1
|
Zou Y, Liao L, Dai J, Mazhar M, Yang G, Wang H, Dechsupa N, Wang L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles/exosome: A promising therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Regen Ther 2023; 22:181-190. [PMID: 36860266 PMCID: PMC9969203 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second largest type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. The vast majority of survivors suffer from serious neurological defects. Despite the well-established etiology and diagnose, there is still some controversy over the ideal treatment strategy. MSC-based therapy has become an attractive and promising strategy for the treatment of ICH through immune regulation and tissue regeneration. However, accumulating studies have revealed that MSC-based therapeutic effects are mainly attributed to the paracrine properties of MSC, especially small extracellular vesicles/exosome (EVs/exo) which are considered to be the key mediators of the protective efficacy from MSCs. Moreover, some papers reported that MSC-EVs/exo have better therapeutic effects than MSCs. Therefore, EVs/exo has become a new choice for the treatment of ICH stroke in recent years. In this review, we mainly concentrate on the current research progress on the use of MSC-EVs/exo in the treatment of ICH and the existing challenges in their transplation from lab to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxia Zou
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lishang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery,The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jian Dai
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Honglian Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Corresponding author.
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu C, Xu Q, Wang H, Tu B, Zeng J, Zhao P, Shi M, Qiu H, Huang Y. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus using ACE2-engineered extracellular vesicles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1523-1533. [PMID: 34522576 PMCID: PMC8427979 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) throughout the world has resulted in stressful healthcare burdens and global health crises. Developing an effective measure to protect people from infection is an urgent need. The blockage of interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and S protein is considered an essential target for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) drugs. A full-length ACE2 protein could be a potential drug to block early entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. In this study, a therapeutic strategy was developed by using extracellular vesicles (EVs) with decoy receptor ACE2 for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. The EVs embedded with engineered ACE2 (EVs-ACE2) were prepared; the EVs-ACE2 were derived from an engineered cell line with stable ACE2 expression. The potential effect of the EVs-ACE2 on anti-SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo neutralization experiments using the pseudovirus with the S protein (S-pseudovirus). EVs-ACE2 can inhibit the infection of S-pseudovirus in various cells, and importantly, the mice treated with intranasal administration of EVs-ACE2 can suppress the entry of S-pseudovirus into the mucosal epithelium. Therefore, the intranasal EVs-ACE2 could be a preventive medicine to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This EVs-based strategy offers a potential route to COVID-19 drug development.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE2
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- BSA, bovine albumin
- COVID-19
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Extracellular vesicles
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Intranasal administration
- NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis
- Neutralization
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Pseudovirus
- RIPA, radio immunoprecipitation assay
- RLU, relative luminescence units
- S protein, spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Spike protein
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- WB, western blot
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Canhao Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510450, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510450, China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, SIMM, CAS, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Jiaxin Zeng
- Artemisinin Research Center, First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510450, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Mingjie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, SIMM, CAS, Zhongshan 528437, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China
- Taizhou University, School of Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, Taizhou 318000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the most common primary liver tumours, whose incidence and associated mortality have increased over recent decades. Liver cancer is often diagnosed late when curative treatments are no longer an option. Characterising new molecular determinants of liver carcinogenesis is crucial for the development of innovative treatments and clinically relevant biomarkers. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) emerged as promising regulatory molecules involved in cancer onset and progression. Mechanistically, circRNAs are mainly known for their ability to sponge and regulate the activity of microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins, although other functions are emerging (e.g. transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, protein scaffolding). In liver cancer, circRNAs have been shown to regulate tumour cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell death resistance. Their roles in regulating angiogenesis, genome instability, immune surveillance and metabolic switching are emerging. Importantly, circRNAs are detected in body fluids. Due to their circular structure, circRNAs are often more stable than mRNAs or miRNAs and could therefore serve as promising biomarkers - quantifiable with high specificity and sensitivity through minimally invasive methods. This review focuses on the role and the clinical relevance of circRNAs in liver cancer, including the development of innovative biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Key Words
