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Liamin M, Lara MP, Michelet O, Rouault M, Quintela JC, Le Bloch J. Olive juice dry extract containing hydroxytyrosol, as a nontoxic and safe substance: Results from pre-clinical studies and review of toxicological studies. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:245-260. [PMID: 36852231 PMCID: PMC9958074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Products derived from olives, such as the raw fruit and oils, are widely consumed due to their taste, and purported nutritional/health benefits. Phenolic compounds, especially hydroxytyrosol (HT), have been proposed as one of the key substances involved in these effects. An olive juice extract, standardized to contain 20% HT ("OE20HT"), was produced to investigate its health benefits. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the genotoxic safety of this ingredient based on in vitro Ames assay and in vitro micronucleus assay. Results indicated that OE20HT was not mutagenic at concentrations of up to 5000 µg/plate, with or without metabolic activation, and was neither aneugenic nor clastogenic after 3-hour exposure at concentrations of up to 60 µg/mL with or without metabolic activation, or after 24-hour exposure at concentrations of up to 40 µg/mL. To further substantiate the safety of OE20HT following ingestion without conducting additional animal studies, a comprehensive literature review was conducted. No safety concerns were identified based on acute or sub-chronic studies in animals, including reproductive and developmental studies. These results were supported by clinical studies demonstrating the absence of adverse effects after oral supplementation with olive extracts or HT. Based on in vitro data and the literature review, the OE20HT extract is therefore considered as safe for human consumption at doses up to 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine
- CBI, Centre for the Promotion of Imports from developing countries
- CP, cyclophosphamide monohydrate
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- Food product
- Genotoxicity
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- Hydroxytyrosol
- MF, mutation factor
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MMS, methyl-methanesulfonate
- Mutagenicity
- NDP, 4-nitro-1,2-phenylene-diamine
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- OE20HT, olive juice dry extract titrated 20% hydroxytyrosol
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Olive fruit extract
- PD, population doubling
- RICC, relative increase in cell count
- RPD, relative population doubling
- SAZ, sodium azide
- Safety
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Liamin
- Nutraveris, A Food Chain ID Company, 6 rue de la gare, 22000 Saint-Brieuc, France,Corresponding author.
| | - Maria Pilar Lara
- NATAC Biotech S.L., C/ Electrónica 7, 28923 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Michelet
- Nutraveris, A Food Chain ID Company, 6 rue de la gare, 22000 Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Marie Rouault
- Nutraveris, A Food Chain ID Company, 6 rue de la gare, 22000 Saint-Brieuc, France
| | | | - Jérôme Le Bloch
- Nutraveris, A Food Chain ID Company, 6 rue de la gare, 22000 Saint-Brieuc, France
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Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness throughout the world (after cataracts); therefore, general physicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of affected patients. Glaucomas are usually categorized by the anatomy of the anterior chamber angle (open vs narrow/closed), rapidity of onset (acute vs chronic), and major etiology (primary vs secondary). Most glaucomas are primary (ie, without a contributing comorbidity); however, several coexisting ophthalmic conditions may serve as the underlying etiologies of secondary glaucomas. Chronic glaucoma occurs most commonly; thus, regular eye examinations should be performed in at-risk patients to prevent the insidious loss of vision that can develop before diagnosis. Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer, leading to peripheral and central visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a crucial determinant of disease progression, remains the only modifiable risk factor; thus, all current treatments (medications, lasers, and operations) aim to reduce the IOP. Pharmacotherapy is the usual first-line therapy, but noncompliance, undesirable adverse effects, and cost limit effectiveness. Laser and surgical treatments may lower IOP significantly over long periods and may be more cost effective than pharmacotherapy, but they are plagued by greater procedural risks and frequent treatment failures. Traditional incisional procedures have recently been replaced by several novel, minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries with improved safety profiles and only minimal decreases in efficacy. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries have dramatically transformed the surgical management of glaucoma; nevertheless, large, randomized trials are required to assess their long-term efficacy.
