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Sato F, Wajima D, Takeshima Y, Nakagawa I, Kim T, Motoyama Y, Park YS, Nakase H. Neuroprotective effects of pravastatin in cerebral venous infarction in a rat model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:202-9. [PMID: 36852215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pravastatin sodium is reported to have multiple beneficial effects in cerebral atherosclerosis and neuronal injury; however, the preventive effects on cerebral venous ischemia are still unknown. Herein, we aimed to examine the neuroprotective effects of transoral prior administration of pravastatin sodium against cerebral cortical venous ischemia with suppression of apoptosis. Methods Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided equally into two study groups (n = 15 vs. n = 15); the pravastatin group was fed 1% pravastatin sodium with their usual diet for 2 weeks, while the control group only received the usual diet. Two-vein occlusion (2VO) model was applied for this study, and two adjacent cortical veins in each animal were permanently occluded photochemically with rose bengal dye. During photo-thrombosis, regional changes of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) in area of the venous ischemia were recorded. At 48-h after 2VO, animals were euthanized using perfusion fixation, and we histologically measured ratios of infarcted area to contralateral hemisphere, and counted Bax- and Bcl-2-positive cells in the penumbra to investigate the implications for apoptosis. Results The ratio of infarcted area was significantly decreased in the pravastatin group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). The number of Bax-positive cells also decreased significantly in the pravastatin group (P < 0.01). In contrast, immunolabeling for Bcl-2 was essentially negative in all areas in both groups. There were also no significant differences in regional CBF changes after 2VO between the two groups (P = 0.13). Conclusions Pre-emptive administration of pravastatin sodium mixed in the food has neuroprotective effects against cerebral cortical venous ischemia with suppression of apoptosis associated with inhibition of Bax expression but has little influence on regional CBF.
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Key Words
- 2VO, two-vein occlusion
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BBB, blood-brain-barrier
- CAI, cerebral arterial ischemia
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CVI, cerebral venous ischemia
- Cerebral blood flow
- Cerebral cortex
- Cerebral ischemia
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
- HSP, heat shock protein
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- JNK, Jun-NH2-terminal kinase
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDU, Laser Doppler-unit
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- Neuronal apoptosis
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase
- Pravastatin sodium
- TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α
- Vein
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Velusamy R, Nolan M, Murphy A, Thavendiranathan P, Marwick TH. Screening for Coronary Artery Disease in Cancer Survivors: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2023; 5:22-38. [PMID: 36875910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important contributor to the cardiovascular burden in cancer survivors. This review identifies features that could help guide decisions about the benefit of screening to assess the risk or presence of subclinical CAD. Screening may be appropriate in selected survivors based on risk factors and inflammatory burden. In cancer survivors who have undergone genetic testing, polygenic risk scores and clonal hematopoiesis markers may become useful CAD risk prediction tools in the future. The type of cancer (especially breast, hematological, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary) and the nature of treatment (radiotherapy, platinum agents, fluorouracil, hormonal therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, endothelial growth factor inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors) are also important in determining risk. Therapeutic implications of positive screening include lifestyle and atherosclerosis interventions, and in specific instances, revascularization may be indicated.
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Key Words
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- AYA, adolescent and young adult
- CAC, coronary artery calcium
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CHIP, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential
- CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance
- CTA, computed tomography angiography
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- PCE, pooled cohort equations
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- PRS, polygenic risk score
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- calcification
- coronary artery calcium
- coronary artery disease
- prevention
- risk factor
- risk prediction
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Tada H, Kojima N, Yamagami K, Nomura A, Nohara A, Usui S, Sakata K, Hayashi K, Fujino N, Takamura M, Kawashiri MA. Impact of Healthy Lifestyle in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia. JACC Asia 2023; 3:152-160. [PMID: 36873758 PMCID: PMC9982286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacasi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Pathogenic mutations are associated with poor outcomes in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, data on the effects of a healthy lifestyle on FH phenotypes are limited. Objectives The authors investigated the interaction between a healthy lifestyle and FH mutation with prognosis in patients with FH. Methods We investigated the associations of the interaction between genotypes and lifestyle, with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), such as cardiovascular-related mortality, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary artery revascularization, in patients with FH. We assessed their lifestyle based on 4 questionnaires (healthy dietary pattern, regular exercise, not smoking, and absence of obesity). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the risk for MACE. Results The median follow-up duration was 12.6 (IQR: 9.5-17.9) years. During the follow-up duration, 179 MACE were observed. Independent of classic risk factors, FH mutation and lifestyle score were significantly associated with MACE (HR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.03-4.43; P = 0.02; and HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.40-0.98, P = 0.033, respectively). The estimated risk of coronary artery disease by 75 years of age varied according to lifestyle, ranging from 21.0% among noncarriers with a favorable lifestyle to 32.1% among noncarriers with an unfavorable lifestyle and ranging from 29.0% among carriers with a favorable lifestyle to 55.4% among carriers with an unfavorable lifestyle. Conclusions A healthy lifestyle was associated with reduced risk for MACE among patients with FH with or without genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nobuko Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kan Yamagami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nohara
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Soichiro Usui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noboru Fujino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Klimis H, Pinthus JH, Aghel N, Duceppe E, Fradet V, Brown I, Siemens DR, Shayegan B, Klotz L, Luke PP, Niazi T, Lavallee LT, Mousavi N, Hamilton RJ, Chin JL, Gopaul D, Violette PD, Davis MK, Hanna N, Sabbagh R, Ben Zadok OI, Hajjar LA, Kann AG, Mian R, Rangarajan S, Huei Ng KK, Iakobishvili Z, Selvanayagam JB, Avezum A, Leong DP. The Burden of Uncontrolled Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men With Prostate Cancer: A RADICAL-PC Analysis. JACC CardioOncol 2023; 5:70-81. [PMID: 36875906 PMCID: PMC9982287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence is higher in men with prostate cancer (PC) than without. Objectives We describe the rate and correlates of poor cardiovascular risk factor control among men with PC. Methods We prospectively characterized 2,811 consecutive men (mean age 68 ± 8 years) with PC from 24 sites in Canada, Israel, Brazil, and Australia. We defined poor overall risk factor control as ≥3 of the following: suboptimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (>2 mmol/L if Framingham Risk Score [FRS] ≥15 and ≥3.5 mmol/L if FRS <15), current smoker, physical inactivity (<600 MET min/wk), suboptimal blood pressure (BP) (≥140/90 mm Hg if no other risk factors, systolic BP ≥120 mm Hg if known CVD or FRS ≥15, and ≥130/80 mm Hg if diabetic), and waist:hip ratio >0.9. Results Among participants (9% with metastatic PC and 23% with pre-existing CVD), 99% had ≥1 uncontrolled cardiovascular risk factor, and 51% had poor overall risk factor control. Not taking a statin (odds ratio [OR]: 2.55; 95% CI: 2.00-3.26), physical frailty (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.51-3.71), need for BP drugs (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.84-3.03), and age (OR per 10-year increase: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.14-1.59) were associated with poor overall risk factor control after adjustment for education, PC characteristics, androgen deprivation therapy, depression, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group functional status. Conclusions Poor control of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors is common in men with PC, highlighting the large gap in care and the need for improved interventions to optimize cardiovascular risk management in this population.
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Key Words
- ADT, androgen deprivation therapy
- BP, blood pressure
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
- GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- PC, prostate cancer
- PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- androgen deprivation therapy
- cardiovascular disease prevention
- cardiovascular risk
- prospective
- prostate cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Klimis
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nazanin Aghel
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Research Center of CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Oncology Axis, Quebec, Canada.,CHU de Québec, Site L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ian Brown
- Division of Urology, Niagara Health System, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laurence Klotz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick P Luke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamim Niazi
- Radiation Oncology Department, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke T Lavallee
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Negareh Mousavi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph L Chin
- Department of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darin Gopaul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Radiation Oncology, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe D Violette
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Woodstock Hospital, Woodstock, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margot K Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nawar Hanna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Installation Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Sabbagh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ludhmila Abrahão Hajjar
- Department of Cardiology, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rajibul Mian
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelvin Kuan Huei Ng
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaza Iakobishvili
- Department of Community Cardiology, Tel Aviv Jaffa District, Clalit Health Fund and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph B Selvanayagam
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Heart Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Darryl P Leong
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Roy R, Liya IJ, Roy J, Basher MA. Acute and subchronic toxicity profile of methanol extract of leaves of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:301-307. [PMID: 36891508 PMCID: PMC9986635 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae) is a grass like herb habitually breeds as weed in paddy fields and mostly disseminated in tropical or sub-tropical countries of south and south-east Asia, northern Australia, and west Africa. The plant has been traditionally used to treat fever as a form of poultice. However, no scientific study regarding its toxicity profile has been testified. Aim of the study The study has been carried out to determine the potential toxicity of the methanol extract from leaves of the Fimbristylis miliacea, employing the technique of acute and subchronic oral administration in mice. Materials and methods In the acute toxicity study according to OECD guideline 425, oral administration of FM methanol extract at single doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg in both sexes of Swiss albino mice was performed. Toxic symptoms, abnormal behavior, changes in body weight, and mortality were observed for 14 consecutive days. In subchronic toxicity study according to OECD guideline 407, plant extract was administered orally at doses of 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 28 days. The general toxic symptoms, abnormal behavior, changes in body weight were observed daily. Biochemical analysis of serum, and histopathological examination of liver were performed at the end of the study. Results No mortality, abnormal behavior and urination, changes in sleep, food intake, adverse effect, and non-linearity in body weight have been recorded during acute toxicity study at the doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. Also, in subchronic toxicity study, FM extract produced no mortality or any kind of adverse effects in regards of general behavior, body weight, urination, sleeping routine, and food intake. In case of analysis of thirteen different biochemical parameters, concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST) and glucose were altered significantly in male and female mice in both acute and subchronic study. Total cholesterol and triglycerides at 5000 mg/kg.bw were changed in male mice in acute toxicity study. On the other hand, female mice had altered triglycerides in subchronic test. All other critical parameters were found unaffected. In subchronic test, histopathological examination of liver demonstrated cellular necrosis at 2000 mg/kg.bw in both male and female mice while minor necrosis was observed at 1000 mg/kg.bw. Thus, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) can be assumed around 1000 mg/kg.bw. Conclusion The present study suggests that treatment with FM extract does not reveal significant toxicity.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute toxicity
- Alb, albumin
- BIL, bilirubin
- CR, creatinine
- FM, Fimbristylis miliacea
- Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
- Glu, glucose
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LD, Lethal Dose
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- Subchronic toxicity
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TP, total protein
- Toxicological profile
- UA, uric acid
- b.w, Body weight
- h, hour
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan Liya
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jony Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwarul Basher
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
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6
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Schramm C, Wedemeyer H, Mason A, Hirschfield GM, Levy C, Kowdley KV, Milkiewicz P, Janczewska E, Malova ES, Sanni J, Koo P, Chen J, Choudhury S, Klickstein LB, Badman MK, Jones D. Farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor attenuates cholestasis in a randomised trial in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100544. [PMID: 36267872 PMCID: PMC9576902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the non-bile acid farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor were evaluated in a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled study as potential second-line therapy for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with an inadequate ursodeoxycholic acid response. Methods Patients were randomised (2:1) to receive tropifexor (30, 60, 90, or 150 μg) or matched placebo orally once daily for 28 days, with follow-up on Days 56 and 84. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of tropifexor and reduction in levels of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and other liver biomarkers. Other objectives included patient-reported outcome measures using the PBC-40 quality-of-life (QoL) and visual analogue scale scores and tropifexor pharmacokinetics. Results Of 61 enrolled patients, 11, 9, 12, and 8 received 30-, 60-, 90-, and 150-μg tropifexor, respectively, and 21 received placebo; 3 patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events (AEs) in the 150-μg tropifexor group. Pruritus was the most frequent AE in the study (52.5% [tropifexor] vs. 28.6% [placebo]), with most events of mild to moderate severity. Decreases seen in LDL-, HDL-, and total-cholesterol levels at 60-, 90-, and 150 μg doses stabilised after treatment discontinuation. By Day 28, tropifexor caused 26-72% reduction in GGT from baseline at 30- to 150-μg doses (p <0.001 at 60-, 90-, and 150-μg tropifexor vs. placebo). Day 28 QoL scores were comparable between the placebo and tropifexor groups. A dose-dependent increase in plasma tropifexor concentration was observed, with 5- to 5.55-fold increases in AUC0-8h and Cmax between 30- and 150-μg doses. Conclusions Tropifexor showed improvement in cholestatic markers relative to placebo, predictable pharmacokinetics, and an acceptable safety-tolerability profile, thereby supporting its potential further clinical development for PBC. Lay summary The bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard-of-care therapy for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but approximately 40% of patients have an inadequate response to this therapy. Tropifexor is a highly potent non-bile acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor that is under clinical development for various chronic liver diseases. In the current study, in patients with an inadequate response to UDCA, tropifexor was found to be safe and well tolerated, with improved levels of markers of bile duct injury at very low (microgram) doses. Itch of mild to moderate severity was observed in all groups including placebo but was more frequent at the highest tropifexor dose. Clinical Trials Registration This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02516605).