- ASO, antisense oligonucleotide
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CLIP, cross-linking immunoprecipitation
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HN1, haematopoietic- and neurologic-expressed sequence 1
- IRES, internal ribosome entry sites
- NGS, next-generation sequencing
- QKI, Quaking
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- TAM, tumour-associated macrophage
- TSB, target site blockers
- biomarker
- cancer hallmarks
- cholangiocarcinoma
- circRNA
- circRNA, circular RNA
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- miRNA, microRNA
- shRNA, small-hairpin RNA
- snRNP, small nuclear ribonuclear proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Louis
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Leclerc
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35042, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Y, Du C, Duan X, Yao X, Wan J, Jiang Z, Qin Z, Li W, Pan L, Gu Z, Wang F, Wang M, Qin Z. Inhibiting collagen I production and tumor cell colonization in the lung via miR-29a-3p loading of exosome-/liposome-based nanovesicles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:939-951. [PMID: 35256956 PMCID: PMC8897025 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of the most common sites for cancer metastasis. Collagens in the lung provide a permissive microenvironment that supports the colonization and outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells. Therefore, down-regulating the production of collagens may contribute to the inhibition of lung metastasis. It has been suggested that miR-29 exhibits effective anti-fibrotic activity by negatively regulating the expression of collagens. Indeed, our clinical lung tumor data shows that miR-29a-3p expression negatively correlates with collagen I expression in lung tumors and positively correlates with patients’ outcomes. However, suitable carriers need to be selected to deliver this therapeutic miRNA to the lungs. In this study, we found that the chemotherapy drug cisplatin facilitated miR-29a-3p accumulation in the exosomes of lung tumor cells, and this type of exosomes exhibited a specific lung-targeting effect and promising collagen down-regulation. To scale up the preparation and simplify the delivery system, we designed a lung-targeting liposomal nanovesicle (by adjusting the molar ratio of DOTAP/cholesterol–miRNAs to 4:1) to carry miR-29a-3p and mimic the exosomes. This liposomal nanovesicle delivery system significantly down-regulated collagen I secretion by lung fibroblasts in vivo, thus alleviating the establishment of a pro-metastatic environment for circulating lung tumor cells.
Collapse
Key Words
- CPT-Exo, cisplatin elicited lung tumor exosomes
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Collagen I
- DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane
- ECM, extra cellular matrix
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Exosomes
- Fibroblasts
- LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma
- LLC-Exo, LLC-derived exosomes
- Liposomal nanovesicle
- Luc-LPX, Luc-lipoplex
- Lung metastasis
- NC inhibitor, negative control inhibitor
- NC mimic, negative control mimic
- PMN, pre-metastatic niche
- Pre-metastatic niche
- RNA-LPX, RNA-lipoplex
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- miR-29a-3p
- miR-29a-3p-LPX, miR-29a-3p-lipoplex
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Cancan Du
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xixi Duan
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaohan Yao
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ziming Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhongyu Qin
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Longze Pan
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhuoyu Gu
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fazhan Wang
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 371 66913632.
| | - Ming Wang
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 371 66913632.
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 371 66913632.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao Q, Liu X, Yang T, Cui K, Kong L, Yang C, Zhang Z. Nanomedicine for acute respiratory distress syndrome: The latest application, targeting strategy, and rational design. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3060-3091. [PMID: 33977080 PMCID: PMC8102084 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the severe inflammation and destruction of the lung air-blood barrier, leading to irreversible and substantial respiratory function damage. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been encountered with a high risk of ARDS, underscoring the urgency for exploiting effective therapy. However, proper medications for ARDS are still lacking due to poor pharmacokinetics, non-specific side effects, inability to surmount pulmonary barrier, and inadequate management of heterogeneity. The increased lung permeability in the pathological environment of ARDS may contribute to nanoparticle-mediated passive targeting delivery. Nanomedicine has demonstrated unique advantages in solving the dilemma of ARDS drug therapy, which can address the shortcomings and limitations of traditional anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drug treatment. Through passive, active, or physicochemical targeting, nanocarriers can interact with lung epithelium/endothelium and inflammatory cells to reverse abnormal changes and restore homeostasis of the pulmonary environment, thereby showing good therapeutic activity and reduced toxicity. This article reviews the latest applications of nanomedicine in pre-clinical ARDS therapy, highlights the strategies for targeted treatment of lung inflammation, presents the innovative drug delivery systems, and provides inspiration for strengthening the therapeutic effect of nanomedicine-based treatment.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AEC II, alveolar type II epithelial cells
- AM, alveolar macrophages
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Acute lung injury
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Anti-inflammatory therapy
