indicate that a dynamic interplay of TCF transcription factors governs MYC gene expression in CRCs.
Collapse
Key Words
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- Lef, Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
- LiCl, lithium chloride
- MYC
- MYC, myelocytomatosis
- RT, reverse transcription
- TCF, T-cell factor
- TCF3
- TCF4
- TLE, Transducin-like enhancer of split
- WRE
- WRE, Wnt responsive DNA element
- colorectal cancer
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- transcription
- β-catenin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Shah
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine ; Hershey , PA USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huo Q, Kayikci M, Odermatt P, Meyer K, Michels O, Saxena S, Ule J, Schümperli D. Splicing changes in SMA mouse motoneurons and SMN-depleted neuroblastoma cells: evidence for involvement of splicing regulatory proteins. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1430-46. [PMID: 25692239 PMCID: PMC4601534 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2014.996494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by deletions or mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The second gene copy, SMN2, produces some, but not enough, functional SMN protein. SMN is essential to assemble small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that form the spliceosome. However, it is not clear whether SMA is caused by defects in this function that could lead to splicing changes in all tissues, or by the impairment of an additional, less well characterized, but motoneuron-specific SMN function. We addressed the first possibility by exon junction microarray analysis of motoneurons (MNs) isolated by laser capture microdissection from a severe SMA mouse model. This revealed changes in multiple U2-dependent splicing events. Moreover, splicing appeared to be more strongly affected in MNs than in other cells. By testing mutiple genes in a model of progressive SMN depletion in NB2a neuroblastoma cells, we obtained evidence that U2-dependent splicing changes occur earlier than U12-dependent ones. As several of these changes affect genes coding for splicing regulators, this may acerbate the splicing response induced by low SMN levels and induce secondary waves of splicing alterations.
Collapse
Key Words
- ESE, exonic splicing enhancer
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- MN, motoneuron
- NMD, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
- NMJ, neuromuscular junction, PCR
- RT, reverse transcription
- SMA, Spinal Muscular Atrophy
- SMN, Survival Motor Neuron
- Spinal Muscular Atrophy
- TcRβ, T-cell receptor β chain
- exon junction microarray
- hz, heterozygote, LCM
- laser capture microdissection
- major spliceosome
- minor spliceosome
- motoneurons
- neurodegerative disease
- polymerase chain reaction, qPCR
- real-time (quantitative) PCR
- sh, short hairpin
- snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid
- snRNP assembly
- snRNP, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
- splicing
- splicing regulators
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huo
- a Institute of Cell Biology ; University of Bern ; Bern , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elbeshehy EK, Metwali EM, Almaghrabi OA. Antiviral activity of Thuja orientalis extracts against watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) on Citrullus lanatus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:211-9. [PMID: 25737655 PMCID: PMC4336445 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV) is considered as an important virus infecting watermelon and causing adverse effects on crop productivity. To overcome this problem one of the main objectives of plant breeders is to make these strains less effective in the ability to infect plants by treatment with plant extracts. Due to the advantages of plant tissue culture, in vitro, in the process of the selection of different cultivars under biotic stress, this study was conducted to achieve this aim by evaluating the effect of three concentrations of Thuja extract on the multiplication of WMV in watermelon by measuring callus fresh weight and soluble proteins (mg g(-1) fresh weight) of healthy and infected hypocotyl explants. Also, WMV was isolated from naturally infected watermelon and characterized as potyvirus by serological and molecular analyses. The isolated virus gave a positive reaction with WMV antiserum compared with other antibodies of CMV, ZYMV and SqMV using DAS-ELISA. RT-PCR, with the specific primer for WMV-cp. gene, yielded 825 base pair DNA fragments. The results that belong to soluble protein analysis indicated that infected hypocotyl explants treated with 6 g L(-1) recorded the highest rate in the number of soluble protein bands compared with the rest of treatments. As a conclusion of these results, we can recommend to apply the Thuja extract at 6 g L(-1) as a optimum dosage to decrease the infection caused by watermelon mosaic potyvirus.
Collapse
Key Words
- Biotic stress
- CMV, cucumber mosaic virus
- Callus
- Citrullus lanatus
- DAS-ELISA, double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay
- DSDAW, double sterilized distilled autoclaved water
- MS, Murshige and Skoog medium
- Molecular analysis
- Protein
- RT, reverse transcription
- Reverse transcription
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SqMV, squash mosaic virus
- Thuja orientalis extracts
- Thuja orientalis, T. orientalis
- WMV, watermelon mosaic virus
- Watermelon mosaic virus
- ZYMV, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esam K.F. Elbeshehy
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, North-Jeddah, King Abdulaziz University, 21463 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ehab M.R. Metwali
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, North-Jeddah, King Abdulaziz University, 21463 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Almaghrabi
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, North-Jeddah, King Abdulaziz University, 21463 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu S, Ren Z, Wang Y, Ding X, Jiang Y. Preferential expression of cytochrome CYP CYP2R1 but not CYP1B1 in human cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:464-9. [PMID: 26579418 PMCID: PMC4629107 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes metabolize numerous endogenous substrates, such as retinoids, androgens, estrogens and vitamin D, that can modulate important cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The aim of this study is to characterize the expression of CYP genes in CD34+ human cord blood hematopoietic stem and early progenitor cells (CBHSPCs) as a first step toward assessment of the potential biological functions of CYP enzymes in regulating the expansion or differentiation of these cells. CD34+ CBHSPCs were purified from umbilical cord blood via antibody affinity chromatography. Purity of CD34+ CBHSPCs was assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RNA was isolated from purified CD34+ CBHSPCs and total mononuclear cells (MNCs) for RNA-PCR analysis of CYP expression. Fourteen human CYPs were detected in the initial screening with qualitative RT-PCR in CD34+ CBHSPCs. Further quantitative RNA-PCR analysis of the detected CYP transcripts yielded evidence for preferential expression of CYP2R1 in CD34+ CBHSPCs relative to MNCs; and for greater expression of CYP1B1 in MNCs relative to CD34+ CBHSPCs. These findings provide the basis for further studies on possible functions of CYP2R1 and CYP1B1 in CBHSPCs׳ proliferation and/or differentiation and their potential utility as targets for drugs designed to modulate CD34+ CBHSPC expansion or differentiation.
Collapse
Key Words
- CBHSPCs, cord blood HSPCs
- CD34+
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CYP1B1
- CYP2R1
- Ct, threshold cycle
- Cytochrome P450
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- Gene expression
- HSPCs, hematopoietic stem and early progenitor cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- MNCs, mononuclear cells
- OD, optical density
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PE, R-phycoerythrin
- RT, reverse transcription
- bp, base pair
- kbp, kilobase pair
Collapse
|