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Key Words
- AE, adverse event
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the concentration–time curve
- C4, 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
- CL/F,ss, the apparent systemic clearance following oral administration at steady state
- Cmax, maximum plasma concentration
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PD, pharmacodynamic
- PRO, patient-reported outcome
- Primary biliary cholangitis
- Proof of concept
- Pruritus
- QoL, quality of life
- Racc, accumulation ratio
- SAE, serious adverse event
- Tmax, time to reach Cmax
- Tropifexor
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- VAS, visual analogue scale
- pBAD, primary bile acid diarrhoea
- qd, once daily
- γ-Glutamyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schramm
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center of Translational Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrew Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia Levy
- University of Miami, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Liver Institute Northwest, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Janczewska
- ID Clinic, Myslowice Poland.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | | | - Johanne Sanni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Sannity Consulting Ltd, Worthing, UK
| | - Phillip Koo
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Jones
- The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK
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7
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Yusuf AP, Zhang JY, Li JQ, Muhammad A, Abubakar MB. Herbal medications and natural products for patients with covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: Potentials and challenges. Phytomed Plus 2022; 2:100280. [PMID: 35463625 PMCID: PMC9014648 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among COVID-19 patients is associated with increased hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Evidence has shown that hyperglycemia potentiates SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection and plays a central role in severe COVID-19 and diabetes comorbidity. In this review, we explore the therapeutic potentials of herbal medications and natural products in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity and the challenges associated with the preexisting or concurrent use of these substances. METHODS Research papers that were published from January 2016 to December 2021 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Papers reporting clinical evidence of antidiabetic activities and any available evidence of the anti-COVID-19 potential of ten selected natural products were retrieved and analyzed for discussion in this review. RESULTS A total of 548 papers (73 clinical trials on the antidiabetic activities of the selected natural products and 475 research and review articles on their anti-COVID-19 potential) were retrieved from the literature search for further analysis. A total of 517 articles (reviews and less relevant research papers) were excluded. A cumulative sum of thirty-one (31) research papers (20 clinical trials and 10 others) met the criteria and have been discussed in this review. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that phenolic compounds are the most promising phytochemicals in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity. Curcumin and propolis have shown substantial evidence against COVID-19 and DM in humans and are thus, considered the best potential therapeutic options.
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Key Words
- 8-OHDG, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine
- ACE2
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ADMA, asymmetric de-methyl-arginine
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- COVID-19
- Comorbidity
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- GLUT-4, glucose transporter-4
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- Herbal medication
- IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR2, interferon-alpha receptor 2
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Mpro, main protease
- Natural products
- PLpro, papain-like protease
- PON1, paraoxonase-1
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RCT, randomized control trial
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SFJDC, Shufeng Jiedu Capsule
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Pharmacy Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Li
- The first Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
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8
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Esteban-Lopez M, Perry MD, Garbinski LD, Manevski M, Andre M, Ceyhan Y, Caobi A, Paul P, Lau LS, Ramelow J, Owens F, Souchak J, Ales E, El-Hage N. Health effects and known pathology associated with the use of E-cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1357-1368. [PMID: 36561957 PMCID: PMC9764206 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new nicotine delivery methods have emerged, and many users are choosing electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) over traditional tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarette use is very popular among adolescents, with more than 3.5 million currently using these products in the US. Despite the increased prevalence of e-cigarette use, there is limited knowledge regarding the health impact of e-cigarettes on the general population. Based on published findings by others, E-cigarette is associated with lung injury outbreak, which increased health and safety concerns related to consuming this product. Different components of e-cigarettes, including food-safe liquid solvents and flavorings, can cause health issues related to pneumonia, pulmonary injury, and bronchiolitis. In addition, e-cigarettes contain alarmingly high levels of carcinogens and toxicants that may have long-lasting effects on other organ systems, including the development of neurological manifestations, lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and tooth decay. Despite the well- documented potential for harm, e-cigarettes do not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV- 2 infection. Furthermore, some studies have found that e-cigarette users experience improvements in lung health and minimal adverse effects. Therefore, more studies are needed to provide a definitive conclusion on the long-term safety of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this review is to inform the readers about the possible health-risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes, especially among the group of young and young-adults, from a molecular biology point of view.
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Key Words
- AEC, airway epithelial cells
- AM, alveolar macrophages
- BAL, bronchial alveolar lavage
- CC16, Clara cell protein 16
- CM, cardiomyocyte
- CNS, central nervous system
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cell
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- E-cigarettes
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system
- EVALI
- EVALI, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cancer cells
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Health risks
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- MPP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
- NET, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NK, natural killer
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- NQO-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- Nicotine
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OGG1/2, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oct4,, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PAFR, platelet-activating factor receptor
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PG, propylene glycol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2,, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2
- THC, Tetrahydrocannabinol
- TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VAPI, vaping-associated pulmonary injury
- VG, vegetable glycerin
- Vaping
- XPC, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C
- Yap1, Yes associated protein 1
- ZEB, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- e-liquid, e-cigarette liquid
- e-vapor, e-cigarette vapor
- iPSC-EC, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells
- pAMPK, phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marissa D. Perry
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Luis D. Garbinski
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology and Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marko Manevski
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mickensone Andre
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yasemin Ceyhan
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Allen Caobi
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Patience Paul
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Julian Ramelow
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Biological Sciences in the College of Arts, Science and Education and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Florida Owens
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joseph Souchak
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Evan Ales
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Huygen LPM, Westerink J, Mol GC, Bemelmans RHH. When LDL Cholesterol Is Not LDL Cholesterol: LpX, A Clinical Lesson. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:690-3. [PMID: 35677796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
LpX is a lipoprotein formed in cholestatic conditions and often erroneously reported as LDL-C. A low ApoB level can support the diagnosis of LpX. Treatment should not automatically focus on lowering serum lipid levels, but primarily on resolving the cause of cholestasis. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)
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10
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Guan B, Tong J, Hao H, Yang Z, Chen K, Xu H, Wang A. Bile acid coordinates microbiota homeostasis and systemic immunometabolism in cardiometabolic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2129-2149. [PMID: 35646540 PMCID: PMC9136572 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), characterized with metabolic disorder triggered cardiovascular events, is a leading cause of death and disability. Metabolic disorders trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, and actually, a new concept of metaflammation has been proposed to define the state of metabolism connected with immunological adaptations. Amongst the continuously increased list of systemic metabolites in regulation of immune system, bile acids (BAs) represent a distinct class of metabolites implicated in the whole process of CMD development because of its multifaceted roles in shaping systemic immunometabolism. BAs can directly modulate the immune system by either boosting or inhibiting inflammatory responses via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, BAs are key determinants in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and microbiota. Importantly, BAs via targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and diverse other nuclear receptors play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and amino acids. Moreover, BAs axis per se is susceptible to inflammatory and metabolic intervention, and thereby BAs axis may constitute a reciprocal regulatory loop in metaflammation. We thus propose that BAs axis represents a core coordinator in integrating systemic immunometabolism implicated in the process of CMD. We provide an updated summary and an intensive discussion about how BAs shape both the innate and adaptive immune system, and how BAs axis function as a core coordinator in integrating metabolic disorder to chronic inflammation in conditions of CMD.
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Key Words
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter
- BAs, bile acids
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- BSH, bile salt hydrolases
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCs, cholesterol crystals
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CMD, cardiometabolic disease
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FA, fatty acids
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FMO3, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- HCA, hyocholic acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- Nuclear receptors
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RCT, reverses cholesterol transportation
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- Systemic immunometabolism
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, takeda G-protein receptor 5
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- Therapeutic opportunities
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- ox-LDL, oxidated low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Guan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinlin Tong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Anlu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
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11
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Yanagi Y, Yu RM, Ahamed W, Yu M, Teo KYC, Tan AC, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Apte RS, Cheung CMG. Serum Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Ophthalmol Sci 2022; 2:100142. [PMID: 36278032 PMCID: PMC9562377 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate serum cholesterol efflux capacity (the ability of the serum to accept cholesterol) and factors that regulate it using nuclear magnetic resonance-quantified measures of lipoprotein particle composition and size and apolipoproteins metrics in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Case-control study. Participants Four hundred two serum samples from 80 patients with early AMD (eAMD), and 212 patients with neovascular AMD (nAMD), including 80 with typical nAMD (tAMD) and 132 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and 110 age- and gender matched control participants. Methods Serum from participants showed cholesterol efflux capacity measured using in vitro cell assays and lipoprotein subfractions measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (Nightingale, Ltd). Associations between cholesterol efflux capacity (measured in percentage) and lipid subfractions were investigated in the patients and control participants. Main Outcome Measures Cholesterol efflux capacity and lipid subfractions in control, eAMD, and nAMD. Associations between HDL subfractions and cholesterol efflux capacity. Results Cholesterol efflux capacity was higher in patients with eAMD (68.0 ± 11.3% [mean ± standard deviation]) and nAMD (75.9 ± 27.7%) than in the control participants (56.9 ± 16.7%) after adjusting for age, gender, and use of lipid-lowering drug (P < 0.0001). Nuclear magnetic resonance lipidomics demonstrated that the mean diameter of HDL was larger both in eAMD (9.96 ± 0.27 mm [mean ± standard deviation]) and PCV (9.97 ± 0.23 mm) compared with that of the control participants (9.84 ± 0.24 mm; P = 0.0001 for both). Among the 28 HDL subfractions, most of the small, medium, and large HDLs, but none of the 7 extra large HDLs fractions, were associated moderately with cholesterol efflux capacity in eAMD and PCV (R = 0.149-0.277). Conclusions Serum cholesterol efflux capacity was increased in eAMD and PCV, but not tAMD, possibly reflecting differential underlying pathophysiologic features of lipid dysregulation in tAMD and PCV. Further studies should be directed toward investigating the diverse biological activities of HDL in AMD, including macular pigment transport, regulation of inflammation, and local cholesterol transport system.
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Key Words
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Cholesterol efflux
- Drusen
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- Lipoprotein
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PCV, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
- Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- SCES, Singapore Chinese Eye Study
- SD, standard deviation
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- eAMD, early age-related macular degeneration
- nAMD, neovascular age-related macular degeneration
- tAMD, typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yanagi
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Correspondence: Yasuo Yanagi, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Richard M.C. Yu
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Waseem Ahamed
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marco Yu
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kelvin Yi Chong Teo
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anna C.S. Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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12
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Olsen MB, Gregersen I, Sandanger Ø, Yang K, Sokolova M, Halvorsen BE, Gullestad L, Broch K, Aukrust P, Louwe MC. Targeting the Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:84-98. [PMID: 35128212 PMCID: PMC8807732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of cardiovascular disease and inflammation are heavily intertwined, and inflammasome activation is thought play an important role in this interaction. This review provides an overview of preclinical and clinical studies supporting inflammasomes as a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis and heart failure. Future studies exploring direct inflammasome inhibition, either NLRP3 or the lesser-studied inflammasomes, are also discussed.
The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex and multifactorial, and inflammation plays a central role. Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that are activated in a 2-step manner in response to infection or tissue damage. Upon activation the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukins-1β and -18 are released. In the last decade, the evidence that inflammasome activation plays an important role in CVD development became stronger. We discuss the role of different inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of CVD, focusing on atherosclerosis and heart failure. This review also provides an overview of existing experimental studies and clinical trials on inflammasome inhibition as a therapeutic target in these disorders.
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Key Words
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- AIM2, absent in melanoma 2
- ASC, apoptosis associated speck-like protein
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- GSDMD, gasdermin-D
- GSDMD-NT, gasdermin-D N-terminal
- HF, heart failure
- HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LV, left ventricular
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NLR, NOD-like receptor
- NLRP3
- NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- atherosclerosis
- cardiovascular disease
- heart failure
- inflammasome
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belland Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kuan Yang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Sokolova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente E Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Center, Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaspar Broch
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Center, Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mieke C Louwe
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Calvier L, Herz J, Hansmann G. Interplay of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors, LRPs, and Lipoproteins in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:164-180. [PMID: 35257044 PMCID: PMC8897182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LDLR regulates oxidized LDL level, which is increased in lung and blood from PAH patients. LRP1 preserving vascular homeostasis is decreased in PAH patients. LRP5/6 regulating Wnt signaling is upregulated in PH. The LRP8 (aka ApoER2) ligand ApoE protects from PAH.
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family includes LDLR, very LDLR, and LDL receptor–related proteins (LRPs) such as LRP1, LRP1b (aka LRP-DIT), LRP2 (aka megalin), LRP4, and LRP5/6, and LRP8 (aka ApoER2). LDLR family members constitute a class of closely related multifunctional, transmembrane receptors, with diverse functions, from embryonic development to cancer, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular homeostasis. While LDLR family members have been studied extensively in the systemic circulation in the context of atherosclerosis, their roles in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are understudied and largely unknown. Endothelial dysfunction, tissue infiltration of monocytes, and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are hallmarks of PAH, leading to vascular remodeling, obliteration, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, heart failure, and death. LDLR family members are entangled with the aforementioned detrimental processes by controlling many pathways that are dysregulated in PAH; these include lipid metabolism and oxidation, but also platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, Wnt, apolipoprotein E, bone morpohogenetic proteins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In this paper, we discuss the current knowledge on LDLR family members in PAH. We also review mechanisms and drugs discovered in biological contexts and diseases other than PAH that are likely very relevant in the hypertensive pulmonary vasculature and the future care of patients with PAH or other chronic, progressive, debilitating cardiovascular diseases.