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CLP, cecal ligation and perforation
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DOPE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- DOTAP, 1-diolefin-3-trimethylaminopropane
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DPPC, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- Drug delivery
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ELVIS, extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration
- EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- EphA2, ephrin type-A receptor 2
- Esbp, E-selectin-binding peptide
- FcgR, Fcγ receptor
- GNP, peptide-gold nanoparticle
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MPMVECs, mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Nanomedicine
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCB, poly(carboxybetaine)
- PDA, polydopamine
- PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4
- PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule
- PEG, poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEI, polyetherimide
- PEVs, platelet-derived extracellular vesicles
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PS-PEG, poly(styrene-b-ethylene glycol)
- Pathophysiologic feature
- RBC, red blood cells
- RBD, receptor-binding domains
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S1PLyase, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC1, syndecan-1
- SORT, selective organ targeting
- SP, surfactant protein
- Se, selenium
- Siglec, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TPP, triphenylphosphonium cation
- Targeting strategy
- YSA, YSAYPDSVPMMS
- cRGD, cyclic arginine glycine-d-aspartic acid
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- rSPANb, anti-rat SP-A nanobody
- scFv, single chain variable fragments
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kexin Cui
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Kong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Conglian Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery System, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alameldin S, Costina V, Abdel-Baset HA, Nitschke K, Nuhn P, Neumaier M, Hedtke M. Coupling size exclusion chromatography to ultracentrifugation improves detection of exosomal proteins from human plasma by LC-MS. Pract Lab Med 2021; 26:e00241. [PMID: 34258353 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exosomes are small lipid bilayer vesicles that are defined by their endocytic origin and size range of 30–140 nm. They are constantly produced by different cell types, by both healthy and abnormal cells, and can be isolated from almost all body fluids. Little information exists in isolating exosomes from plasma due to the complexity of its content and the presence of contaminating plasma proteins. Design and methods We carried-out liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of plasma-derived vesicles from 4 healthy donors obtained by 2 coupled methodologies: Ultracentrifugation (UC) coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to isolate and subsequently enrich exosomes. We compared the proteins detected by UC alone and UC coupled with SEC. Results In the coupled UC + SEC methodology we found 52.25% more proteins enriched in exosomes as CD9, Annexins, YWHAZ (14-3-3 family) and others, than by using UC alone. There is also a reduction of 98.8% of contaminating plasma proteins by coupling UC and SEC in comparison to using UC alone. Conclusions We conclude that exosomes can be successfully isolated from plasma using a very simple combination of standard methods, which could largely improve the proteomics profiling of plasma exosomes. Isolating exosomes with the least possible contaminants is very important for their clinical application. Isolating exosomes from human plasma faces considerable challenges. There is no ideal single isolation technique until this date. Exosomes can be successfully isolated from plasma using a combination of Ultracentrifugation and SEC.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGO2, Argonaute protein
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Exosomes
- FDR, false discovery rate
- Human plasma
- ILVs, intraluminal vesicles
- MVBs, multivesicular bodies
- Mass spectrometry
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- Size-exclusion chromatography
- UC, ultracentrifugation
- Ultracentrifugation
- cfNAs, Cell-free nucleic acids
- ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA
- miRNA, microRNA
Collapse
|
7
|
Ogawa Y, Akimoto Y, Ikemoto M, Goto Y, Ishikawa A, Ohta S, Takase Y, Kawakami H, Tsujimoto M, Yanoshita R. Stability of human salivary extracellular vesicles containing dipeptidyl peptidase IV under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101034. [PMID: 34141904 PMCID: PMC8185177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated from various sources, including primary and cultured cell lines and body fluids. Previous studies, including those conducted in our laboratory, have reported the stability of EVs under various storage conditions. Methods EVs from human whole saliva were separated via size-exclusion chromatography. To simulate the effects of gastric or intestinal fluids on the stability of EVs, pepsin or pancreatin was added to the samples. Additionally, to determine the effect of bile acids, sodium cholate was added. The samples were then subjected to western blotting, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. In addition, the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV retained in the samples was examined to monitor the stability of EVs. Results Under acidic conditions, with pepsin mimicking the milieu of the stomach, the EVs remained stable. However, they partially lost their membrane integrity in the presence of pancreatin and sodium cholate, indicating that they may be destabilized after passing through the duodenum. Although several associated proteins, such as mucin 5B and CD9 were degraded, DPP IV was stable, and its activity was retained under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusion Our data indicate that although EVs can pass through the stomach without undergoing significant damage, they may be disrupted in the intestine to release their contents. The consistent delivery of active components such as DPP IV from EVs into the intestine might play a role in the efficient modulation of homeostasis of the signal transduction pathways occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. The morphology of EVs was retained after enzyme or sodium cholate treatment. Although EVs could pass through the stomach, they were disrupted in the intestine. DPP IV of EVs may remain intact following digestion and solubilization in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Key Words