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Key Words
- ACA, anterior chamber angle
- ACG, angle-closure glaucoma
- AIT, ab-interno trabeculotomy
- CAI, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- CE, cataract extraction
- GDD, glaucoma drainage device
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- KDB, Kahook Dual Blade
- MIGS, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
- MMC, mitomycin C
- OAG, open-angle glaucoma
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- ONH, optic nerve head
- PGA, prostaglandin analog
- PGI, PAUL glaucoma implant
- POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma
- RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer
- SLT, selective laser trabeculoplasty
- TM, trabecular meshwork
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella V. Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Michael W. Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Syril K. Dorairaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
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Mieczkowska K, Deutsch A, Amin B, Mir A, Abraham R, Balagula Y, Blasiak R, Mann RE, Patel P, Musaev T, Zhu TH, Kalnicki S, Packer SH, McLellan BN. Mitomycin extravasation injury: A case series. JAAD Case Rep 2021; 15:69-72. [PMID: 34409144 PMCID: PMC8361222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Mieczkowska
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Alana Deutsch
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Bijal Amin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Adnan Mir
- Dermpath Diagnostics, White Plains, New York
| | - Renu Abraham
- Patient Safety Committee, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Yevgeniy Balagula
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Rachel Blasiak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ranon E Mann
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Parth Patel
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tagai Musaev
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tian Hao Zhu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Shalom Kalnicki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Stuart H Packer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Beth N McLellan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Martin D, Balermpas P, Gollrad J, Weiß C, Valentini C, Stuschke M, Schäfer H, Henckenberens C, Debus J, Krug D, Kuhnt T, Brunner T, Bostel T, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Nestle U, Combs S, Belka C, Hautmann M, Hildebrandt G, Gani C, Polat B, Rödel C, Fokas E. RADIANCE - Radiochemotherapy with or without Durvalumab in the treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma: A randomized multicenter phase II trial. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 23:43-9. [PMID: 32420463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-year disease-free survival of locally-advanced anal carcinoma is about 60%. Anal carcinoma is considered an immunogenic tumor due to its association with HPV. The PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab may synergize with radiochemotherapy. The RADIANCE trial will test durvalumab with radiochemotherapy in anal carcinoma.
Purpose Anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCC) are increasing in frequency across the developed world. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with locally-advanced disease is approximately 60% after primary radiochemotherapy (RCT). There is a strong rationale for combining immunotherapy with RCT in patients with ASCC due to its association with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Methods/design RADIANCE is an investigator initiated, prospective, multicenter, randomized phase II trial testing the addition of Durvalumab, a PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, to standard RCT in 178 patients with locally advanced ASCC (T2 ≥ 4 cm Nany, cT3-4 and/or cN+). In the control arm, patients will be treated with standard mitomycin C (MMC)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based RCT. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) will be applied as follows: PTV_A (primary tumor) T1-T2 < 4 cm N+: 28 × 1.9 Gy = 53.2 Gy; or T2 ≥ 4 cm, T3-4 Nany: 31 × 1.9 Gy = 58.9 Gy; PTV_N (involved node): 28 × 1.8 Gy = 50.4 Gy ; and PTV_Elec (elective node): 28 × 1.43 Gy = 40.0 Gy over a period of 5,5–6 weeks. Concomitant chemotherapy will be administered using MMC with 5-FU during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy (MMC 12 mg/m2, day 1 [maximum single dose 20 mg]; 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 days 1–4 and 29–32). In the experimental arm, Durvalmab (1500 mg absolute dose, intravenously) will be combined with the same RCT as in the control arm. Immunotherapy with Durvalumab will start 14 days before initiation of standard RCT, administered every four weeks (q4w) thereafter for a total of twelve doses. The primary endpoint is disease-free survival (DFS) after 3 years. Discussion As ASCC is considered an immunogenically “hot” tumor due to its association with HPV infection, the combination of RCT with Durvalumab may improve tumor control and long-term clinical outcome in this patient collective compared to RCT alone.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ASCC, anal squamous cell carcinoma
- Anal cancer
- CT, computed tomography
- DFS, disease-free survival
- Disease-free survival
- Durvalumab
- Immunotherapy
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, programmed death receptor 1
- PD-L1, programmed death receptor ligand 1
- Phase 2
- RCT, radiochemotherapy
- RT, radiotherapy
- Radiochemotherapy
- cCR, clinical complete response