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Key Words
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Apoer2
- BMP
- BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor
- BMPR2
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- KO, knockout
- LDL receptor related protein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP
- LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein
- LRP1
- LRP1B
- LRP2
- LRP4
- LRP5
- LRP6
- LRP8
- MEgf7
- Mesd, mesoderm development
- PAH
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell
- PDGF
- PDGFR-β, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PPARγ
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PVD
- RV, right ventricle/ventricular
- RVHF
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- TGF-β1
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1
- TGFBR, transforming growth factor β1 receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- VLDLR
- VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- Wnt
- apolipoprotein E receptor 2
- endothelial cell
- gp330
- low-density lipoprotein receptor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- megalin
- monocyte
- multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 7
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- pulmonary vascular disease
- right ventricle heart failure
- smooth muscle cell
- very low density lipoprotein receptor
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Pulmonary Vascular Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Kaliaev A, Chavez W, Soto J, Huda F, Xie H, Nguyen M, Shamdasani V, Anderson S. Quantitative Ultrasound Assessment of Hepatic Steatosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1091-1101. [PMID: 35814521 PMCID: PMC9257875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widespread chronic disease of the live in humans with the prevalence of 30% of the United States population.1,2 The goal of the study is to validate the performance of quantitative ultrasound algorithms in the assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients with suspected NAFLD. METHODS This prospective study enrolled a total of 31 patients with clinical suspicion of NAFLD to receive liver fat measurements by quantitative ultrasound and reference MRI measurements (proton density fat-fraction, PDFF). The following ultrasound (US) parameters based on both raw ultrasound RF (Radio Frequency) data and 2D B-mode images of the liver were analyzed with subsequent correlation with MRI-PDFF: hepatorenal index, acoustic attenuation coefficient, Nakagami coefficient parameter, shear wave viscosity, shear wave dispersion and shear wave elasticity. Ultrasound parameters were also correlated with the presence of hypertension and diabetes. RESULTS The mean (± SD) age and body mass index of the patients were 49.03 (± 12.49) and 30.12 (± 6.15), respectively. Of the aforementioned ultrasound parameters, the hepatorenal index and acoustic attenuation coefficient showed a strong correlation with MRI-PDFF derivations of hepatic steatosis, with r-values of 0.829 and 0.765, respectively. None of the remaining US parameters showed strong correlations with PDFF. Significant differences in Nakagami parameters and acoustic attenuation coefficients were found in those patients with and without hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Hepatorenal index and acoustic attenuation coefficient correlate well with MRI-PDFF-derived measurements of hepatic steatosis. Quantitative ultrasound is a promising tool for the diagnosis and assessment of patients with NAFLD.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- DICOM, digital imaging and communications in medicine
- HIPAA, health insurance portability and accountability act
- HRI, hepatorenal index
- Hgb A1C, hemoglobin A1C (glycated hemoglobin)
- IQ, in-phase quadrature
- IR, insulin resistance
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MRI-PDFF, magnetic resonance imaging - proton density fat-fraction
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- RF, raw radio frequency
- ROI, regions of interest
- SD, standard deviation
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- US, ultrasound
- liver fat quantification
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- ultrasound
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kaliaev
- Boston University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA,Address for correspondence: Artem Kaliaev, Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Wilson Chavez
- Boston University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Soto
- Boston University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fahimul Huda
- Boston University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua Xie
- Ultrasound Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Man Nguyen
- Ultrasound Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephan Anderson
- Boston University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Thompson EW, Demissei BG, Smith AM, Brahmbhatt P, Wang J, Clark A, DeMichele A, Narayan V, Shah P, Sun L, Lefebvre B, Fradley MG, Carver JR, Tang WW, Ky B. Paraoxonase-1 Activity in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Doxorubicin With or Without Trastuzumab. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:1-10. [PMID: 35128203 PMCID: PMC8807731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PON-1 is an HDL-associated cardioprotective enzyme that prevents oxidized-LDL formation and has not previously been studied in cardio-oncology. To determine the associations between PON-1 and the development of CTRCD, the Pon and Aryl serum enzymatic activity levels of PON-1 were quantified in a cohort of 225 patients with breast cancer receiving doxorubicin with or without trastuzumab. After doxorubicin completion, the activity levels of both Pon and Aryl were significantly decreased. Early increases in the Pon enzymatic activity of PON-1 were associated with increased risk of CTRCD. With further study, PON-1 activity may provide insight into mechanistic risk prediction of CTRCD with doxorubicin chemotherapy.
The objective of this study was to determine associations of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) with development of cancer therapy–related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). PON-1 is a cardioprotective enzyme associated with high-density lipoprotein that prevents oxidized low-density lipoprotein formation. Given the role of oxidative stress in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, PON-1 activity may have relevance for the prediction of CTRCD. In 225 patients with breast cancer receiving doxorubicin with or without trastuzumab, we quantified PON-1 activity through its paraoxonase (Pon) and arylesterase (Aryl) enzymatic activity at baseline, during, and after doxorubicin completion. Echocardiograms were performed at baseline, during therapy, and annually. CTRCD was defined as a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction by ≥10% from baseline to <50%. Associations between baseline biomarkers and clinical variables were determined using multivariable linear regression. Associations between changes in biomarker activity and time to CTRCD were evaluated using Cox regression. Pon was directly associated with Black race and inversely associated with Stage 2 cancer. Aryl was inversely associated with body mass index. After doxorubicin completion, activity levels of Pon and Aryl were significantly decreased (median ratio compared with baseline for Pon: 0.95 [Q1-Q3: 0.81-1.07, P < 0.001]; for Aryl: 0.97 [Q1-Q3: 0.85-1.08, P = 0.010]). A total of 184 patients had an available quantitated echocardiogram at baseline and at least 1 follow-up visit. Increases from baseline in Pon at doxorubicin completion were independently associated with increased CTRCD risk (per 10% increase: hazard ratio [HR]: 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.39; P = 0.007). Associations between increases in Aryl and CTRCD tended in the same direction but were of borderline statistical significance (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.99-1.38; P = 0.071). In patients with breast cancer treated with doxorubicin with or without trastuzumab, increases in the Pon enzymatic activity level of PON-1 were associated with increased CTRCD risk. PON-1 activity may be relevant to mechanistic risk prediction of cardiotoxicity with anthracyclines.
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Key Words
- Aryl, arylesterase
- BMI, body mass index
- CTRCD, cancer therapy–related cardiac dysfunction
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- PON-1, paraoxonase-1
- Pon, paraoxonase
- cardiac dysfunction
- cardiotoxicity
- doxorubicin
- heart failure
- paraoxonase-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Thompson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Biniyam G. Demissei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda M. Smith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priya Brahmbhatt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy Clark
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Payal Shah
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lova Sun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benedicte Lefebvre
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael G. Fradley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph R. Carver
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W.H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Bonnie Ky, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Office 11-105 Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Jin J, Wahlang B, Thapa M, Head KZ, Hardesty JE, Srivastava S, Merchant ML, Rai SN, Prough RA, Cave MC. Proteomics and metabolic phenotyping define principal roles for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mouse liver. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3806-3819. [PMID: 35024308 PMCID: PMC8727924 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxin-like molecules have been associated with endocrine disruption and liver disease. To better understand aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) biology, metabolic phenotyping and liver proteomics were performed in mice following ligand-activation or whole-body genetic ablation of this receptor. Male wild type (WT) and Ahr–/– mice (Taconic) were fed a control diet and exposed to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (61 nmol/kg by gavage) or vehicle for two weeks. PCB126 increased expression of canonical AHR targets (Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2) in WT but not Ahr–/–. Knockouts had increased adiposity with decreased glucose tolerance; smaller livers with increased steatosis and perilipin-2; and paradoxically decreased blood lipids. PCB126 was associated with increased hepatic triglycerides in Ahr–/–. The liver proteome was impacted more so by Ahr–/– genotype than ligand-activation, but top gene ontology (GO) processes were similar. The PCB126-associated liver proteome was Ahr-dependent. Ahr principally regulated liver metabolism (e.g., lipids, xenobiotics, organic acids) and bioenergetics, but it also impacted liver endocrine response (e.g., the insulin receptor) and function, including the production of steroids, hepatokines, and pheromone binding proteins. These effects could have been indirectly mediated by interacting transcription factors or microRNAs. The biologic roles of the AHR and its ligands warrant more research in liver metabolic health and disease.
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Key Words
- AHR
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under the curve
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- EPF, enrichment by protein function
- Endocrine disruption
- Environmental liver disease
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GCR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GO, gene ontology
- H&E, hematoxylin-eosin
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IPF, interaction by protein function
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MUP, major urinary protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa-inhibitor alpha
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCB126
- PLIN2, perilipin-2
- PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane-xenobiotic receptor
- Perilipin-2
- Pheromones
- SGK1, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase
- TAFLD, toxicant-associated fatty liver disease
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- TMT, tandem mass tag
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- WT, wild type
- ZFP125, zinc finger protein 125
- miR, microRNA
- nHDLc, non-HDL cholesterol
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Ebert MLA, Schmidt VF, Pfaff L, von Thaden A, Kimm MA, Wildgruber M. Animal Models of Neointimal Hyperplasia and Restenosis: Species-Specific Differences and Implications for Translational Research. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:900-17. [PMID: 34869956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is the major factor contributing to restenosis after angioplasty procedures. Multiple animal models exist to study basic and translational aspects of restenosis formation. Animal models differ substantially, and species-specific differences have major impact on the pathophysiology of the model. Genetic, dietary, and mechanical interventions determine the translational potential of the animal model used and have to be considered when choosing the model.
The process of restenosis is based on the interplay of various mechanical and biological processes triggered by angioplasty-induced vascular trauma. Early arterial recoil, negative vascular remodeling, and neointimal formation therefore limit the long-term patency of interventional recanalization procedures. The most serious of these processes is neointimal hyperplasia, which can be traced back to 4 main mechanisms: endothelial damage and activation; monocyte accumulation in the subintimal space; fibroblast migration; and the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. A wide variety of animal models exists to investigate the underlying pathophysiology. Although mouse models, with their ease of genetic manipulation, enable cell- and molecular-focused fundamental research, and rats provide the opportunity to use stent and balloon models with high throughput, both rodents lack a lipid metabolism comparable to humans. Rabbits instead build a bridge to close the gap between basic and clinical research due to their human-like lipid metabolism, as well as their size being accessible for clinical angioplasty procedures. Every different combination of animal, dietary, and injury model has various advantages and disadvantages, and the decision for a proper model requires awareness of species-specific biological properties reaching from vessel morphology to distinct cellular and molecular features.
