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Torres WM, Barlow SC, Moore A, Freeburg LA, Hoenes A, Doviak H, Zile MR, Shazly T, Spinale FG. Changes in Myocardial Microstructure and Mechanics With Progressive Left Ventricular Pressure Overload. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:463-480. [PMID: 32478208 PMCID: PMC7251228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the regional changes in myocardial geometry, microstructure, mechanical behavior, and properties that occur in response to progressive left ventricular pressure overload (LVPO) in a large animal model. Using an index of local biomechanical function at early onset of LVPO allowed for prediction of the magnitude of left ventricular chamber stiffness (Kc) and left atrial area at LVPO late timepoints. Our study found that LV myocardial collagen content alone was insufficient to identify mechanisms for LV myocardial stiffness with progression to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Serial assessment of regional biomechanical function might hold value in monitoring the natural history and progression of HFpEF, which would allow evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Key Words
- Ct, cycle time
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- EF, ejection fraction
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- HF, heart failure
- HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time
- LA, left atrial
- LV, left ventricular
- LVPO, left ventricular pressure overload
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PRSW, pre-load recruitable stroke work
- SHG, second harmonic generation
- STE, speckle tracking echocardiography
- echocardiography
- heart failure
- pressure overload
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Torres
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Shayne C. Barlow
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Amber Moore
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Lisa A. Freeburg
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Abigail Hoenes
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Heather Doviak
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael R. Zile
- Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tarek Shazly
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Francis G. Spinale
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia Veteran Affairs Healthcare Center, Columbia, South Carolina
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El-Nadi M, Hassan H, Saleh ME, Nassar E, Ismail YM, Amer M, Greve B, Götte M, El-Shinawi M, Ibrahim SA. Induction of heparanase via IL-10 correlates with a high infiltration of CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in inflammatory breast carcinomas. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100030. [PMID: 33543027 PMCID: PMC7852308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and lethal form of breast cancer, characterized by a high infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and poor prognosis. To identify new biomarkers and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC pathogenesis, we investigated the expression pattern of heparanase (HPSE) and its activator cathepsin L (CTSL). First, we quantitated the HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels in a cohort of breast cancer patients after curative surgery (20 IBC and 20-non-IBC). We discovered that both HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels were significantly induced in IBC tissue vis-à-vis non-IBC patients (p <0 .05 and p <0 .001, respectively). According to the molecular subtypes, HPSE mRNA levels were significantly higher in carcinoma tissues of triple negative (TN)-IBC as compared to TN-non-IBC (p <0 .05). Mechanistically, we discovered that pharmacological inhibition of HPSE activity resulted in a significant reduction of invasiveness in the IBC SUM149 cell line. Moreover, siRNA-mediated HPSE knockdown significantly downregulated the expression of the metastasis-related gene MMP2 and the cancer stem cell marker CD44. We also found that IBC tumors revealed robust heparanase immune-reactivity and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages, with a positive correlation of both markers. Moreover, the secretome of axillary tributaries blood IBC CD14+ monocytes and the cytokine IL-10 significantly upregulated HPSE mRNA and protein expression in SUM149 cells. Intriguingly, massively elevated IL-10 mRNA expression with a trend of positive correlation with HPSE mRNA expression was detected in carcinoma tissue of IBC. Our findings highlight a possible role played by CD14+ monocytes and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in regulating HPSE expression possibly via IL-10. Overall, we suggest that heparanase, cathepsin L and CD14+ monocytes-derived IL-10 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBC and their targeting could have therapeutic implications.