- Alix, programmed cell death 6-interacting protein
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DPP IV, dipeptidyl peptidase IV
- Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Exosomes
- Extracellular vesicles
- Gastrointestinal condition
- Human whole saliva
- MCA, 4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- SD, standard deviation
- Stability
- TEM, transmission electron microscopic
- TSG101, tumor susceptibility gene 101
- WS, whole saliva
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ikemoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Anna Ishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Sakura Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Yumi Takase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawakami
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tsujimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yanoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yasuda T, Ishimoto T, Baba H. Conflicting metabolic alterations in cancer stem cells and regulation by the stromal niche. Regen Ther 2021; 17:8-12. [PMID: 33598509 PMCID: PMC7851492 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) undergo metabolic alterations that differentiate them from non-CSCs. Inhibition of specific metabolic pathways in CSCs has been conducted to eliminate the CSC population in many types of cancer. However, there is conflicting evidence about whether CSCs depend on glycolysis or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to maintain their stem cell properties. This review summarizes the latest knowledge regarding CSC-specific metabolic alterations and offers recent evidence that the surrounding microenvironments may play an important role in the maintenance of CSC properties.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CD44v, CD44 variant isoform
- CSCs
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- FBP1, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase 1
- GLUT1, glucose transporter 1
- GP6, glucose-6-phosphate
- Glycolysis
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF1a, hypoxia inducible factor 1a
- IMP2, insulin-like growth factor 2
- IncRNAs, long noncoding RNAs
- LSCs, leukemia stem cells
- Mitochondrial OXPHOS
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2
- Stromal niche
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TICs, tumor initiating stem-like cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahito Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Q, Lyon CJ, Fletcher JK, Tang W, Wan M, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicle activities regulating macrophage- and tissue-mediated injury and repair responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1493-1512. [PMID: 34221864 PMCID: PMC8245807 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are typically identified as classically activated (M1) macrophages and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, which respectively exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and the balance between these two subtypes plays a critical role in the regulation of tissue inflammation, injury, and repair processes. Recent studies indicate that tissue cells and macrophages interact via the release of small extracellular vesicles (EVs) in processes where EVs released by stressed tissue cells can promote the activation and polarization of adjacent macrophages which can in turn release EVs and factors that can promote cell stress and tissue inflammation and injury, and vice versa. This review discusses the roles of such EVs in regulating such interactions to influence tissue inflammation and injury in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory disease conditions, and the potential applications, advantage and concerns for using EV-based therapeutic approaches to treat such conditions, including their potential role of drug carriers for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADSCs, adipose-derived stem cells
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- ALI, acute lung injury
- AMs, alveolar macrophages
- BMSCs, bone marrow stromal cells
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- DSS, dextran sodium sulphate
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Extracellular vesicles
- HSPA12B, heat shock protein A12B
- HUCMSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- Inflammatory disease
- Interaction loop
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- KLF4, krüppel-like factor 4
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells
- MVs, microvesicles
- Macrophage
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PMFA, 5,7,30,40,50-pentamethoxyflavanone
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- SIRPα, signal regulatory protein α
- Sepsis
- Stem cell
- TECs, tubular epithelial cells
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Targeted therapy
- Tissue injury
- iNOS, inducible nitrogen oxide synthase
Collapse
|
10
|