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Key Words
- Apo, apolipoprotein
- CETP, cholesteryl ester transferase protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLr, LDL receptor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- angioplasty
- animal model
- neointimal hyperplasia
- restenosis
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Si J, Lee G, You HJ, Joo SK, Lee DH, Ku BJ, Park S, Kim W, Ko G. Gut microbiome signatures distinguish type 2 diabetes mellitus from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5920-5930. [PMID: 34849196 PMCID: PMC8591343 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and these two metabolic diseases demonstrate bidirectional influences. The identification of microbiome profiles that are specific to liver injury or impaired glucose metabolism may assist understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the relationship between NAFLD and T2D. Here, we studied a biopsy-proven Asian NAFLD cohort (n = 329; 187 participants with NAFLD, 101 with NAFLD and T2D, and 41 with neither) and identified Enterobacter, Romboutsia, and Clostridium sensu stricto as the principal taxa associated with the severity of NAFLD and T2D, whereas Ruminococcus and Megamonas were specific to NAFLD. In particular, the taxa that were associated with both severe liver pathology and T2D were also significantly associated with markers of diabetes, such as fasting blood glucose and Hb1Ac. Enterotype analysis demonstrated that participants with NAFLD had a significantly higher proportion of Bacteroides and a lower proportion of Ruminococcus than a Korean healthy twin cohort (n = 756). However, T2D could not be clearly distinguished from NAFLD. Analysis of an independent T2D cohort (n = 185) permitted us to validate the T2D-specific bacterial signature identified in the NAFLD cohort. Functional inference analysis revealed that endotoxin biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched in participants with NAFLD and T2D, compared with those with NAFLD alone. These findings may assist with the development of effective therapeutic approaches for metabolic diseases that are associated with specific bacterial signatures.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- Biomarker
- Enterotype
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FLI, fatty liver index
- Gut microbiome
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MaAsLin2, microbiome multivariable association with linear models 2
- NAFL, non-alcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NASH-CRN, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- PICRUSt2, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states 2
- T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Si
- Medical Science Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Giljae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kyung Joo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Ookeditse O, Motswakadikgwa TR, Ookeditse KK, Masilo G, Bogatsu Y, Lekobe BC, Mosepele M, Schirmer H, Johnsen SH. Healthcare professionals' knowledge of modifiable stroke risk factors: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey in greater Gaborone, Botswana. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 25:100365. [PMID: 34485721 PMCID: PMC8408515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke remains the second leading cause of deaths and disability globally, with highest mortality in Africa (low- and middle-income countries). It is crucial for healthcare professionals to have sufficient stroke risk factors' knowledge in order to reduce the stroke burden. Aims We investigated healthcare professionals' knowledge of modifiable stroke risk factors, and identified demographic factors influencing this knowledge. Methods In this cross-sectional survey study from Botswana (upper middle-income country), structured questionnaires reflecting recent stroke guidelines were administered to a representative selection of healthcare workers in greater Gaborone. The response rate was 61.4%, comprising 84 doctors, 227 nurses and 33 paramedics. Categorical data were described using percentages and Chi-square tests. Associations between stroke risk factors' knowledge and demographic factors were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using SPSS 25 statistical software. Results Awareness rate of individual stroke risk factors was highest for hypertension (96.5%), followed by obesity (93.3%), smoking (91.9%), elevated total cholesterol (91.0%), physical inactivity (83.4%), elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (81.1%), excessive alcohol drinking (77.0%), and lowest for diabetes (73.3%). For all-8 risk factors, doctors had the highest knowledge, followed by nurses and paramedics lowest (7.11 vs 6.85 vs 6.06, P < 0.05). Conclusion In Botswana, specific healthcare professionals' subgroups need to be targeted for continuing education on stroke risk factors for improving stroke prevention and reducing stroke-related disability and mortality. This is the first study in Africa assessing knowledge of stroke risk factors among the three healthcare professions concurrently Understanding stroke risk factors is crucial for healthcare professionals as counsellors and managers of stroke Doctors had highest stroke knowledge, followed by nurses and lowest paramedics. Low knowledge was associated with paramedics, private sector, 0–1 year’ clinical experience and female gender. Continuing education on ischemic stroke risk factors is needed
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Key Words
- AHA/ASA, American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Awareness
- DALY, Disability-adjusted life-years
- HIC, high-income countries
- Healthcare professionals
- Knowledge
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LMIC, low- and middle-income countries
- Low and middle-income countries
- Modifiable stroke risk factors
- P, p-value
- SD, standard deviation
- SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
- SSA, Sub-Saharan Africa
- USA, United States of America
- Upper middle-income country
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Affiliation(s)
- Ookeditse Ookeditse
- Trust hospital in Vestfold, Kysthospitalet Sykehuset, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation Medicine, Tønsberg, Norway
- Larvik County Acute and Emergency Clinic, Department of Family Medicine, Larvik, Norway
- University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
- Corresponding author at: Consultant neurologist, Consultant physician-family medicine, Trust Hospital in Vestfold, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation Medicine, P.O. Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway.
| | - Thusego R. Motswakadikgwa
- University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
- Sidilega Private Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Gosiame Masilo
- Larvik County Acute and Emergency Clinic, Department of Family Medicine, Larvik, Norway
- Nanset medical clinic, Division of Family Medicine, Larvik, Norway
| | - Yaone Bogatsu
- University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Baleufi C. Lekobe
- Sidilega Private Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mosepele Mosepele
- University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
- Princess Marina Referral Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
- Akershus University hospital, Department of Cardiology, Lørenskog, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein H. Johnsen
- University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Neurology, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
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Tang G, Li S, Zhang C, Chen H, Wang N, Feng Y. Clinical efficacies, underlying mechanisms and molecular targets of Chinese medicines for diabetic nephropathy treatment and management. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2749-67. [PMID: 34589395 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been recognized as a severe complication of diabetes mellitus and a dominant pathogeny of end-stage kidney disease, which causes serious health problems and great financial burden to human society worldwide. Conventional strategies, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, blood glucose level control, and bodyweight reduction, may not achieve satisfactory outcomes in many clinical practices for DN management. Notably, due to the multi-target function, Chinese medicine possesses promising clinical benefits as primary or alternative therapies for DN treatment. Increasing studies have emphasized identifying bioactive compounds and molecular mechanisms of reno-protective effects of Chinese medicines. Signaling pathways involved in glucose/lipid metabolism regulation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, and podocyte protection have been identified as crucial mechanisms of action. Herein, we summarize the clinical efficacies of Chinese medicines and their bioactive components in treating and managing DN after reviewing the results demonstrated in clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, with a thorough discussion on the relative underlying mechanisms and molecular targets reported in animal and cellular experiments. We aim to provide comprehensive insights into the protective effects of Chinese medicines against DN.
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Key Words
- ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ADE, adverse event
- AGEs, advanced glycation end-products
- AM, mesangial area
- AMPKα, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- AREs, antioxidant response elements
- ATK, protein kinase B
- BAX, BCL-2-associated X protein
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-XL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein-7
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- C, control group
- CCR, creatinine clearance rate
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CI, confidence interval
- COL-I/IV, collagen I/IV
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Chinese medicine
- D, duration
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DG, glomerular diameter
- DKD, diabetic kidney disease
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- Diabetic kidney disease
- Diabetic nephropathy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EP, E-prostanoid receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- ETAR, endothelium A receptor
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FN, fibronectin
- GCK, glucokinase
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GFR, glomerular filtration rate
- GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GRB 10, growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- Gαq, Gq protein alpha subunit
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IKK-β, IκB kinase β
- IL-1β/6, interleukin 1β/6
- IR, insulin receptor
- IRE-1α, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IκB-α, inhibitory protein α
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LOX1, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MD, mean difference
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP-2, matrix metallopeptidase 2
- MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- Molecular target
- N/A, not applicable
- N/O, not observed
- N/R, not reported
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOX-4, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-4
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OCP, oxidative carbonyl protein
- ORP150, 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein
- P70S6K, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PARP, poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase
- PBG, postprandial blood glucose
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2A kinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RAGE, receptors of AGE
- RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor
- RCT, randomized clinical trial
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCr, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SD-rat, Sprague–Dawley rat
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMAD, small mothers against decapentaplegic
- SMD, standard mean difference
- SMURF-2, SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 2
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Signaling pathway
- T, treatment group
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TG, triglyceride
- TGBM, thickness of glomerular basement membrane
- TGF-β, tumor growth factor β
- TGFβR-I/II, TGF-β receptor I/II
- TII, tubulointerstitial injury index
- TLR-2/4, toll-like receptor 2/4
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TRAF5, tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5
- UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio
- UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate
- UMA, urinary microalbumin
- UP, urinary protein
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WMD, weight mean difference
- XBP-1, spliced X box-binding protein 1
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- eGFR, estimated GFR
- eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p-IRS1, phospho-IRS1
- p62, sequestosome 1 protein
- α-SMA, α smooth muscle actin
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Zhang Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. An update on oral drug delivery via intestinal lymphatic transport. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2449-2468. [PMID: 34522594 PMCID: PMC8424224 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drug entities have to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment, penetrate the enteric epithelia and circumvent hepatic metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation. Whereas the gastrointestinal stability can be well maintained by taking proper measures, hepatic metabolism presents as a formidable barrier to drugs suffering from first-pass metabolism. The pharmaceutical academia and industries are seeking alternative pathways for drug transport to circumvent problems associated with the portal pathway. Intestinal lymphatic transport is emerging as a promising pathway to this end. In this review, we intend to provide an updated overview on the rationale, strategies, factors and applications involved in intestinal lymphatic transport. There are mainly two pathways for peroral lymphatic transport-the chylomicron and the microfold cell pathways. The underlying mechanisms are being unraveled gradually and nowadays witness increasing research input and applications.
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Key Words
- ACQ, aggregation-caused quenching
- ASRT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- AUC, area under curve
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- CM, chylomicron
- Chylomicron
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DTX, docetaxel
- Drug absorption
- Drug carriers
- Drug delivery
- FA, fatty acid
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelia
- FRET, Föster resonance energy transfer
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDV, Leu-Asp-Val
- LDVp, LDV peptidomimetic
- Lymphatic transport
- M cell, microfold cells
- MG, monoglyceride
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system
- Microfold cell
- Nanoparticles
- OA, oleate
- Oral
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PEG-PLA, polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic acid)
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RGDp, RGD peptidomimetic
- SEDDS, self-emulsifying drug delivery system
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TG, triglyceride
- TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
- TU, testosterone undecanoate
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- YCW, yeast cell wall
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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Lagoutte P, Bettler E, Vadon-Le Goff S, Moali C. Procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 (PCPE-1), a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for fibrosis. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100062. [PMID: 34435180 PMCID: PMC8377038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct balance between collagen synthesis and degradation is essential for almost every aspect of life, from development to healthy aging, reproduction and wound healing. When this balance is compromised by external or internal stress signals, it very often leads to disease as is the case in fibrotic conditions. Fibrosis occurs in the context of defective tissue repair and is characterized by the excessive, aberrant and debilitating deposition of fibril-forming collagens. Therefore, the numerous proteins involved in the biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens represent a potential and still underexploited source of therapeutic targets to prevent fibrosis. One such target is procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 (PCPE-1) which has the unique ability to accelerate procollagen maturation by BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases (BTPs) and contributes to trigger collagen fibrillogenesis, without interfering with other BTP functions or the activities of other extracellular metalloproteinases. This role is achieved through a fine-tuned mechanism of action that is close to being elucidated and offers promising perspectives for drug design. Finally, the in vivo data accumulated in recent years also confirm that PCPE-1 overexpression is a general feature and early marker of fibrosis. In this review, we describe the results which presently support the driving role of PCPE-1 in fibrosis and discuss the questions that remain to be solved to validate its use as a biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Key Words
- ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs
- AS, aortic valve stenosis
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- Biomarker
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CP, C-propeptide
- CUB, complement, Uegf, BMP-1
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Collagen
- DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Fibrillogenesis
- Fibrosis
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HTS, hypertrophic scar
- IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NTR, netrin
- OPMD, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
- PABPN1, poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1
- PCP, procollagen C-proteinase
- PCPE, procollagen C-proteinase enhancer
- PNP, procollagen N-proteinase
- Proteolysis
- SPC, subtilisin proprotein convertase
- TGF-β, transforming growth-factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TSPN, thrombospondin-like N-terminal
- Therapeutic target
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
- mTLD, mammalian tolloid
- mTLL, mammalian tolloid-like
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscillia Lagoutte
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, LBTI, UMR5305, F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Bettler
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, LBTI, UMR5305, F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, LBTI, UMR5305, F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Moali
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, LBTI, UMR5305, F-69367 Lyon, France
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Chaiwong S, Chatturong U, Chanasong R, Deetud W, To-on K, Puntheeranurak S, Chulikorn E, Kajsongkram T, Raksanoh V, Chinda K, Limpeanchob N, Trisat K, Somran J, Nuengchamnong N, Prajumwong P, Chootip K. Dried mulberry fruit ameliorates cardiovascular and liver histopathological changes in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:356-368. [PMID: 34195030 PMCID: PMC8240167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Metabolic disease encompasses most contemporary non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular and fatty liver disease. Mulberry fruits of Morus alba L. are a favoured food and a traditional medicine. While they are anti-atherosclerotic and reduce hyperlipidemic risk factors, studies need wider scope that include ameliorating cardiovascular and liver pathologies if they are to become clinically effective treatments. Therefore, the present study sought to show that freshly dried mulberry fruits (dMF) might counteract the metabolic/cardiovascular pathologies in mice made hyperlipidemic by high-fat diet (HF). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE C57BL/6J mice were fed for 3 months with either: i) control diet, ii) HF, iii) HF+100 mg/kg dMF, or iv) HF+300 mg/kg dMF. Body weight gain, food intake, visceral fat accumulation, fasting blood glucose, plasma lipids, and aortic, heart, and liver histopathologies were evaluated. Adipocyte lipid accumulation, autophagy, and bile acid binding were also investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HF increased food intake, body weight, visceral fat, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TC/HDL ratio, blood glucose, aortic collagen, arterial and cardiac wall thickness, and liver lipid. Both dMF doses prevented hyperphagia, body weight gain, and visceral fat accumulation, lowered blood glucose, plasma TG and unfavourable TC/HDL and elevated plasma HDL beyond baseline. Arterial and cardiac wall hypertrophy, aortic collagen fibre accumulation and liver lipid deposition ameliorated in dMF-fed mice. Clinical trials on dMF are worthwhile but outcomes should be holistic commensurate with the constellation of disease risks. Here, dMF should supplement the switch to nutrient-rich from current energy-dense diets that are progressively crippling national health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Chaiwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Usana Chatturong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rachanee Chanasong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Watcharakorn Deetud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kittiwoot To-on
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Puntheeranurak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ekarin Chulikorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tanwarat Kajsongkram
- Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Veerada Raksanoh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nanteetip Limpeanchob
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanittaporn Trisat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Julintorn Somran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Centre, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piya Prajumwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Krongkarn Chootip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Pattarabanjird T, Li C, McNamara C. B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:546-563. [PMID: 34222726 PMCID: PMC8246059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells regulate atherosclerotic plaque formation through production of antibodies and cytokines, and effects are subset specific (B1 and B2). Putative human atheroprotective B1 cells function similarly to murine B1 in their spontaneous IgM antibody production. However, marker strategies in identifying human and murine B1 are different. IgM antibody to oxidation specific epitopes produced by B1 cells associate with human coronary artery disease. Neoantigen immunization may be a promising strategy for atherosclerosis vaccine development, but further study to determine relevant antigens still need to be done. B-cell–targeted therapies, used in treating autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoid cancers, might have potential applications in treating cardiovascular diseases. Short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of these agents need to be assessed.