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Key Words
- CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- Cathepsin L
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FFPE, Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HPSE, heparanase
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- Heparanase
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer;
- IL-10
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- Inflammatory breast cancer
- Invasion
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase2
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- OGT 2115, 2-[4-[[3-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-3-fluorophenyl]-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid
- PR, progesterone receptor
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TN, triple negative
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Triple negative subtype
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- rh IL-10, recombinant human interleukin-10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatullah El-Nadi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Moshira Ezzat Saleh
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Eyyad Nassar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Yahia Mahmoud Ismail
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Mashima H, Watanabe N, Sekine M, Matsumoto S, Asano T, Yuhashi K, Sagihara N, Urayoshi S, Uehara T, Fujiwara J, Ishii T, Tsuboi R, Miyatani H, Ohnishi H. The role of Gα q/Gα 11 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:93-98. [PMID: 29387814 PMCID: PMC5789759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis and the coordinated actions of digestion, absorption and excretion are tightly regulated by a number of gastrointestinal hormones. Most of them exert their actions through G-protein-coupled receptors. Recently, we showed that the absence of Gαq/Gα11 signaling impaired the maturation of Paneth cells, induced their differentiation toward goblet cells, and affected the regeneration of the colonic mucosa in an experimental model of colitis. Although an immunohistochemical study showed that Gαq/Gα11 were highly expressed in enterocytes, it seemed that enterocytes were not affected in Int-Gq/G11 double knock-out intestine. Thus, we used an intestinal epithelial cell line to examine the role of signaling through Gαq/Gα11 in enterocytes and manipulated the expression level of Gαq and/or Gα11. The proliferation was inhibited in IEC-6 cells that overexpressed Gαq/Gα11 and enhanced in IEC-6 cells in which Gαq/Gα11 was downregulated. The expression of T-cell factor 1 was increased according to the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11. The expression of Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain was decreased by the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11 and increased by the downregulation of Gαq/Gα11. The relative mRNA expression of Muc2, a goblet cell marker, was elevated in a Gαq/Gα11 knock-down experiment. Our findings suggest that Gαq/Gα11-mediated signaling inhibits proliferation and may support a physiological function, such as absorption or secretion, in terminally differentiated enterocytes.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- Ab, antibody
- Atoh1, atonal homolog 1
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CCK2R, cholecystokinin-2 receptor
- DKO, double knock-out
- Enterocyte
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like-peptide-1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gα11
- Gαq
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- NICD, Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain
- Notch
- Proliferation
- TA, transit amplifying
- Tcf1, T-cell factor 1
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- Wnt/β-catenin
- mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noboru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanari Sekine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Satohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeharu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Sagihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Urayoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Rumiko Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kawasaki 211-0021, Japan
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Kondratov K, Kurapeev D, Popov M, Sidorova M, Minasian S, Galagudza M, Kostareva A, Fedorov A. Heparinase treatment of heparin-contaminated plasma from coronary artery bypass grafting patients enables reliable quantification of microRNAs. Biomol Detect Quantif 2016; 8:9-14. [PMID: 27335806 PMCID: PMC4906134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma collected before cardiac surgery also contain variable amounts of heparin. Evaluation of RT-qPCR inhibition is recommended for all types of clinical samples. Heparinase treatment completely eliminated widely different levels of inhibition. Heparinase treatment causes different (1.5- to 6.5-fold) decrease in the amount of detected RNA for different targets. Heparinase treatment did not influence the technical variability RNA quantification, neither at high nor at low concentration of targets.
Background microRNAs have recently been identified as powerful biomarkers of human disease. Reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantification of nucleic acids in clinical samples contaminated with polymerase inhibitor heparin requires deheparinization. However, the effects of deheparinization procedure on quantification of nucleic acids remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the deheparinization procedure completely eliminates the inhibition of amplification, while maintaining RNA integrity and technical variability of the measured microRNA levels. Methods Heparinized plasma from 9 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the heparin-free plasma from 58 rats were spiked with a synthetic RNA oligonucleotide and total RNA was extracted. The RNA solutions were then treated with heparinase I to remove contaminating heparin prior to reverse transcription. Levels of synthetic spike-in RNA oligonucleotide, as well as endogenous hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-208a-3p, were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The amplification efficiency and presence of inhibitors in individual samples were directly determined using calibration curves. Results In contrast to RNA samples from rat plasma, RNA samples derived from the CABG patient plasma contained inhibitors, which were completely eliminated by treatment with heparinase. The procedure caused a decrease in the amount of detected RNA; however, the technical variability of the measured targets did not change, allowing for the quantification of circulating endogenous hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-208a-3p in the plasma of CABG patients. Conclusions The heparinase treatment procedure enables utilization of RT-qPCR for reliable microRNA quantification in heparinized plasma.
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Key Words
- Biomarkers
- CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting
- Cq, quantification cycle
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Heparinized plasma
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RNase, ribonuclease
- RT, reverse transcription
- RT-qPCR efficiency
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR
- TP, time point
- cel-miR-39-3p, 3p strand of mature Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA-39
- hsa-miR-1-3p, 3p strand of mature Homo sapiens microRNA-1
- hsa-miR-208a-3p, 3p strand of mature Homo sapiens microRNA-208a
- microRNA quantification
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- tRNA, transfer RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kondratov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kurapeev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Popov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Sidorova
- Department of Biotechnical Systems, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sarkis Minasian
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Translational Medicine, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Fedorov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Mo C, Zhao R, Vallejo J, Igwe O, Bonewald L, Wetmore L, Brotto M. Prostaglandin E2 promotes proliferation of skeletal muscle myoblasts via EP4 receptor activation. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1507-16. [PMID: 25785867 PMCID: PMC4615122 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that conditioned media (CM) from osteocytes enhances myogenic differentiation of myoblasts, suggesting that signaling from bone may be important for skeletal muscle myogenesis. The effect of CM was closely mimicked by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a bioactive lipid mediator in various physiological or pathological conditions. PGE2 is secreted at high levels by osteocytes and such secretion is further enhanced under loading conditions. Although four types of receptors, EP1 to EP4, mediate PGE2 signaling, it is unknown whether these receptors play a role in myogenesis. Therefore, in this study, the expression of EPs in mouse primary myoblasts was characterized, followed by examination of their roles in myoblast proliferation by treating myoblasts with PGE2 or specific agonists. All four PGE2 receptor mRNAs were detectable by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), but only PGE2 and EP4 agonist CAY 10598 significantly enhance myoblast proliferation. EP1/EP3 agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (17-PT PGE2) and EP2 agonist butaprost did not have any significant effects. Moreover, treatment with EP4 antagonist L161,982 dose-dependently inhibited myoblast proliferation. These results were confirmed by cell cycle analysis and the gene expression of cell cycle regulators. Concomitant with the inhibition of myoblast proliferation, treatment with L161,982 significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Cotreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or sodium ascorbate (SA) successfully reversed the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and ROS overproduction caused by L161,982. Therefore, PGE2 signaling via the EP4 receptor regulates myogenesis by promoting myoblast proliferation and blocking this receptor results in increased ROS production in myoblasts.