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Kamphuis JAM, Linschoten M, Cramer MJ, Gort EH, van Rhenen A, Asselbergs FW, Doevendans PA, Teske AJ. Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction of Nonanthracycline Chemotherapeutics: What Is the Evidence? JACC CardioOncol 2019; 1:280-290. [PMID: 34396190 PMCID: PMC8352330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy–related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) is one of the most concerning cardiovascular side effects of cancer treatment. Important reviews within the field of cardio-oncology have described various agents to be associated with a high risk of CTRCD, including mitomycin C, ifosfamide, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and clofarabine. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the data on which these incidence rates are based. We observed that the reported cardiotoxicity of mitomycin C and ifosfamide is based on studies in which most patients received anthracyclines, complicating the interpretation of their association with CTRCD. The high incidence of vincristine-induced cardiotoxicity is based on an incorrect interpretation of a single study. Incidence rates of clofarabine remain uncertain due to a lack of cardiac screening in clinical trials. The administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide (>1.5 g/m2/day) is associated with a high incidence of CTRCD. Based on our findings, a critical re-evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of these agents is warranted. CTRCD is one of the most concerning cardiovascular side effects of anticancer treatment. Mitomycin C, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, clofarabine, and vincristine are frequently recognized as being highly cardiotoxic, causing CTRCD in ≥10% of patients. This primer provides insight into the data upon which the CTRCD incidence rates of these agents have been based. A critical re-evaluation of CTRCD rates is necessary because these numbers have been based on data in which most patients received prior or concurrent treatment with other cardiotoxic drugs, including anthracyclines. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, consistent and detailed reporting of cardiovascular toxicity, and international registries are of pivotal importance to establish the cardiotoxicity profile of these chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A M Kamphuis
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Linschoten
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eelke H Gort
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna van Rhenen
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arco J Teske
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Hobbs CA, Saigo K, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Magnesium stearate, a widely-used food additive, exhibits a lack of in vitro and in vivo genotoxic potential. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:554-559. [PMID: 29090120 PMCID: PMC5655391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium stearate is widely used in the production of dietary supplement and pharmaceutical tablets, capsules and powders as well as many food products, including a variety of confectionery, spices and baking ingredients. Although considered to have a safe toxicity profile, there is no available information regarding its potential to induce genetic toxicity. To aid safety assessment efforts, magnesium sulfate was evaluated in a battery of tests including a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay, and an in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Magnesium stearate did not produce a positive response in any of the five bacterial strains tested, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. Similarly, exposure to magnesium stearate did not lead to chromosomal aberrations in CHL/IU Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, with or without metabolic activation, or induce micronuclei in the bone marrow of male CD-1 mice. These studies have been used by the Japanese government and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in their respective safety assessments of magnesium stearate. These data indicate a lack of genotoxic risk posed by magnesium stearate consumed at current estimated dietary exposures. However, health effects of cumulative exposure to magnesium via multiple sources present in food additives may be of concern and warrant further evaluation.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate
- ADI, acceptable daily intake
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA damage
- Dietary supplement
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ENNG, N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Food additive
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- Genotoxicity
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MN, micronucleus or micronuclei
- MN-PCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- Magnesium stearate
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Saigo
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura-cho, Kagoshima-City, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Honda H, Fujita Y, Hayashi A, Ikeda N, Ito Y, Morita O. Genotoxicity evaluation of alpha-linolenic acid-diacylglycerol oil. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:716-722. [PMID: 28959597 PMCID: PMC5616014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard tests. Bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro/in vivo micronucleus tests were conducted. No genotoxicity was observed under the testing conditions.
The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is an edible oil enriched with DAG (>80%) and ALA (>50%). Although DAG oil, which mainly consists of oleic and linoleic acids has no genotoxic concerns, the fatty acid composition could affect the chemical property of DAG. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard genotoxicity tests in accordance with the OECD guidelines. ALA-DAG oil showed negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vitro micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. Our results did not show any genotoxicity, suggesting that the fatty acid composition had no deleterious effects. We conclude that ALA-DAG oil had no genotoxicity concerns under the testing conditions.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide
- ALA, alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid-rich diacylglycerol
- B(a)P, benzo(a)pyrene
- CLC, Colchicine
- CP, cyclophosphamide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Diacylglycerol
- Fatty acid composition
- Genotoxicity
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
- LA, linolenic acid
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte
- NaN3, sodium azide
- TAG, triacylglycerol
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Aya Hayashi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura, Yoshida, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Abstract
