Lycopene is superior to moringa in improving fertility markers in diet-induced obesity male rats

Pathophysiology of obesity-related infertility and its prevention and treatment by potential phytotherapeutics

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease in which the accumulation of excess body fat has adverse health effects, as it can increase the risk of several problems, including infertility, in both men and women. Obesity and infertility have risen together in recent years. Against this background, the present review aims to highlight the impact of obesity on infertility and the underlying pathophysiology of obesity-related infertility (ORI) in men and women, and to provide readers with knowledge of current trends in the effective development of phytotherapeutics for its treatment.

METHODS

We thoroughly searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar to find all relevant papers on ORI and the therapeutic effects of phytotherapeutics on ORI in men and women.

RESULTS

The extensive search of the available literature revealed that obesity affects reproductive function through several complex mechanisms such as hyperlipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperandrogenism, increased body mass index, disruption of the hormonal milieu, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in epigenetics and dysbiosis. On the other hand, several studies reported that phytotherapeutics has a broad therapeutic spectrum of action by improving sex hormone homeostasis, ovarian dysfunction, menstrual cycle and inhibiting ovarian hyperplasia, as well as down-regulating ovarian apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, and controlling metabolic dysfunction in obese women. Male infertility is also addressed by phytotherapeutics by suppressing lipogenesis, increasing testosterone, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD levels, improving sperm parameters and attenuating testicular dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and germ cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present review, we discussed the effects of obesity on reproductive dysfunction in men and women and the underlying pathophysiology of ORI. In addition, the therapeutic effect of phytotherapeutics against ORI was highlighted.

Oleaster oil (Olea europaea sylvestris) effects on the efficiency of the reproductive system of diet-induced obese male Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES

Obesity is the result of oxidative stress (OS), which appears to be linked to male infertility. Oleaster oil has multiple therapeutic virtues due to its richness in natural bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Algerian oleaster oil on the reproductive system effectiveness of diet-induced obese male Wistar rats.

METHODS

The oil was extracted with an oleodoseur from the oleaster fruits. Rats were fed for 28 weeks two diets: a normal diet (NC group, n=8) and a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS group, n=32). The obese rats in the HFHS group were then split into three groups at random: the HFHS group, which continued to receive the HFHS diet; the HFHS L-OO group; and the HFHS H-OO group, which received for 6 weeks, respectively, in combination with the HFHS diet, oleaster oil at 1.5 and 3 mL/100 g body weight (BW). Then, the animals were sacrificed. Semen and testes were removed for semen analysis, OS, and histopathological evaluation.

RESULTS

The oleaster oil diet induces an improvement in sperm count and viability and a decrease in the percentage of fragmented sperm DNA compared to the group fed the HFHS diet, preserving the testes against OS with a highly significant decrease in testicular MDA. This beneficial effect of oleaster oil on the reproductive efficiency of rats fed the HFHS diet was dose-dependent.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that the oil decreased body weight, prevented OS and improved male reproductive indicators in HFHS-fed animals. The potential positive effects of oleaster oil on fertility biomarkers may be attributed to its ability to mitigate OS.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Ameliorates Sperm Parameters in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice Testes by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a member of apolipoprotein (apo) family and plays critical role in lipid metabolism. In this study, the relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism caused by ApoE-deficient and male reproduction was investigated. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on 7-month-old ApoE-knockout male mice was assessed subsequently. Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (WT), ApoE (- / -) group (AP-CON), and ApoE (- / -) plus HBO group (AP-HBO), which received HBO treatment. We found that ApoE knockout caused a decrease in male reproductive capacity due to the reduced total sperm motility, progressive motility (PR), and lower blastocyst formation rate. HBO treatment could accelerate serum lipoprotein metabolism including LDL, T-CHO, and TG and semen quality. As a result, fertilization and blastocyst formation of AP-HBO group were higher than that of AP-CON, proving positive therapeutic effect. Mechanism exploration found that HBO treatment ameliorated the testicular microenvironment by attenuating inflammatory factor production and oxidative stress, eventually improved the sperm motility. Collectively, our study provided more evidences of HBO treatment for improving the semen quality of patients with abnormal lipid metabolism caused by ApoE-deficient.