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Key Words
- CDK, cyclin dependent kinase
- CM, conditioned media
- EP4
- Keap1/Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2-related factor 2
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- PGC-1α, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α
- PGD2, prostaglandin D2
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PGF2α, prostaglandin F2α; PGI2, prostaglandin I2
- Prostaglandin E2
- RB, retinoblastoma protein
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, sodium ascorbate
- SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1
- bone-muscle crosstalk
- myogenesis
- proliferation
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Mo
- a Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG ; School of Nursing and Health Studies; University of Missouri-Kansas City ; Kansas City , MO USA
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Pandey A, Rudraiah M. Analysis of endocrine disruption effect of Roundup ® in adrenal gland of male rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1075-85. [PMID: 28962449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Roundup® on adrenal gland steroidogenesis and signaling pathway associated with steroid production was investigated. Doses of 10, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/d Roundup® were administered for two weeks to adult male rats. The 10 mg/kg bw/d dose which reduced circulatory corticosterone levels, but did not change food consumption and body weight, was selected for further study. The expression of cholesterol receptor (low density lipoprotein receptor), de novo cholesterol synthesis enzyme (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase), hormone-sensitive lipase, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA and phosphorylated form was decreased. Adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (ACTH), melanocortin-2 receptor, expression was not changed but circulatory ACTH levels and adrenal cortex protein kinase A (PKA) activity were reduced. Surprisingly, exogenous ACTH treatment rescued steroidogenesis in Roundup®-treated animals. Apoptosis was evident at 250 mg/kg bw/d, but not at 10 mg/kg bw/d dose. These results suggest that Roundup® may be inhibitory to hypothalamic–pituitary axis leading to reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA pathway, StAR phosphorylation and corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal tissue.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Adrenal gland
- Creb, cAMP response element-binding protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DPX, distrene, plasticiser, xylene
- EDC, endocrine disrupting chemical
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- EGTA, ethylene glycol tetraacetate
- EIA, enzyme Immunoassay
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Endocrine disruptor
- Glyphosate
- Hmgcr, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- Hmgcs, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase
- Hsl, hormone-sensitive lipase
- L:D cycle, light–dark cycle
- LD50, lethal dose, 50%
- Ldlr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- Mc2r, melanocortin-2 receptor
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PKA, protein kinase A
- RIA, radioimmunoassay
- RIPA buffer, radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
- Rat
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Sr-b1, scavenger receptor class B member 1
- StAR
- StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- Steroidogenesis
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- β ME, beta mercaptoethanol
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Hammond M, Wik L, Deslys JP, Comoy E, Linné T, Landegren U, Kamali-Moghaddam M. Sensitive detection of aggregated prion protein via proximity ligation. Prion 2015; 8:261-5. [PMID: 25482604 DOI: 10.4161/pri.32231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA assisted solid-phase proximity ligation assay (SP-PLA) provides a unique opportunity to specifically detect prion protein (PrP) aggregates by investigating the collocation of 3 or more copies of the specific protein. We have developed an SP-PLA that can detect PrP aggregates in brain homogenates from infected hamsters even after a 10(7)-fold dilution. In contrast, brain homogenate from uninfected animals did not generate a detectable signal at 100-fold higher concentration. Using either of the 2 monoclonal anti-PrP antibodies, 3F4 and 6H4, we successfully detected low concentrations of aggregated PrP. The presented results provide a proof of concept that this method might be an interesting tool in the development of diagnostic approaches of prion diseases.