Mammalian CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) is a telomere-associated complex that functions in telomere duplex replication and fill-in synthesis of the telomeric C-strand following telomerase action. CST also facilitates genome-wide replication recovery after HU-induced fork stalling by increasing origin firing. CTC1 and STN1 were originally isolated as a DNA polymerase α stimulatory factor. Here we explore how CST abundance affects recovery from drugs that cause different types of DNA damage and replication stress. We show that recovery from HU and aphidicolin induced replication stress is increased by CST over-expression. Elevated CST increases dNTP incorporation and origin firing after HU release and decreases the incidence of anaphase bridges and micronuclei after aphidicolin removal. While the frequency of origin firing after HU release is proportional to CST abundance, the number of cells entering S-phase to initiate replication is unchanged by CST overexpression or STN1 depletion. Instead the CST-related changes in origin firing take place in cells that were already in S-phase at the time of HU addition, indicating that CST modulates firing of late or dormant origins. CST abundance also influences cell viability after treatment with HU, aphidicolin, MMS and camptothecin. Viability is increased by elevated CST and decreased by STN1 depletion, indicating that endogenous CST levels are limiting. However, CST abundance does not affect viability after MMC treatment. Thus, CST facilitates recovery from many, but not all, forms of exogenous DNA damage. Overall our results suggest that CST is needed in stoichiometric amounts to facilitate re-initiation of DNA replication at repaired forks and/or dormant origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- a Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Cincinnati ; Cincinnati , OH USA
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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10
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Abstract
Fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene deletions are among the earliest and most frequent events in carcinogenesis, particularly in carcinogen-exposed tissues. Though FHIT has been established as an authentic tumor suppressor, the mechanism underlying tumor suppression remains opaque. Most experiments designed to clarify FHIT function have analyzed the consequence of re-expressing FHIT in FHIT-negative cells. However, carcinogenesis occurs in cells that transition from FHIT-positive to FHIT-negative. To better understand cancer development, we induced FHIT loss in human bronchial epithelial cells with RNA interference. Because FHIT is a demonstrated target of carcinogens in cigarette smoke, we combined FHIT silencing with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure and measured gene expression consequences by RNA microarray. The data indicate that FHIT loss enhances the expression of a set of oxidative stress response genes after exposure to CSE, including the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) at the RNA and protein levels. Data are consistent with a mechanism in which Fhit protein is required for accumulation of the transcriptional repressor of HMOX1, Bach1 protein. We posit that by allowing superinduction of oxidative stress response genes, loss of FHIT creates a survival advantage that promotes carcinogenesis.
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Key Words
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ApppA, diadenosine triphosphate
- BACH1
- BACH1, BTB and CNC homology 1 gene
- BMC, bone marrow cell
- CPT, camptothecin
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- Cigarette smoke
- FHIT
- FHIT, fragile histidine triad gene
- HMOX1
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1 gene
- MMC, mitomycin C
- NRF2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-like 2 protein
- Oxidative Stress
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real time PCR
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Boylston
- a Department of Biochemistry and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology; Carver College of Medicine ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Ouaret D, Larsen AK. Protein kinase C β inhibition by enzastaurin leads to mitotic missegregation and preferential cytotoxicity toward colorectal cancer cells with chromosomal instability (CIN). Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2697-706. [PMID: 25486357 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzastaurin is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C β and a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. In addition, enzastaurin shows direct cytotoxic activity toward a subset of tumor cells including colorectal cancer cells (CRC). In spite of promising results in animal models, the clinical activity of enzastaurin in CRC patients has been disappointing although a subset of patients seems to derive benefit. In the present study we investigated the biological and cytotoxic activities of enzastaurin toward a panel of well-characterized CRC cell lines in order to clarify the mechanistic basis for the cytotoxic activity. Our results show that enzastaurin is significantly more cytotoxic toward CRC cells with chromosome instability (CIN) compared to cells with microsatellite instability (MSI). Since CIN is usually attributed to mitotic dysfunction, the influence of enzastaurin on cell cycle progression and mitotic transit was characterized for representative CIN and MSI cell lines. Enzastaurin exposure was accompanied by prolonged metaphase arrest in CIN cells followed by the appearance of tetraploid and micronuclei-containing cells as well as by increased apoptosis, whereas no detectable mitotic dysfunctions were observed in MSI cells exposed to isotoxic doses of enzastaurin. Our study identifies enzastaurin as a new, context dependent member of a heterogeneous group of anticancer compounds that induce "mitotic catastrophe," that is mitotic dysfunction accompanied by cell death. These data provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of enzastaurin and may allow the identification of biomarkers useful to identify CRC patients particularly likely, or not, to benefit from treatment with enzastaurin.