Because atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, understanding inflammatory processes underpinning its pathology is critical. B cells have been implicated as a key immune cell type in regulating atherosclerosis. B-cell effects, mediated by antibodies and cytokines, are subset specific. In this review, we focus on elaborating mechanisms underlying subtype-specific roles of B cells in atherosclerosis and discuss available human data implicating B cells in atherosclerosis. We further discuss potential B cell–linked therapeutic approaches, including immunization and B cell–targeted biologics. Given recent evidence strongly supporting a role for B cells in human atherosclerosis and the expansion of immunomodulatory agents that affect B-cell biology in clinical use and clinical trials for other disorders, it is important that the cardiovascular field be cognizant of potential beneficial or untoward effects of modulating B-cell activity on atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- APRIL, A proliferation−inducing ligand
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- B-cell
- BAFF, B-cell–activating factor
- BAFFR, B-cell–activating factor receptor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- CXCR4, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
- GC, germinal center
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein
- GITRL, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein ligand
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IVUS, intravascular ultrasound
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein
- MI, myocardial infarction
- OSE, oxidation-specific epitope
- OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PC, phosphorylcholine
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- PDL1, programmed death ligand 1
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TACI, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- atherosclerosis
- immunoglobulins
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Dugani SB, Hydoub YM, Ayala AP, Reka R, Nayfeh T, Ding JF, McCafferty SN, Alzuabi M, Farwati M, Murad MH, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Mora S. Risk Factors for Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 77 Studies. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:783-94. [PMID: 34401655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the magnitude of the association between risk factors and premature myocardial infarction (MI) (men aged 18-55 years; women aged 18-65 years). Patients and Methods We searched MEDLINE and other databases from inception through April 30, 2020, as well as bibliography of articles selected for data extraction. We selected observational studies reporting the magnitude of the association of at least 1 risk factor (demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, clinical risk factors, or biomarkers) with premature MI and a control group. Pooled risk estimates (random effects) from all studies unadjusted and adjusted for risk factors were reported as summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. Results From 35,320 articles of 12.7 million participants, we extracted data on 19 risk factors from 77 studies across 58 countries. Men had a higher risk of premature MI (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.71 to 3.35) than did women. Family history of cardiac disease was associated with a higher risk of premature MI (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.29 to 3.27). Major modifiable risk factors associated with higher risk were current smoking (OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 3.68 to 5.12 vs no/former), diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 2.69 to 4.65), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.76 to 4.91), and hypertension (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.48 to 3.27). Higher body mass index carried higher risk (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.71 for ≥25 kg/m2 vs <25 kg/m2). Biomarkers associated with 2- to 3-fold higher risk were total cholesterol levels greater than 200 mg/dL, triglyceride levels higher than 150 mg/dL, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels less than 60 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259). Conclusion Major risk factors for premature MI are mostly amenable to patient, population, and policy level interventions. Mild elevations in body mass index and triglyceride levels were associated with higher risk, which has implications for the growing worldwide epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Vartela V, Armenis I, Leivadarou D, Toutouzas K, Makrilakis K, Athanassopoulos GD, Karatasakis G, Kolovou G, Mavrogeni S, Perrea D. Reduced global longitudinal strain at rest and inadequate blood pressure response during exercise treadmill testing in male heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2021; 9:100083. [PMID: 34095810 PMCID: PMC8167294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH) is a genetic disorder leading to premature coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesized that the subclinical pathophysiologic consequences of hypercholesterolemia may be detected before the occurrence of clinically overt CAD by stress testing and myocardial strain imaging. Patients-methods We evaluated the treadmill tests (ETTs) of 46 heFH men without known arterial hypertension/diabetes mellitus/vasculopathy like CAD and of 39 healthy men matched for age, baseline systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), using Bruce protocol. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle (LV) additionally to ejection fraction was obtained. Results heFH men reached a significantly higher peak systolic and diastolic BP compared to controls (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Mean rate pressure product was significantly higher in heFH patients (p = 0.038). Both duration of the ETT and workload in metabolic equivalents was lower in the heFH group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Baseline to peak rise of systolic and diastolic BP in heFH men was higher (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively). Furthermore, heFH men had higher rise of HR from baseline to peak, compared to controls; (p = 0.047). GLS in heHF men was slightly decreased (p = 0.014), although the ejection fraction was similar in both groups. Conclusion heFH men have a higher rise in systolic/diastolic BP during ETT, which may reflect early, preclinical hypertension. Furthermore, slight impairment of LV GLS is present, despite the absence of apparent myocardial dysfunction in conventional 2D echocardiography.
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Key Words
- Arterial blood pressure
- BP, blood pressure
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- Coronary artery disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- ETT, Exercise treadmill test
- Exercise treadmill test
- FH, Familial hypercholesterolemia
- GLS, Global longitudinal strain
- Global longitudinal strain
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HR, heart rate
- Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LV, left ventricle
- LVEF, LV ejection fraction
- METs, metabolic equivalents
- RPP, rate pressure product
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- heFH, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- hoFH, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Vartela
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Iakovos Armenis
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece.,Hippokration Hospital, First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Makrilakis
- Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece.,Hellenic Diabetes Association, Athens, Greece.,Laikon Hospital, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Karatasakis
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sophia Mavrogeni
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Division of Experimental Surgery, Greece
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Hsieh CT, Wang J, Chien KL. Association between dietary flavonoid intakes and C-reactive protein levels: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e15. [PMID: 33889398 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the intake of specific flavonoid-rich foods may reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, the association between dietary flavonoid intakes and CRP is inconsistent. We aim to describe dietary flavonoid intakes in a Taiwanese nationally representative sample and to investigate the association between flavonoid intakes and CRP. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 2592 adults from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2005–8. Flavonoid intakes were estimated by linking the 24-h dietary recall with the U.S. Department of Agriculture flavonoid database and divided into quartiles. Adjusted estimates of the flavonoid intakes for the continuous and binary (elevated CRP: >0⋅3 mg/dl) variables were performed by using general linear and logistic regression. We found that tea, orange, tofu and sweet potato leaves/water spinach constituted the major food items of the total flavonoid intake. The total flavonoid intake was lower among women and elderly. Compared with the lowest total flavonoid intake quartile, participants in higher quartiles were associated with a lower CRP status (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0⋅61, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0⋅44–0⋅86 for the highest quartiles). The trends were similar for flavonol and flavan-3-ol intakes. Compared with non-consumers, tea consumers were likely to have a lower CRP status (adjusted OR: 0⋅74, 95 % CI: 0⋅57–0⋅97). In brief, a higher total flavonoid intake and tea consumption were inversely associated with CRP levels, indicating that a high-flavonoid diet may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects. A Taiwanese flavonoid content table is necessary for conducting further studies related to flavonoids in Taiwan.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- C-reactive protein
- CI, confidence interval
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Cross-sectional study
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- FDB-EXP, USDA's Expanded Flavonoid Database for the Assessment of Dietary Intakes
- Flavonoid-rich foods
- Flavonoids
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- NAHSIT 2005-8, Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2005–2008
- OR, odds ratio
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
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Greish SM, Abdel Kader GS, Abdelaziz EZ, Eltamany DA, Sallam HS, Abogresha NM. Lycopene is superior to moringa in improving fertility markers in diet-induced obesity male rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2956-2963. [PMID: 34025172 PMCID: PMC8117045 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to male infertility. Can lycopene or moringa improve male infertility? Tested in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity. Lycopene was superior to Moringa in improving male fertility parameters.
Obesity is a condition of chronic tissue inflammation and oxidative stress that poses as a risk factor for male infertility. Moringa oleifera oil extract is known to have cholesterol-lowering properties and a potential to treat obesity, while lycopene is a potent antioxidant. We hypothesize that Moringa or lycopene may improve male fertility markers in an animal model of diet-induced obesity. Male Albino rats (n = 60) were randomized to receive regular chow (RC) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks (n = 30 each). Animals in each arm were further randomized to receive gavage treatment with corn oil (vehicle), lycopene (10 mg/kg), or Moringa (400 mg/kg) for four weeks starting on week 9 (n = 10 each). Animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks, and blood was collected to assess lipid profile, serum testosterone, and gonadotropin levels. The testes and epididymides were removed for sperm analysis, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and histopathological assessment. In comparison to their RC littermates, animals on HFD showed an increase in body weights, serum lipids, testosterone and gonadotrophin levels, testicular oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, as well as sperm abnormalities and disrupted testicular histology. Moringa or lycopene reduced body weight, improved oxidative stress, and male fertility markers in HFD-fed animals with lycopene exhibiting better anti-antioxidant and anti-lipidemic effects. Lycopene is superior to Moringa in improving male fertility parameters, possibly by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
- Fertility
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HMG-Co-A, β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LH, Luteinizing hormone
- LY, lycopene
- Lycopene
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MO, moringa
- Moringa
- NE, Eosin-Nigrosin
- Obesity
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RC, regular chow
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TC, total cholesterol
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Greish
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Medical Science Department, School of Oral and Dental Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada S Abdel Kader
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman Z Abdelaziz
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Eltamany
- Nutrition and Food Science, Home Economic Department, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hanaa S Sallam
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Endocrinology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Noha M Abogresha
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Atmosudigdo IS, Pranata R, Lim MA, Henrina J, Yonas E, Vania R, Radi B. Dyslipidemia Increases the Risk of Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021:S0973-6883(21)00027-X. [PMID: 33584063 PMCID: PMC7868769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether dyslipidemia affects the mortality and severity of COVID-19, we also aimed to evaluate whether other comorbidities influence the association. METHODS A systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, and EuropePMC was performed on 8 October 2020. This study's main outcome is a poor composite outcome, comprising of mortality and severe COVID-19. RESULTS There were 9 studies with 3,663 patients. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in this pooled analysis was 18% (4%-32%). Dyslipidemia was associated with increased composite poor outcome (RR 1.39 [1.02, 1.88], p=0.010; I2: 56.7%, p=0.018). Subgroup analysis showed that dyslipidemia was associated with severe COVID-19 (RR 1.39 [1.03, 1.87], p=0.008; I2: 57.4%, p=0.029). Meta-regression showed that the association between dyslipidemia and poor outcome varies by age (coefficient: -0.04, p=0.033), male gender (coefficient: -0.03, p=0.042), and hypertension (coefficient: -0.02, p=0.033), but not diabetes (coefficient: -0.24, p=0.135) and cardiovascular diseases (coefficient: -0.01, p=0.506). Inverted funnel-plot was relatively symmetrical. Egger's test indicates that the pooled analysis was not statistically significant for small-study effects (p=0.206). CONCLUSION Dyslipidemia potentially increases mortality and severity of COVID-19. The association was stronger in patients with older age, male, and hypertension. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020213491.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2
- BMI, Body Mass Index
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- CVD, Cardiovascular Diseases
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MOOSE, Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
- NOS, Newcastle Ottawa Scale
- RR, Risk Ratio
- TG, Triglycerides
- WHO, World Health Organization
- coronavirus
- dyslipidemia
- hyperlipidemia
- prognosis
- vLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Indriwanto Sakidjan Atmosudigdo
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan
Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Raymond Pranata
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang,
Indonesia
| | | | | | - Emir Yonas
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas YARSI, Jakarta,
Indonesia
| | - Rachel Vania
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang,
Indonesia
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic, Department of
Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah General
Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Basuni Radi
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan
Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Zoch-Lesniak B, Dobberke J, Schlitt A, Bongarth C, Glatz J, Spörl-Dönch S, Koran I, Völler H, Salzwedel A. Performance Measures for Short-Term Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients of Working Age: Results of the Prospective Observational Multicenter Registry OutCaRe. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2020; 2:100043. [PMID: 33543072 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine immediate performance measures for short-term, multicomponent cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in clinical routine in patients of working age, taking into account cardiovascular risk factors, physical performance, social medicine, and subjective health parameters and to explore the underlying dimensionality. Design Prospective observational multicenter register study in 12 rehabilitation centers throughout Germany. Setting Comprehensive 3-week CR. Participants Patients (N=1586) ≤65 years of age (mean 53.8±7.3y, 77.1% men) in CR (May 2017-May 2018). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Feasibility, defined by data availability for ≥85% of patients (CR admission and discharge), and modifiability based on pre-post comparison (statistical significance, with P value<.01; standardized effect size≥.35; change by ≥5% points in categorical variables). In addition, latent factors were identified using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results Based on feasibility and modifiability criteria, smoking behavior, lifestyle change behavior, blood pressure, endurance training load, depression in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), physical and mental health and pain scale of the indicators of rehabilitation status-24 (IRES-24), and self-assessed health prognosis proved to be suitable performance measures. As a result of the EFA, 2 solid factors were identified: (1) subjective mental health including PHQ-9, WHO-5, mental health (IRES-24), mental quality of life, and anxiety and (2) physical health including physical quality of life, physical health and pain scale of IRES-24, and self-assessed occupational prognosis. A third factor represents the blood pressure. Conclusions We provide a small set of performance measures, that are essentially based on 3 latent factors (subjective mental health, physical health, blood pressure). These performance measures can represent immediate success of comprehensive CR and be applied easily in clinical practice.