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Key Words
- 263K
- BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- FIDA, fluorescence intensity distribution analysis
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PMCA, protein misfolding cyclic amplification
- PrP, prion protein
- PrPC, cellular prion protein
- PrPSc, scrapie prion protein
- QuIC, quaking-induced conversion
- SP-PLA, solid phase proximity ligation assay
- diagnosis
- monoclonal antibody
- prion protein
- proximity ligation assay
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hammond
- a Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory ; Uppsala University ; Uppsala , Sweden
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Bai B, Liu H, Laiho M. Small RNA expression and deep sequencing analyses of the nucleolus reveal the presence of nucleolus-associated microRNAs. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:441-9. [PMID: 24918059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA expression arrays and RNA Seq were employed for unbiased spatial analyses of miRNAs. Small RNomics of subcellular compartments revealed the presence of miRNAs in the nucleolus. Several miRNAs were detected at low abundance in cancer cell nucleoli. The nucleolar abundance of miR-31 was dependent on CRM1 export factor.
Micro RNAs (miRNA) are non-coding RNAs expressed in the cytoplasm as their mature, 21–22-nucleotide short forms. More recently, mature miRNAs have also been detected in the nucleus, raising the possibility that their spatial distribution may be more complex than anticipated. Here we undertook comprehensive systematic analyses of miRNA distribution in several subcellular compartments of human cancer cells. In particular, we focused on the potential presence of miRNAs in the nucleolus, which contains an abundance of small non-coding RNAs. We employed two miRNA expression array platforms and small RNA deep sequencing of small RNAs isolated from cells, nuclei, cytoplasm and the nucleoli. We developed an assay to compare RNAs of isolated nucleoli before and after denaturation and used Northern hybridization to verify the presence of miRNAs in the subcellular compartments. Consistently, we found more than 10 miRNAs associated with the nucleolar preparations. Several miRNAs had greater relative abundance in the nucleolus compared to the other compartments. The nucleolar presence of miRNAs was independent of Dicer and the main activity of the nucleolus, RNA polymerase I transcription, but was dependent on CRM1 previously associated with nucleolar trafficking of small nucleolar RNAs. These results highlight the complexity of miRNA spatial arrangement and regulation.
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Schneeberger M, Altirriba J, García A, Esteban Y, Castaño C, García-Lavandeira M, Alvarez CV, Gomis R, Claret M. Deletion of miRNA processing enzyme Dicer in POMC-expressing cells leads to pituitary dysfunction, neurodegeneration and development of obesity. Mol Metab 2012; 2:74-85. [PMID: 24199146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as key regulators of metabolism. However, their potential role in the central regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis is still unknown. In this study we show that the expression of Dicer, an essential endoribonuclease for miRNA maturation, is modulated by nutrient availability and excess in the hypothalamus. Conditional deletion of Dicer in POMC-expressing cells resulted in obesity, characterized by hyperphagia, increased adiposity, hyperleptinemia, defective glucose metabolism and alterations in the pituitary-adrenal axis. The development of the obese phenotype was paralleled by a POMC neuron degenerative process that started around 3 weeks of age. Hypothalamic transcriptomic analysis in presymptomatic POMCDicerKO mice revealed the downregulation of genes implicated in biological pathways associated with classical neurodegenerative disorders, such as MAPK signaling, ubiquitin-proteosome system, autophagy and ribosome biosynthesis. Collectively, our results highlight a key role for miRNAs in POMC neuron survival and the consequent development of neurodegenerative obesity.
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Key Words
- 3V, third ventricle
- ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
- AP, adenopituitary
- ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- AUC, area under the curve
- Acp2, acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal
- AgRP, agouti-related protein
- Ago2, Argonaute 2
- CART, cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRH, corticotropin releasing hormone
- Crhr1, corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1
- Cx, Cortex
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Dicer
- Fa, Fascicular zone
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- Gapdh, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Gh, growth hormone
- Gl, Glomerular zone
- Hprt, Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- Hypothalamus
- IL, intermediate lobe
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- MC3R, melanocortin receptor 3
- MC4R, melanocortin receptor 4
- MZ, Marginal Zone
- Me, Medula
- Myc, myelocytomatosis oncogene
- NP, neurohypophysis
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- NS, not significant
- Naglu, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
- Neurodegeneration
- Nhlrc1, NHL repeat containing 1
- Ntrk2, Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2
- Obesity
- POMC
- POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin
- POMCDicerKO, mice lacking Dicer in POMC-expressing cells
- PVN, paraventricular nucleus
- Park2, Parkin
- Pit1, pituitary-specific transcription factor 1
- Re, Reticular zone
- Rps24, ribosomal protein S24
- Rps9, ribosomal protein S9
- Tpit, T box transcription factor
- Tshβ, thyroid-stimulating hormone β chain
- UD, undetectable
- UPS, ubiquitin proteosome system
- UTR, untranslated region
- VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.
- miRISC, miRNA-induced silencing complexes
- miRNA, microRNA
- microRNA
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneeberger
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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