Effects of dietary supplementation of tomato pomace (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and L-Arg on reproductive performance of aged male broiler breeders

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary supplementation of tomato pomace (TP) and L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation on sperm characteristics, reproductive performance, and semen biochemical components of aged commercial male broiler breeders. Thirty Ross 308 male broiler breeders (58 wk old) were provided and assigned to 5 dietary treatment groups, including control (CON), 5% TP (TPS-5), 10% TP (TPS-10), 15% TP (TPS-15), and L-Arg supplemented (10% above the recommendation, LAS-10). The results indicated that the semen volume increased in the TPS-15 group compared to that of the LAS-10 (and CON on wk 9) throughout the study (P < 0.05). The sperm concentration significantly increased in TPS-10 and TPS-15 groups in comparison to the other experimental groups. On wk 5 and 7, the sperm viability increased in all TPS groups compared to the CON and LAS-10, while on wk 9, it only increased in the TPS-10 group in comparison to the LAS-10 group (P < 0.05). The hypo-osmotic swelling test decreased in the LAS-10 group compared to the other experimental groups on wk 5 and all TPS groups on wk 7 and 9 (P < 0.05). The sperm total motility and forward progressive motility decreased in the LAS-10 group compared to the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, unprogressive motility and immotile sperms were increased in the LAS-10 group compared to the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the sperm penetration and fertility rate increased in TPS-10 and TPS-15 groups in comparison to CON and LAS-10 groups (P < 0.05). However, hatchability was reduced in the LAS-10 group (P < 0.05). The semen adenosine triphosphate increased in TPS-10, TPS-15, and LAS-10 groups compared to the CON (P < 0.05). Finally, the semen TAC and superoxidase dismutase decreased in the LAS-10 group (P < 0.05), while the glutathione peroxidase increased in the TPS-15 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 15% dietary TPS is recommended to improve the reproductive performance of aged commercial male broiler breeders.

Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19)

Lycopene is a group of phytochemicals found in nature, primarily in fruits and vegetables. Lycopene is thought to protect against a variety of diseases attributed to its antioxidant capabilities. Lycopene has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity-boosting qualities, among other biological and pharmacological benefits. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has recently emerged as one of the world's leading causes of death. Patients may be asymptomatic or show signs of respiratory, cytokine release syndrome, gastrointestinal, or even multiple organ failure, all of which can lead to death. In COVID-19, inflammation, and cytokine storm are the key pathogenic mechanisms, according to SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. ARDS develops in some vulnerable hosts, which is accompanied by an inflammatory "cytokine syndrome" that causes lung damage. Immunological and inflammatory markers were linked to disease severity in mild and severe COVID-19 cases, implying that inflammatory markers, including IL-6, CRP, ESR, and PCT were significantly linked with COVID-19 severity. Patients with severe illness have reduced levels of several immune subsets, including CD4 + T, NK, and CD8 + cells. As a result, lycopene can be commended for bolstering physiological defenses against COVID-19 infections.

Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation

Simple Summary

The research outlined in this review paper discusses potential health benefits associated with a diet enriched with tomatoes and tomato products. This includes details of previous studies investigating the anticancer properties of tomatoes, protection against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome, and improved skin health, fertility, immune response, and exercise recovery. The specific parts of a tomato fruit that contribute these health benefits are also outlined. The potential disadvantages to a tomato-rich diet are detailed, especially the consumption of supplements that contain compounds found in tomatoes, such as lycopene. This review also discusses how the cultivation of tomato plants can affect the nutritional value of the fruit harvested. Different environmental growing conditions such as light intensity, growing media, and temperature are explained in terms of the impact they have on the quality of fruit, its nutrient content, and hence the potential health benefits acquired from eating the fruit.

Abstract

This review outlines the health benefits associated with the regular consumption of tomatoes and tomato products. The first section provides a detailed account of the horticultural techniques that can impact the quality of the fruit and its nutritional properties, including water availability, light intensity, temperature, and growing media. The next section provides information on the components of tomato that are likely to contribute to its health effects. The review then details some of the health benefits associated with tomato consumption, including anticancer properties, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and skin health. This review also discusses the impact tomatoes can have on the gut microbiome and associated health benefits, including reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Other health benefits of eating tomatoes are also discussed in relation to effects on diabetes, the immune response, exercise recovery, and fertility. Finally, this review also addresses the negative effects that can occur as a result of overconsumption of tomato products and lycopene supplements.