Alsuraih M, O'Hara SP, Woodrum JE, Pirius NE, LaRusso NF. Genetic or pharmacological reduction of cholangiocyte senescence improves inflammation and fibrosis in the Mdr2 -/- mouse. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100250. [PMID: 33870156 PMCID: PMC8044431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Cholangiocyte senescence is important in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We found that CDKN2A (p16), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and mediator of senescence, was increased in cholangiocytes of patients with PSC and from a PSC mouse model (multidrug resistance 2; Mdr2-/-). Given that recent data suggest that a reduction of senescent cells is beneficial in different diseases, we hypothesised that inhibition of cholangiocyte senescence would ameliorate disease in Mdr2-/- mice. Methods We used 2 novel genetic murine models to reduce cholangiocyte senescence: (i) p16Ink4a apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase (INK-ATTAC)xMdr2-/-, in which the dimerizing molecule AP20187 promotes selective apoptotic removal of p16-expressing cells; and (ii) mice deficient in both p16 and Mdr2. Mdr2-/- mice were also treated with fisetin, a flavonoid molecule that selectively kills senescent cells. p16, p21, and inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) were measured by PCR, and hepatic fibrosis via a hydroxyproline assay and Sirius red staining. Results AP20187 treatment reduced p16 and p21 expression by ~35% and ~70% (p >0.05), respectively. Expression of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1) decreased (by 60%, 40%, and 60%, respectively), and fibrosis was reduced by ~60% (p >0.05). Similarly, p16-/-xMdr2-/- mice exhibited reduced p21 expression (70%), decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β (60%), and MCP-1 (65%) and reduced fibrosis (~50%) (p >0.05) compared with Mdr2-/- mice. Fisetin treatment reduced expression of p16 and p21 (80% and 90%, respectively), TNF-α (50%), IL-1β (50%), MCP-1 (70%), and fibrosis (60%) (p >0.05). Conclusions Our data support a pathophysiological role of cholangiocyte senescence in the progression of PSC, and that targeted removal of senescent cholangiocytes is a plausible therapeutic approach. Lay summary Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a fibroinflammatory, incurable biliary disease. We previously reported that biliary epithelial cell senescence (cell-cycle arrest and hypersecretion of profibrotic molecules) is an important phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Herein, we demonstrate that reducing the number of senescent cholangiocytes leads to a reduction in the expression of inflammatory, fibrotic, and senescence markers associated with the disease. p16 and p21 are major mediators of cellular senescence and are highly expressed in cholangiocytes in a Mdr2-/- murine model of PSC. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype markers are all increased in cholangiocytes of Mdr2-/- mice. Genetic and pharmacological elimination of senescent cholangiocytes reduces peribiliary inflammation and fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice. Preclinical work suggests that fisetin, a naturally occurring and safe senolytic flavonoid, has the potential to be tested in patients with PSC.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- AP, AP20187
- Apoptosis resistance
- BCL2, B cell lymphoma 2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- Biliary epithelial cell
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
- Cellular senescence
- Cholestatic liver disease
- Col.1A, collagen 1A
- D, dasatinib
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- FKBP-Casp8, FK506-binding-protein-caspase 8
- IF, immunofluorescence
- INK-ATTAC, p16Ink4a apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase
- IR, irradiation
- MCL1, myeloid cell leukemia 1
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NHC, normal human cholangiocyte
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Q, quercetin
- RT, reverse transcription
- SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-gal
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- Senolytics
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- WT, wild-type
- mdr2, multidrug-resistance 2
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- β-Gal, β-galactosidase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsuraih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven P O'Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julie E Woodrum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas E Pirius
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, He X, Li Q, Lai H, Zhang H, Hu Z, Li Y, Huang S. EV-origin: Enumerating the tissue-cellular origin of circulating extracellular vesicles using exLR profile. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2851-2859. [PMID: 33133426 PMCID: PMC7588739 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex ecosystems that can be derived from all body cells and circulated in the body fluids. Characterizing the tissue-cellular source contributing to circulating EVs provides biological information about the cell or tissue of origin and their functional states. However, the relative proportion of tissue-cellular origin of circulating EVs in body fluid has not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we developed an approach for digital EVs quantification, called EV-origin, that enables enumerating of EVs tissue-cellular source contribution from plasma extracellular vesicles long RNA sequencing profiles. EV-origin was constructed by the input matrix of gene expression signatures and robust deconvolution algorithm, collectively used to separate the relative proportions of each tissue or cell type of interest. EV-origin respectively predicted the relative enrichment of seven types of hemopoietic cells and sixteen solid tissue subsets from exLR-seq profile. Using the EV-origin approach, we depicted an integrated landscape of the traceability system of plasma EVs for healthy individuals. We also compared the heterogenous tissue-cellular source components from plasma EVs samples with diverse disease status. Notably, the aberrant liver fraction could reflect the development and progression of hepatic disease. The liver fraction could also serve as a diagnostic indicator and effectively separate HCC patients from normal individuals. The EV-origin provides an approach to decipher the complex heterogeneity of tissue-cellular origin in circulating EVs. Our approach could inform the development of exLR-based applications for liquid biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xigan He
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Lai