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Key Words
- 6MWD, 6-minute walking distance
- 95% CI, 95% confidence interval
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- BMI, body mass index
- CR, cardiac rehabilitation
- Cardiac rehabilitation
- Cardiovascular diseases
- EDC, electronic data capture
- HAF-17, Herzangstfragebogen (German version of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire)
- IRES-24, indicators of rehabilitation status-24
- KMO, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- OutCaRe, Outcome of Cardiac Rehabilitation
- Outcome measures
- PAD, peripheral artery disease
- PCS, physical component summary
- PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9
- Quality indicators
- Rehabilitation
- Rehabilitation outcome
- SES, standardized effect size
- SF-12, Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey
- Secondary prevention
- WHO-5, 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index
- health care
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Sharp TE, Scarborough AL, Li Z, Polhemus DJ, Hidalgo HA, Schumacher JD, Matsuura TR, Jenkins JS, Kelly DP, Goodchild TT, Lefer DJ. Novel Göttingen Miniswine Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Integrating Multiple Comorbidities. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:154-170. [PMID: 33665515 PMCID: PMC7907541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A lack of preclinical large animal models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that recapitulate this comorbid-laden syndrome has led to the inability to tease out mechanistic insights and to test novel therapeutic strategies. This study developed a large animal model that integrated multiple comorbid determinants of HFpEF in a miniswine breed that exhibited sensitivity to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and vascular disease with overt clinical signs of heart failure. The combination of a Western diet and 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension in the Göttingen miniswine led to the development of a novel large animal model of HFpEF that exhibited multiorgan involvement and a full spectrum of comorbidities associated with human HFpEF.
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Key Words
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DOCA, 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate
- EC50, half-maximal effective concentration
- EF, ejection fraction
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- IVGTT, intravenous glucose tolerance test
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LV, left ventricle
- PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- TC, total cholesterol
- WD, Western diet
- animal models of human disease
- heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- hypertension
- metabolic syndrome
- obesity
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sharp
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amy L Scarborough
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David J Polhemus
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hunter A Hidalgo
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffery D Schumacher
- Department of Animal Care, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Timothy R Matsuura
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Stephen Jenkins
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Traci T Goodchild
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Kohsaka S, Okami S, Kanda E, Kashihara N, Yajima T. Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes Associated With Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:274-285. [PMID: 33997627 PMCID: PMC8105529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between hyperkalemia and long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Patients and Methods An observational retrospective cohort study was performed using a Japanese hospital claims registry, Medical Data Vision (April 1, 2008, to September 30, 2018). Of 1,208,894 patients with at least 1 potassium measurement, 167,465 patients with chronic kidney disease were selected based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Hyperkalemia was defined as at least 2 potassium measurements of 5.1 mmol/L or greater within 12 months. Normokalemic controls were patients without a record of potassium levels of 5.1 mmol/L or greater and 3.5 mmol/L or less. Changes in eGFRs and hazard ratios of death, hospitalization for cardiac events, heart failure, and renal replacement therapy introduction were assessed between propensity score–matched hyperkalemic patients and normokalemic controls. Results Of 16,133 hyperkalemic patients and 11,898 normokalemic controls eligible for analyses, 5859 (36.3%) patients and 5859 (49.2%) controls were selected after propensity score matching. The mean follow-up period was 3.5 years. The 3-year eGFR change in patients and controls was −5.75 and −1.79 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Overall, hyperkalemic patients had higher risks for death, hospitalization for cardiac events, heart failure, and renal replacement therapy introduction than controls, with hazard ratios of 4.40 (95% CI, 3.74 to 5.18), 1.95 (95% CI, 1.59 to 2.39), 5.09 (95% CI, 4.17 to 6.21), and 7.54 (95% CI, 5.73 to 9.91), respectively. Conclusion Hyperkalemia was associated with significant risks for mortality and adverse clinical outcomes, with more rapid decline of renal function. These findings underscore the significance of hyperkalemia as a predisposition to future adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Key Words
- ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HF, heart failure
- ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDV, Medical Data Vision
- MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
- PS, propensity score
- RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor
- RRT, renal replacement therapy
- S-K, serum potassium
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Okami
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca KK, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Kanda
- Medical Science, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kashihara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Yajima
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca KK, Osaka, Japan
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Bouchareb R, Guauque-Olarte S, Snider J, Zaminski D, Anyanwu A, Stelzer P, Lebeche D. Proteomic Architecture of Valvular Extracellular Matrix: FNDC1 and MXRA5 Are New Biomarkers of Aortic Stenosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:25-39. [PMID: 33532664 PMCID: PMC7838057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ECM proteins play an important role in maintaining the structural architecture and the mechanical behavior of the aortic valve. Network analysis highlights a strong connection between metabolic markers and ECM proteins. MXRA5 and FNDC1 were identified as new biomarkers of aortic stenosis in 2 independent cohorts
This study analyzed the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins during aortic valve calcification with mass spectrometry, and further validated in an independent human cohort using RNAseq data. The study reveals that valve calcification is associated with significant disruption in ECM and metabolic pathways, and highlights a strong connection between metabolic markers and ECM remodeling. It also identifies FNDC1 and MXRA5 as novel ECM biomarkers in calcified valves, electing them as potential targets in the development and progression of aortic stenosis.
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Key Words
- AS, aortic stenosis
- EC, endothelial cell
- ECM
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FN, fibronectin
- FNDC1, fibronectin type III domain containing 1
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MXRA5, matrix-remodeling-associated protein 5
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RNA-Seq
- RNAseq, RNA sequencing
- TAVc, calcified tricuspid aortic valve
- TAVn, noncalcified tricuspid aortic valve
- VAHC, calcified human aortic valve
- VAHN, normal human aortic valve
- aortic stenosis
- calcified aortic valves
- hVIC, human valve interstitial cell
- metabolism
- proteomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Bouchareb
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Guauque-Olarte
- GIOD Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Justin Snider
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Devyn Zaminski
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anelechi Anyanwu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Stelzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Brand BA, de Boer JN, Oude Ophuis SB, Slot MI, De Wilde B, Catthoor KC, Goverde AJ, Bakker PR, Marcelis MC, Grootens KP, Luykx JJ, Heringa SM, Weickert CS, Sommer IE, Weickert TW. Raloxifene augmentation in men and women with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 20:100681. [PMID: 33364517 PMCID: PMC7750317 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute psychotic symptoms are often reduced by antipsychotic treatment, many patients with schizophrenia are impaired in daily functioning due to the persistence of negative and cognitive symptoms. Raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) has been shown to be an effective adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia. Yet, there is a paucity in evidence for raloxifene efficacy in men and premenopausal women. We report the design of a study that aims to replicate earlier findings concerning the efficacy of raloxifene augmentation in reducing persisting symptoms and cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women, and to extend these findings to a male and peri/premenopausal population of patients with schizophrenia. The study is a multisite, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial in approximately 110 adult men and women with schizophrenia. Participants are randomised 1:1 to adjunctive raloxifene 120 mg or placebo daily during 12 weeks. The treatment phase includes measurements at three time points (week 0, 6 and 12), followed by a follow-up period of two years. The primary outcome measure is change in symptom severity, as measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognition, as measured with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Secondary outcome measures include social functioning and quality of life. Genetic, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers are measured to assess potential associations with treatment effects. If it becomes apparent that raloxifene reduces psychotic symptoms and/or improves cognition, social functioning and/or quality of life as compared to placebo, implementation of raloxifene in clinical psychiatric practice can be considered.
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Key Words
- AE, Adverse event
- AF, alkaline phosphatase
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale
- APTT, activated partial thrombin time
- ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antipsychotic medication
- BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
- BDI, Beck's Depression Inventory
- BNSS, Brief Negative Symptom scale
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DSMB, Data Safety Monitoring Board
- EQ-5D-5L, Euro Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Levels
- Estrogen
- FSH, follicle stimulating hormone
- GGZ Centraal, Psychiatric Center Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Centraal
- GGzE, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Eindhoven
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- ICH-GCP, the International Conference on Harmonization – Good Clinical Practice
- IMCJE, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LHT, lithium heparin tube
- MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus
- PSP, Personal and Social Performance
- QALYs, Quality Adjusted Life Years
- Raloxifene
- Randomised controlled trial
- RvA, Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care
- SAE, Serious Adverse Event
- SCT, sodium citrate tube
- SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator
- SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin
- SMD, standard mean difference
- SST, serum separator tube
- SUSAR, Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction
- Schizophrenia
- TALD, Thought And Language Disorder scale
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- UMCG, University Medical Center Groningen
- UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
- WOCBP, Women of child bearing potential
- ZNA, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
- iMTA-MCQ, institute for Medical Technology Assessment's Medical Consumption Questionnaire
- iMTA-PCQ, institute for Medical Technology Assessment's Productivity Cost Questionnaire
- psychotic disorder NOS, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified
- β-HCG, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodyl A. Brand
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Systems, Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janna N. de Boer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Systems, Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastianus B.J. Oude Ophuis
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margot I.E. Slot
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kirsten C.E.E.R. Catthoor
- Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium
- The Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelique J. Goverde
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P. Roberto Bakker
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Machteld C. Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Koen P. Grootens
- Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care (RvA), ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J. Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie M. Heringa
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Isala, Department of Medical Psychology, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Iris E.C. Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Systems, Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Yoon SJ, Kim SK, Lee NY, Choi YR, Kim HS, Gupta H, Youn GS, Sung H, Shin MJ, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:380-389. [PMID: 34025131 PMCID: PMC8134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) refers to steamed/dried ginseng, traditionally associated with beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. KRG has been often used in traditional medicine to treat multiple metabolic conditions. This paper summarizes the effects of KRG in MS and related diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on experimental research and clinical studies.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AG, American ginseng extract
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT, current perception threshold
- CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DEN, diethyl nitrosamine
- EAT, epididymis adipose tissue
- EF, ejection fraction
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FAS, Fatty acid synthase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FR, fine root concentration
- FS, fractional shortening
- GBHT, ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang
- GLUT, glucose transporter type
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, ginsenoside
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- GST-P, glutathione S-transferase placental form
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCEF-RG, hypotensive components-enriched fraction of red ginseng
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, High fat diet
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- I.P., intraperitoneal injection
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lex, lower extremities
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, Matrix metallopeptidases
- MS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-кB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cell, Natural killer cell
- NMDA-NR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OLETF rat, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat
- PCG-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- Panax ginseng
- REKRG, Rg3-enriched KRG
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rg3-KGE, Rg3-enriched KRG extract
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCD, Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat
- SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- STAT5, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UCP, Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- t-BHP, tert-butyl hyperoxide
- tGST, total glutathione
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seob Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Li P, Xing J, Zhang J, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao D, Zhang Y. Inhibition of long noncoding RNA HIF1A-AS2 confers protection against atherosclerosis via ATF2 downregulation. J Adv Res 2020; 26:123-135. [PMID: 33133688 PMCID: PMC7584671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In atherosclerotic lesions, extensive inflammation of the vessel wall contributes to plaque instability. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes in atherosclerosis. Objectives Here, we aim to identify the functional role and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha-antisense RNA 2 (HIF1A-AS2) in atherosclerotic inflammation. Methods An atherosclerotic mouse model was induced in ApoE-/- mice by high fat diet (HFD). Endothelial cells (ECs), human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to ox-LDL to develop the in vitro model. The effects of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 on inflammation were evaluated by determining levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and levels of adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and macrophage cationic peptide 1 (MCP-1). Results It was established that lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 and ATF2 were highly expressed in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice. Downregulating lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 in ox-LDL-exposed ECs, SMCs and HCAECs inhibited inflammation by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules. LncRNA HIF1A-AS2 bound to the transcription factor USF1 to elevate ATF2 expression. USF1 overexpression counteracted the suppressive effect of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 silencing on ox-LDL-induced inflammation. Knockdown of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 or ATF2 could also attenuate inflammation in atherosclerotic mice. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that downregulation of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 represses the binding of USF1 to the ATF2 promoter region and then inhibits ATF2 expression, thereby suppressing atherosclerotic inflammation. Conclusion This study suggests lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 as an promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- ATF2, activating transcription factor 2
- Activating transcription factor
- Atherosclerosis
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- ECs, endothelial cells
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HCAECs, human coronary artery endothelial cells
- HE, Hematoxylin-eosin
- HFD, high fat diet
- HIF1A-AS2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha-antisense RNA 2
- Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha-antisense RNA 2
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Inflammation
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- Long noncoding RNA
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- ND, normal diet
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RIP, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Transcription factor
- USF1, upstream stimulatory factor 1
- Upstream transcription factor 1
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- lncRNAs, long noncoding RNAs
- ox-LDL, oxidized-low-density lipoprotein
- sh, short hairpin RNA
- si-NC, small interfering RNA-negative control
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jielei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jianwu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xuemeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Di Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
- Corresponding authors at: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China (D. Zhao). Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China (Y. Zhang).