Effects of whole-life exposure to low-dose cadmium with post-weaning high-fat diet on offspring testes in a male mouse model

Although several studies have reported testicular impairments caused by cadmium (Cd) or obesity alone, the combined effect of Cd and obesity on the testes and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. We examined the combined effect of whole-life exposure to low-dose Cd started at preconception and post-weaning high-fat diet (HFD) on the testes of offspring mice. At weaning, male offspring parented with and without exposure to low-dose Cd were continued on the same drinking water regimen as their parents and fed with either a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 10 or 24 weeks. Whole-life exposure to Cd resulted in its accumulation in testes, and HFD induced obesity and lipid metabolism disorder. Exposure to Cd or HFD alone significantly decreased Johnsen scores, disrupted testicular structure, and increased germ cell apoptosis at both 10 and 24 weeks. However, co-exposure to Cd and HFD did not induce the toxic effects that were induced by either alone, as revealed by preserved testicular structure and spermatogenesis, lack of significant apoptosis, and increased cell proliferation. Mechanistically, the combined effects of low-dose Cd and HFD consumption were associated with the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. These findings suggest that co-exposure to low-dose Cd and HFD did not cause Cd- or HFD-induced testicular injury, probably because of the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway to prevent germ cell apoptosis.

Lycopene: A Natural Arsenal in the War against Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Diseases

Lycopene is a bioactive red pigment found in plants, especially in red fruits and vegetables, including tomato, pink guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, and watermelon. Several research reports have advocated its positive impact on human health and physiology. For humans, lycopene is an essential substance obtained from dietary sources to fulfil the body requirements. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress and downstream complications include one of the major health concerns worldwide. In recent years, oxidative stress and its counter strategies have attracted biomedical research in order to manage the emerging health issues. Lycopene has been reported to directly interact with ROS, which can help to prevent chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review article was written to provide an accumulative account of protective and ameliorative effects of lycopene on coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that fights ROS and, subsequently, complications. It reduces blood pressure via inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme and regulating nitrous oxide bioavailability. It plays an important role in lowering of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and improving HDL (high-density lipoproteins) levels to minimize atherosclerosis, which protects the onset of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Various studies have advocated that lycopene exhibited a combating competence in the treatment of these diseases. Owing to all the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive properties, lycopene provides a potential nutraceutical with a protective and curing ability against coronary artery disease and hypertension.

Natural Dietary and Medicinal Plants with Anti-Obesity Therapeutics Activities for Treatment and Prevention of Obesity during Lock Down and in Post-COVID-19 Era

Overweight and obesity have become global epidemics, especially during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The potential of medicinal plants as a better and safe option in treating obesity and overweight has gained attention in recent years. Obesity and overweight has become a major public health concern, and its incidence rising at an alarming rate. Obesity is one of the major types of metabolic syndrome, resulting in various types of problems such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and excess fat accumulation. The current searching was done by the keywords in main indexing systems including Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, the search engine of Google Scholar, and Institute for Scientific Web of Science. The keywords were traditional medicine, health benefits, pharmaceutical science, pomegranate, punicalin, punicalagin, and ellagitannins. Google Scholar was searched manually for possible missing manuscripts, and there was no language restriction in the search. This review was carried out to highlight the importance of medicinal plants which are common in traditional medicinal sciences of different countries, especially Asia to prevent and treatment of obesity and overweight during the global pandemic and the post-COVID-19 era.

Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract ameliorates the testicular dysfunction resulted from HFD-induced obesity rat model

In this study, we estimated the protective role of Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract (MOLE) against obesity-associated testicular dysfunction. Fifty male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10): Group I (basal diet), group II (basal diet plus MOLE orally), group III (high-fat diet-HFD), group IV (HFD plus oral MOLE) and group V (HFD for 8 weeks followed by a basal diet plus oral MOLE for 6 weeks). The study duration extended for 14 weeks. Serum collected to investigate testosterone, FSH and LH levels. Testicular tissues were used to determine levels of SOD, glutathione, catalase and malondialdehyde. Semen was collected to estimate its quality (morphology, motility and concentration). Morphological changes in the testis were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. Compared with both control treatment and MOLE treatment, serum testosterone, FSH, LH, testicular enzymatic catalase, SOD, GSH, survivin immunoreactivity, sperm quality and testicular weight were all significantly decreased in rats treated with HFD, while there were significant increases in testicular malondialdehyde and caspase-3 immunoreactivity. MOLE improved all harmful effects of HFD. Improvements were more pronounced in the protected (G 4) than the treated (G 5) group. MOLE could be a potential solution for obesity-associated fertility problem.