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hena Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Hu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoffman JF, Vechetti IJ, Alimov AP, Kalinich JF, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Hydrophobic sand is a viable method of urine collection from the rat for extracellular vesicle biomarker analysis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100505. [PMID: 31467851 PMCID: PMC6710715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown in rats a new method of urine collection, hydrophobic sand, to be an acceptable alternate in place of the traditional method using metabolic cages. Hydrophobic sand is non-toxic, induces similar or lower levels of stress in the rat, and does not contaminate clinical urine markers nor metal concentrations in collected samples (Hoffman et al., 2017 and 2018). Urine is often used in humans and many animal models as a readily-attainable biosample which contains proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) within extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be isolated to indicate changes in health. In order to ensure hydrophobic sand did not in any way contaminate or disrupt the extraction and analysis of these EVs and miRNAs, we used urine samples from the same 8 rats in the within-subjects crossover experiment comparing hydrophobic sand and metabolic cage collection methods. We isolated EVs and miRNAs from the urine set and examined their quantity and quality between the urine collection methods. We found no significant differences in particle size, particle concentration, total RNA, or the type and abundance of miRNAs contained within the urine EVs due to urine collection method, suggesting hydrophobic sand represents an easy-to-use, non-invasive method to collect rodent urine for EVs and biomarker studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Hoffman
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Alexander P Alimov
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John F Kalinich
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Onozato M, Tanaka Y, Arita M, Sakamoto T, Ichiba H, Sadamoto K, Kondo M, Fukushima T. Amino acid analyses of the exosome-eluted fractions from human serum by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Pract Lab Med 2018; 12:e00099. [PMID: 30014016 PMCID: PMC6044227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Amino acid levels in serum or plasma are used for early detection and diagnosis of several diseases. The objective of this study was to analyze amino acid levels in serum exosomes, which have not been previously reported. Design and methods We investigated the amino acid composition of exosomes from human serum using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results The composition ratios of His, Arg, Glu, Cys-Cys, Lys, and Tyr were significantly increased in the exosomes compared with those in the corresponding native serum. d-Ser, an endogenous co-agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, was also enriched in the exosome-eluted fraction. Conclusions Our results suggest that certain amino acids are enriched in the exosome-eluted fraction from human serum. These differences could have future diagnostic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Onozato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Michitsune Arita
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ichiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sadamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Motonari Kondo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sedykh SE, Purvinish LV, Monogarov AS, Burkova EE, Grigor'eva AE, Bulgakov DV, Dmitrenok PS, Vlassov VV, Ryabchikova EI, Nevinsky GA. Purified horse milk exosomes contain an unpredictable small number of major proteins. Biochim Open 2017; 4:61-72. [PMID: 29450143 PMCID: PMC5801828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-100 nm nanovesicles containing RNA and different proteins. Exosomes containing proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs are important in intracellular communication and immune function. Exosomes from different sources are usually obtained by combination of centrifugation and ultracentrifugation and according to published data can contain from a few dozens to thousands of different proteins. Crude exosome preparations from milk of eighteen horses were obtained for the first time using several standard centrifugations. Exosome preparations were additionally purified by FPLC gel filtration. Individual preparations demonstrated different profiles of gel filtration showing well or bad separation of exosome peaks and one or two peaks of co-isolating proteins and their complexes. According to the electron microscopy, well purified exosomes displayed a typical exosome-like size (30-100 nm) and morphology. It was shown that exosomes may have several different biological functions, but detection of their biological functions may vary significantly depending on the presence of exosome contaminating proteins and proteins directly into exosomes. Exosome proteins were identified before and after gel filtration by MALDI MS and MS/MS spectrometry of protein tryptic hydrolyzates derived by SDS PAGE and 2D electrophoresis. The results of protein identification were unexpected: one or two peaks co-isolating proteins after gel-filtration mainly contained kappa-, beta-, alpha-S1-caseins and its precursors, but these proteins were not found in well-purified exosomes. Well-purified exosomes contained from five to eight different major proteins: CD81, CD63 receptors, beta-lactoglobulin and lactadherin were common to all preparations, while actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase were found only in some of them. The article describes the morphology and the protein content of major horse milk exosomes for the first time. Our results on the decrease of major protein number identified in exosomal preparations after gel filtration may be important to the studies of biological functions of pure exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lada V. Purvinish
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Artem S. Monogarov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya E. Burkova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alina E. Grigor'eva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V. Bulgakov
- Institute of Biology and Soil, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlassov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena I. Ryabchikova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|