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
- Corresponding authors at: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China (D. Zhao). Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China (Y. Zhang).
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Ozawa K, Muller MA, Varlamov O, Tavori H, Packwood W, Mueller PA, Xie A, Ruggeri Z, Chung D, López JA, Lindner JR. Proteolysis of Von Willebrand Factor Influences Inflammatory Endothelial Activation and Vascular Compliance in Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:1017-1028. [PMID: 33145464 PMCID: PMC7591934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In murine models of atherosclerosis, excess endothelial-associated vWF results not only in platelet adhesion, but also endothelial expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, indicating a role of platelets in endothelial activation. The events triggered by excess endothelial-associated vWF lead to accelerated plaque growth and abnormal arterial mechanical properties. The cellular and molecular events described herein can be assessed noninvasively through molecular imaging.
This study used in vivo molecular imaging to characterize endotheliall activation attributable to von Willebrand factor (vWF)-mediated platelet adhesion in atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic mice lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor on Western diet, the additional genetic deletion of the ADAMTS13, which cleaves endothelial-associated vWF, produced greater aortic molecular imaging signal for not only vWF and platelets, but also for endothelial adhesion molecules VCAM1 and P-selectin, larger plaque size, and lower aortic distensibility. Sustained ADAMTS13 therapy reduced signal for all 4 molecular targets and plaque size. We conclude that excess endothelial-associated vWF contributes to not only platelet adhesion, but also to up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules.
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Key Words
- AD13−/−, deficient for ADAMTS13
- Apo-E−/−, deficient for apolipoprotein-E
- BP, blood pressure
- GPIbα, glycoprotein-Ibα
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-R, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LDL-R−/−, deficient for low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MB, microbubble
- NFκB, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- WSD, Western-style diet
- atherosclerosis
- molecular imaging
- platelets
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
- von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew A. Muller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paul A. Mueller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aris Xie
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zaverio Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Jonathan R. Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Jonathan R. Lindner, Cardiovascular Division, UHN-62, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239.
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de Oliveira CM, Pavani J, Liu C, de Oliveira Alvim R, Balcells M, Mourão-Junior CA, Krieger JE, da Costa Pereira A. Triglyceride glucose index as a tool to motivate early lifestyle modification in young adults at diabetes risk: The Baependi Heart Study. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101172. [PMID: 32874826 PMCID: PMC7452098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing especially in developing countries and becoming a global public health problem, this study aims to evaluate the association between triglyceride glucose index (TyG) – which is a mathematical product of the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels – and incident T2DM in an adult sample in the Baependi Heart Study (BHS). The data were from the BHS cohort consisting of two periods: cycle 1 (2005–2006; n = 1712; 119 families) and cycle 2 (2010–2013; n = 3017; 127 families). A total of 1121 individuals (both sexes, 18–100 years) were selected if they were assessed in both cycles and not diagnosed with T2DM at baseline (cycle 1). Our findings showed that a participant’s risk of developing T2DM increased almost 10 times for a one-unit increase in the TyG (odds ratio OR = 10.17, 95% CI, 7.51–13.93). The association when stratified by age was OR = 28.13 [95% CI, 14.03–56.41] for young adults, meaning that the risk of developing T2DM increased more than 28 times for a one-unit increase in the TyG. For the other groups, young middle-aged adults, old middle-aged adults, and seniors, we found OR = 4.84 [95% CI, 2.91–8.06], OR = 28.73 [95% CI, 10.63–77.65, and OR = 9.88 [95% CI, 3.16–30.90], respectively. A higher TyG implies a significant increase in the risk of developing T2DM, which could be an important screening tool to target early lifestyle intervention in Brazil.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- Baependi Heart Study cohort
- Brazil
- CI, confidence interval
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- FPG, fasting plasma glucose
- Glucose
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- OR, odds ratio
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SD, standard deviation
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Triglyceride glucose index
- Triglycerides
- TyG, triglyceride-glucose index
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maciel de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
- Global CoCreation Lab, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Corresponding author at: Global CoCreation Lab, IMES, MIT, USA.
| | - Jessica Pavani
- Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, USA
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Balcells
- Global CoCreation Lab, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Bioengineering Department, Institut Quimic de Sarria, Ramon Llull Univ, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Bourgeois R, Devillers R, Perrot N, Després AA, Boulanger MC, Mitchell PL, Guertin J, Couture P, Boffa MB, Scipione CA, Pibarot P, Koschinsky ML, Mathieu P, Arsenault BJ. Interaction of Autotaxin With Lipoprotein(a) in Patients With Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:888-897. [PMID: 33015412 PMCID: PMC7524777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine whether autotaxin (ATX) is transported by lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in human plasma and if could be used as a biomarker of calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). We first found that ATX activity was higher in Lp(a) compared to low-density lipoprotein fractions in isolated fractions of 10 healthy participants. We developed a specific assay to measure ATX-Lp(a) in 88 patients with CAVS and 144 controls without CAVS. In a multivariable model corrected for CAVS risk factors, ATX-Lp(a) was associated with CAVS (p = 0.003). We concluded that ATX is preferentially transported by Lp(a) and might represent a novel biomarker for CAVS.
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Key Words
- ALR, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio
- ATX, autotaxin
- ATX-apo(a), ATX carried by Lp(a)
- ATX-apoB, ATX carried by apoB-containing lipoproteins
- BMI, body mass index
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CAVS, calcific aortic valve stenosis
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- Lp(a), lipoprotein(a)
- LysoPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- OxPLs, oxidized phospholipids
- apo(a), apolipoprotein(a)
- apoB, apolipoprotein B
- autotaxin
- calcific aortic valve stenosis
- lipoprotein(a)
- low-density lipoproteins
- obesity
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Bourgeois
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Devillers
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey-Anne Després
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jakie Guertin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey A Scipione
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Wang Z, He B, Liu Y, Huo M, Fu W, Yang C, Wei J, Abliz Z. In situ metabolomics in nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1083-1093. [PMID: 32642414 PMCID: PMC7332651 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the nephrotoxicity induced by drug candidates is vital to drug discovery and development. Herein, an in situ metabolomics method based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) was established for direct analysis of metabolites in renal tissue sections. This method was subsequently applied to investigate spatially resolved metabolic profile changes in rat kidney after the administration of aristolochic acid I, a known nephrotoxic drug, aimed to discover metabolites associated with nephrotoxicity. As a result, 38 metabolites related to the arginine–creatinine metabolic pathway, the urea cycle, the serine synthesis pathway, metabolism of lipids, choline, histamine, lysine, and adenosine triphosphate were significantly changed in the group treated with aristolochic acid I. These metabolites exhibited a unique distribution in rat kidney and a good spatial match with histopathological renal lesions. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying aristolochic acids nephrotoxicity and demonstrates that AFADESI-MSI-based in situ metabolomics is a promising technique for investigation of the molecular mechanism of drug toxicity.
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Key Words
- AA, aristolochic acids
- AAI, aristolochic acids I
- AAN, AA-induced nephrotoxicity
- AFADESI
- AFADESI, air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Aristolochic acid
- CPT1, xarnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- DESI, desorption electrospray ionization
- DG, diglyceride
- GC, gas chromatograph
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- In situ metabolomics
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- MG, monoglyceride
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSI, mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass spectrometry imaging
- Nephrotoxicity
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal projections to the latent structures' discriminant analysis
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- ROI, region of interest
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- TG, triglyceride
- TIC, total ion current
- Ucr, urine creatinine
- Upr, urine protein
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Hosseini A, Mirzaei A, Salimi V, Jamshidi K, Babaheidarian P, Fallah S, Rampisheh Z, Khademian N, Abdolvahabi Z, Bahrabadi M, Ibrahimi M, Hosami F, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. The local and circulating SOX9 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of primary bone cancer. J Bone Oncol 2020; 23:100300. [PMID: 32551218 PMCID: PMC7292907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX9 expression increased in tumor tissues and peripheral blood of malignant and benign bone tumors. The protein level of SOX9 is enhanced in malignant bone tumor tissues. SOX9 over-expression correlated with tumor severity, grade, invasion feature, poor response to therapy, and recurrence.
Purpose The status of the local and circulating SOX9, a master regulator of the tumor fate, and its relevance to tumor types, severity, invasion feature, response to therapy, and chemotherapy treatment were surveyed in bone cancer in the current study. Methods The SOX9 expression level was evaluated in tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with different types of malignant and benign bone tumors also tumor margin tissues using Real-Time PCR. The protein level of SOX9 was assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Also, the correlations of the SOX9 expression level with the patient’s clinical and pathological features were considered. Results The remarkable overexpression of SOX9 was detected in bone tumors compared to tumor margin tissues (P < 0.0001). Malignant bone tumors revealed a higher expression of SOX9 compared to benign tumors (P < 0.0001) while osteosarcoma tumors showed higher expression levels compared to Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Overexpression of SOX9 was observed in high grade, metastatic, recurrent tumors also tumors with poor response to therapy. Besides, the patients under the chemotherapy treatment demonstrated higher levels of SOX9 compared to the rest of malignant tumors (P = 0.02). The simultaneous up-regulation of circulating SOX9 in the patients with bone cancer was observed compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.0001) accompanying with overexpression of SOX9 in malignant tumors compared to benign tumors (P < 0.0001). The circulating SOX9 expression was up-regulated in the patients with malignant bone tumors who receive chemotherapy treatment also patients with high grade, metastatic, recurrent tumors. The protein level of SOX9 was in line with our data on the SOX9 gene expression. Conclusion The simultaneous overexpression of local and circulating SOX9 in bone cancer besides its positive correlation with tumor severity, malignancy, size, and chemotherapy may deserve receiving more attention in bone cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Key Words
- Benign bone tumors
- Bone cancer
- CPP, C - reactive protein test
- CSC marker
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- DAB, 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine
- ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- FOXO1, Forkhead Box O1
- FOXO3, Forkhead Box O3
- GCT, giant cell tumor
- HB, memoglobin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MSC, multipotent stem cells
- Malignant bone tumors
- OCT, optimal cutting temperature
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RBC, red blood cell
- SEM, standard error mean
- SOX9
- SOX9, SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9
- WBC, white blood cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameinh Hosseini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirzaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khodamorad Jamshidi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Babaheidarian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rampisheh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Khademian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abdolvahabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bahrabadi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ibrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chemello K, Beeské S, Trang Tran TT, Blanchard V, Villard EF, Poirier B, Le Bail JC, Dargazanli G, Ho-Van-Guimbal S, Boulay D, Bergis O, Pruniaux MP, Croyal M, Janiak P, Guillot E, Lambert G. Lipoprotein(a) Cellular Uptake Ex Vivo and Hepatic Capture In Vivo Is Insensitive to PCSK9 Inhibition With Alirocumab. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:549-557. [PMID: 32613143 PMCID: PMC7315184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modulating LDL receptor expression genetically (in familial hypercholesterolemia) or pharmacologically (using statins or the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab) does not alter the cellular uptake of Lp(a) in primary human lymphocytes. Lp(a) hepatic capture is not modulated by PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab in liver-humanized mice. LDLR does not appear to play a significant role in mediating Lp(a) plasma clearance in vivo.
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is the most common genetically inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Many aspects of Lp(a) metabolism remain unknown. We assessed the uptake of fluorescent Lp(a) in primary human lymphocytes as well as Lp(a) hepatic capture in a mouse model in which endogenous hepatocytes have been ablated and replaced with human ones. Modulation of LDLR expression with the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab did not alter the cellular or the hepatic uptake of Lp(a), demonstrating that the LDL receptor is not a major route for Lp(a) plasma clearance. These results have clinical implications because they underpin why statins are not efficient at reducing Lp(a).
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- AU, arbitrary unit
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FCR, fractional catabolic rate
- FRG, Fah(−/−)Rag2(−/−)Il2rg(−/−)
- HoFH, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Lp(a), lipoprotein(a)
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- apoB100, apolipoprotein B100
- bodipy, boron dipyrromethene
- lipoprotein(a)
- liver-humanized mice
- low-density lipoprotein receptor
- proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- rPCSK9, recombinant proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Chemello
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | | | | | - Valentin Blanchard
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikaël Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Lambert
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
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Bansal G, Thanikachalam PV, Maurya RK, Chawla P, Ramamurthy S. An overview on medicinal perspective of thiazolidine-2,4-dione: A remarkable scaffold in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Adv Res 2020; 23:163-205. [PMID: 32154036 PMCID: PMC7052407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TZDs, an important pharmacophore in the treatment of diabetes. Various analog-based synthetic strategies and biological significance are discussed. Clinical studies using TZDs along with other antidiabetic agents are also highlighted. SAR has been discussed to suggest the interactions between derivatives and receptor sites. Pyrazole, chromone, and acid-based TZDs can be considered as potential lead molecules.
Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a complex or polygenic disorder, which is characterized by increased levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) and deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin over an elongated period in the liver and peripheral tissues. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) is a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic moiety in the field of drug discovery, which provides various opportunities in exploring this moiety as an antidiabetic agent. In the past few years, various novel synthetic approaches had been undertaken to synthesize different derivatives to explore them as more potent antidiabetic agents with devoid of side effects (i.e., edema, weight gain, and bladder cancer) of clinically used TZD (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone). In this review, an effort has been made to summarize the up to date research work of various synthetic strategies for TZD derivatives as well as their biological significance and clinical studies of TZDs in combination with other category as antidiabetic agents. This review also highlights the structure-activity relationships and the molecular docking studies to convey the interaction of various synthesized novel derivatives with its receptor site.
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Key Words
- ADDP, 1,1′-(Azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine
- AF, activation factor
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Boc, Butyloxycarbonyl
- DBD, DNA-binding domain
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DMF, dimethylformamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- Diabetes
- E, Entgegen
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- FDA, food and drug administration
- FFA, free fatty acid
- GAL4, Galactose transporter type
- GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4
- GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase
- HCl, Hydrochloric Acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HEp-2, Human epithelial type 2
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IDF, international diabetes federation
- IL-β, interlukin-beta
- INS-1, insulin-secreting cells
- K2CO3, Potassium carbonate
- KOH, potassium hydroxide
- LBD, ligand-binding domain
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NA, nicotinamide
- NBS, N-bromosuccinimide
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NO, nitric oxide
- NaH, Sodium Hydride
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PDB, protein data bank
- PPAR, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor
- PPAR-γ
- PPRE, peroxisome proliferator response element
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Pd, Palladium
- Pioglitazone
- QSAR, quantitative structure-activity relationship
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- Rosiglitazone
- SAR, structure-activity relationship
- STZ, streptozotocin
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- TFAA, trifluoroacetic anhydride
- TG, triglycerides
- THF, tetrahydrofuran
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TZD, thiazolidine-2,4-dione
- Thiazolidine-2,4-diones
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- Z, Zusammen
- i.m, Intramuscular
- mCPBA, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Punniyakoti Veeraveedu Thanikachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.,GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, GRT Mahalakshmi Nagar, Tiruttani, India
| | - Rahul K Maurya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.,Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
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Yin AB, Brewster AM, Barac A, Thoman W, Oeffinger KC, Gilchrist SC. Cardiovascular Prevention Strategies in Breast Cancer. JACC CardioOncol 2019; 1:322-5. [PMID: 34396201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fryk E, Strindberg L, Lundqvist A, Sandstedt M, Bergfeldt L, Mattsson Hultén L, Bergström G, Jansson PA. Galectin-1 is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes independently of obesity - A SCAPIS pilot study. Metabol Open 2019; 4:100017. [PMID: 32812946 PMCID: PMC7424824 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Galectin-1 is a recently discovered adipokine that increases with obesity and increased energy intake in adipose tissue. Our aim was to assess whether serum galectin-1 is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other parameters of the metabolic syndrome independently of body mass index (BMI) in a cohort from the general population. Methods In this cross-sectional population-based cohort study from the western part of Sweden, we investigated associations between serum galectin-1, clinical characteristics and inflammatory markers in 989 women and men aged 50-65 years [part of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) pilot cohort]. Results We showed in linear models that serum galectin-1 was independently and: (1) inversely associated with T2D (p < 0.05) and glucose (p < 0.05); and (2) positively associated with age (p < 0.01), sex (p < 0.01), BMI (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (p < 0.01). Furthermore, galectin-1 demonstrated univariate correlations with triglycerides (r = 0.20, p < 0.01), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), tumor necrosis factor-α (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), interleukin-6 (IL-6; r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and HbA1c (r = 0.14, p < 0.01). Conclusion In a cross-sectional study of a middle-aged population, we showed that serum galectin-1 is: (1) inversely associated with T2D independently of BMI; and (2) independently associated with other markers of the metabolic syndrome These results warrant prospective and functional studies on the role of galectin-1 in T2D.
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Key Words
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Cross-sectional
- ELISA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay
- Galectin-1
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MSD, Meso Scale Diagnostics
- Metabolic syndrome
- Obesity
- SCAPIS, Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Sex
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Type 2 diabetes
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Fryk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author. Wallenberg Laboratory Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lena Strindberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Lundqvist
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sandstedt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergfeldt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Region Västra Götaland, Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Rahman M, Steuer J, Gillgren P, Végvári Á, Liu A, Frostegård J. Malondialdehyde Conjugated With Albumin Induces Pro-Inflammatory Activation of T Cells Isolated From Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Both Directly and Via Dendritic Cell-Mediated Mechanism. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:480-494. [PMID: 31468003 PMCID: PMC6712057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells were differentiated from blood monocytes and treated with malondialdehyde (MDA) conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA). Autologous T cells from human plaques or blood were co-cultured with the pre-treated dendritic cells or treated directly. MDA modifications were studied by mass spectrometry. MDA-HSA induced a pro-inflammatory DC-mediated T-cell activation and also a strong direct effect on T cells, inhibited by an inhibitor of oxidative stress and antibodies against MDA. Atherogenic heat shock protein-60 was strongly induced in T cells activated by MDA-HSA. Two peptide modifications in atherosclerotic patients' HSA were similar to those present in in vitro MDA-modified HSA.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DC, dendritic cell
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HSA, human serum albumin
- HSP, heat shock protein
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MS, mass spectrometry
- OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- atherosclerosis
- dendritic cells
- malondialdehyde
- oxidized low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johnny Steuer
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Institution of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Gillgren
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Institution of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anquan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jiang X, Wang F, Wang Y, Gisterå A, Roy J, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U, Lerman A, Hansson GK, Herrmann J, Yan ZQ. Inflammasome-Driven Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-1β Production in Atherosclerotic Plaques Relates to Hyperlipidemia and Plaque Complexity. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:304-317. [PMID: 31312755 PMCID: PMC6610158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and functional evidence suggests that there are additional inflammasome pathways, besides NLRP3, that contribute to IL-1 generation in human atherosclerotic plaques. Plaque generation of mature IL-1β is accompanied by secretion of similar levels of IL-1α, through a mechanism controlled by NLRP3 and caspase-1. Plaque IL-1β production is higher in patients with uncontrolled hyperlipidemia, on no or low-dose statin therapy, or with complex plaque imaging features. The present study lends support to high-intensity cholesterol lowering and anti-IL-1-directed therapies for patients at high cardiovascular risk.
CANTOS (Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study) confirmed interleukin (IL)–1β as an appealing therapeutic target for human atherosclerosis and related complications. However, there are serious gaps in our understanding of IL-1 production in atherosclerosis. Herein the authors show that complex plaques, or plaques derived from patients with suboptimally controlled hyperlipidemia, or on no or low-intensity statin therapy, demonstrated higher recruitable IL-1β production. Generation of mature IL-1β was matched by IL-1α release, and both were attenuated by inhibition of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 or caspase. These findings support the inflammasome as the main pathway for IL-1α/β generation in atherosclerosis and high-intensity lipid-lowering therapies as primary and additional anti-IL-1-directed therapies as secondary interventions in high-risk patients.
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Key Words
- ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
- ATP, adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate
- BiKE, Biobank of Karolinska Carotid Endarterectomies
- CT, Computerized tomographic scanning
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NLRC, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and CARD domain–containing protein
- NLRP, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain–containing protein
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- atherosclerosis
- hypercholesterolemia
- inflammasome
- inflammation
- interleukin-1
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Jiang
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhong-Qun Yan
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rakipovski G, Rolin B, Nøhr J, Klewe I, Frederiksen KS, Augustin R, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Ingvorsen C, Polex-Wolf J, Knudsen LB. The GLP-1 Analogs Liraglutide and Semaglutide Reduce Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- and LDLr -/- Mice by a Mechanism That Includes Inflammatory Pathways. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:844-57. [PMID: 30623143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The GLP-1RAs liraglutide and semaglutide reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. In ApoE−/− mice and LDLr−/− mice, liraglutide and semaglutide treatment significantly attenuated plaque lesion development, in part independently of body weight and cholesterol lowering. Semaglutide decreased levels of plasma markers of systemic inflammation in an acute inflammation model (lipopolysaccharide), and transcriptomic analysis of aortic atherosclerotic tissue revealed that multiple inflammatory pathways were down-regulated by semaglutide.
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) liraglutide and semaglutide reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. The mode of action is suggested to occur through modified atherosclerotic progression. In this study, both of the compounds significantly attenuated plaque lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice and low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr−/−) mice. This attenuation was partly independent of weight and cholesterol lowering. In aortic tissue, exposure to a Western diet alters expression of genes in pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including leukocyte recruitment, leukocyte rolling, adhesion/extravasation, cholesterol metabolism, lipid-mediated signaling, extracellular matrix protein turnover, and plaque hemorrhage. Treatment with semaglutide significantly reversed these changes. These data suggest GLP-1RAs affect atherosclerosis through an anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Key Words
- CD163, cluster of differentiation 163 molecule
- GLP, glucagon-like peptide
- GLP-1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OPN, osteopontin
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- WD, Western diet
- atherosclerosis
- diabetes
- inflammation
- obesity
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Venkatesulu BP, Mahadevan LS, Aliru ML, Yang X, Bodd MH, Singh PK, Yusuf SW, Abe JI, Krishnan S. Radiation-Induced Endothelial Vascular Injury: A Review of Possible Mechanisms. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:563-572. [PMID: 30175280 PMCID: PMC6115704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In radiation therapy for cancer, the therapeutic ratio represents an optimal balance between tumor control and normal tissue complications. As improvements in the therapeutic arsenal against cancer extend longevity, the importance of late effects of radiation increases, particularly those caused by vascular endothelial injury. Radiation both initiates and accelerates atherosclerosis, leading to vascular events like stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood of long-term survivors of the atomic bomb suggest that radiation evokes a systemic inflammatory state responsible for chronic vascular side effects. In this review, the authors offer an overview of potential mechanisms implicated in radiation-induced vascular injury.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- EC, endothelial cell
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NEMO, nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa beta
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEK1, stress-activated protein kinase 1
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
- angiogenesis
- apoptosis
- cytokines
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- senescence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prasad Venkatesulu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lakshmi Shree Mahadevan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maureen L Aliru
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Monica Himaani Bodd
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Giandalia A, Pappalardo MA, Russo GT, Romeo EL, Alibrandi A, Di Bari F, Vita R, Cucinotta D, Benvenga S. Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ exon 2 and exon 6 and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 Gly972Arg polymorphisms on insulin resistance and beta-cell function in southern mediterranean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2018; 13:1-8. [PMID: 30013936 PMCID: PMC6022250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective The Pro12Ala (exon 2) and His447His (exon 6) polymorphisms of PPAR-γ, and Gly972Arg polymorphism of IRS-1 have been implicated in insulin resistance (IR) and adiposity. Our aim was to investigate the influence of these polymorphisms on metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods Fifty-three PCOS women and 26 control women underwent a clinical and biochemical evaluation, including a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity indices were calculated. Results Frequencies of PPAR-γ polymorphisms did not differ from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Instead, the IRS-1 Gly972Arg allele was significantly more frequent in the PCOS group compared to controls. The most frequent allelic combinations were IRS1+/exon2-/exon6- (which prevailed in PCOS) and IRS-1-/exon2-/exon6- (which prevailed in controls). Among PCOS women, compared with the wild type patients, carriers of the Gly972Arg IRS-1 allele had lower E2 levels, while carriers of the Pro12Ala PPAR-γ (exon 2) allele had lower free testosterone levels. No other significant relationships were noted. When compared with the wild type, in PCOS group IR and beta-cell function were: (i) trendwise greater in carriers of the variant IRS-1 allele; (ii) trendwise lower in carriers of the variant PPAR-γ exon 6 allele; (iii) significantly lower in carriers of the variant PPAR-γ exon 2 allele. Conclusions Our data support the protective influence of PPAR-γ-exon 2 and exon 6 variants on IR and beta cell function, whereas IRS-1 polymorphism is associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, these associations do not fully explain the high metabolic risk associated with PCOS.
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Key Words
- 17-OHP, 17-hydroxyprogesterone
- AE-PCOS, Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society
- BMI, body mass index
- DI, disposition index
- E2, 17β-estradiol
- FSH, follicular stimulating hormone
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment
- IGI, insulinogenic index
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- Insulin receptor substrate-1
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LH, luteinizing hormone
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Polymorphisms
- SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giandalia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina T Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta L Romeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Flavia Di Bari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Cucinotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital Policlinico G. Martino, Viale Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
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