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Key Words
- CIN, chromosome instability
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- MAP, mitogen-activated protein
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MN, micronuclei
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RACK, receptor of activated protein kinase C
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor
- chromosome instability (CIN)
- colorectal cancer (CRC)
- enzastaurin
- mitotic catastrophe
- protein kinase C (PKC) β inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Ouaret
- a Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics; Center de Recherche Saint-Antoine ; Paris , France
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Zou J, Zhang D, Qin G, Chen X, Wang H, Zhang D. BRCA1 and FancJ cooperatively promote interstrand crosslinker induced centrosome amplification through the activation of polo-like kinase 1. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3685-97. [PMID: 25483079 PMCID: PMC4612125 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.964973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and the centrosome cycle are 2 of the most critical cellular processes affecting the genome stability in animal cells. Yet the cross-talks between DDR and the centrosome are poorly understood. Here we showed that deficiency of the breast cancer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) induces centrosome amplification in non-stressed cells as previously reported while attenuating DNA damage-induced centrosome amplification (DDICA) in cells experiencing prolonged genotoxic stress. Mechanistically, the function of BRCA1 in promoting DDICA is through binding and recruiting polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) to the centrosome. In a recent study, we showed that FancJ also suppresses centrosome amplification in non-stressed cells while promoting DDICA in both hydroxyurea and mitomycin C treated cells. FancJ is a key component of the BRCA1 B-complex. Here, we further demonstrated that, in coordination with BRCA1, FancJ promotes DDICA by recruiting both BRCA1 and PLK1 to the centrosome in the DNA damaged cells. Thus, we have uncovered a novel role of BRCA1 and FancJ in the regulation of DDICA. Dysregulation of DDR or centrosome cycle leads to aneuploidy, which is frequently seen in both solid and hematological cancers. BRCA1 and FancJ are known tumor suppressors and have well-recognized functions in DNA damage checkpoint and DNA repair. Together with our recent findings, we demonstrated here that BRCA1 and FancJ also play an important role in centrosome cycle especially in DDICA. DDICA is thought to be an alternative fail-safe mechanism to prevent cells experiencing severe DNA damage from becoming carcinogenic. Therefore, BRCA1 and FancJ are potential liaisons linking early DDR with the DDICA. We propose that together with their functions in DDR, the role of BRCA1 and FancJ in the activation of DDICA is also crucial for their tumor suppression functions in vivo.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ataxia telangiectasia Rad3-related
- BRCA1
- BRCA1, breast cancer gene 1
- CIN, chromosome instability
- DDICA, DNA damage induced centrosome amplification
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- FancJ
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HR, homologous recombination
- HU, hydroxyurea
- ICL, interstrand cross-linkers
- MIN, microsatellite instability
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MT, microtubule
- PCM, pericentriolar materials
- PLK1
- PLK1, Polo-like kinase 1
- UTR, untranslated region
- WCL, whole-cell lysate
- centrosome amplification
- interstrand cross-link
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Zou
- Basic Biomedical Science Division; Sanford School of Medicine; University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
| | - Deli Zhang
- WeiFang Medical University; WeiFang, Shandong, China
| | - Guang Qin
- Department of Oncology; Central Hospital of TaiAn; TaiAn, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Department of Oncology; Central Hospital of TaiAn; TaiAn, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Basic Biomedical Science Division; Sanford School of Medicine; University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Basic Biomedical Science Division; Sanford School of Medicine; University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Osteopathic Medicine; New York Institute of Technology; Old Westbury, NY USA
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Salman AG, Mansour DE. The recurrence of pterygium after different modalities of surgical treatment. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2011; 25:411-5. [PMID: 23960956 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and compare the recurrence rate of pterygium after limbal stem cell transplantation versus amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) as ocular surface reconstructing measures in recurrent pterygium, also evaluation of the use of antimetabolite drugs as adjunctive therapy for AMT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective randomized comparative study included 60 eyes of 48 patients with recurrent pterygia. Informed consents were taken from all patients. Primary pterygium excision was performed 6-15 months ago; the cases were divided randomly into three equal groups: Group 1: included 20 eyes with excision of the pterygium and application of limbal stem cell transplantation with conjunctival autograft, group 2: included 20 eyes with excision of the pterygium followed by AMT and group 3: included 20 eyes in which surgical excision of pterygium was followed by intra-operative application of low-dose of MMC (0.05%) for 3 min then using AMT. RESULTS The study included 36 males and 12 females of age ranged from 28 to 52 years. The recurrence rate was 2 eyes in group 1 (10%) (limbal stem cell transplantation + conjunctival autograft), 6 eyes in group 2 (30%) (AMT) and 4 eyes (20%) in group 3 (MMC + AMT). The rate of recurrence was significantly different between the three groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Limbal stem cell transplantation together with conjunctival autografting proved to be more effective in prevention of pterygium recurrence and in rapid restoration of normal epithelial morphology. MMC in addition to AMT decreases the incidence of recurrence.
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