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Checcucci E, De Cillis S, Alladio E, Piramide F, Volpi G, Granato S, Zamengo D, Bignante G, Amparore D, Piana A, Manfredi M, Vallariello E, Stura I, Di Dio M, Autorino R, Porpiglia F, Fiori C. Ten-year functional and oncological outcomes of a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing laparoscopic versus robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Prostate 2024. [PMID: 38572570 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among prostate cancer (PCa) treatment options, mini-invasive surgical approaches have gained a wide diffusion in the last decades. The aim of this study was to present oncological, functional, and quality of life data after 10 years of follow-up of a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) (ISRCTN11552140) comparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) for the treatment of PCa. METHODS Patients with localized PCa were randomized to undergo LRP or RARP between January 2010 and January 2011. Functional (continence and potency) and oncological (prostate-specific antigen, biochemical recurrence [BCR] and BCR-free survival [BCRFS]) variables were evaluated. BCRFS curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Machine learning partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to identify the variables characterizing more the patients who underwent RARP or LRP. RESULTS Seventy-five of the originally enrolled 120 patients remained on follow-up for 10 years; 40 (53%) underwent RARP and 35 (47%) LRP. Continence and potency recovery rates did not show significant differences (p = 0.068 and p = 0.56, respectively), despite a Δ12% for continence and Δ8% for potency in favor of the robotic approach. However, the quality of continence (in terms of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form [ICIQ-SF] score) and erection (in terms of International Index of Erectile Function-5 [IIEF-5] score) was significantly better after 10 years in the robotic group (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001). PLS-DA revealed that LRP was characterized by the worst functional-related outcomes analyzing the entire follow-up period. Four (10%) and six (17%) patients experienced BCR in RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p = 0.36), with an overall 10-year BCR-free survival of 88% and 78% (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Comparable continence and potency rates were observed between RARP and LRP after a 10-year follow-up. However, the RARP group exhibited superior totally dry rate and erection quality. No difference in terms of oncological outcomes was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Checcucci
- Department of Surgery, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Sabrina De Cillis
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Federico Piramide
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Volpi
- Department of Surgery, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Granato
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Davide Zamengo
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bignante
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Daniele Amparore
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alberto Piana
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Matteo Manfredi
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michele Di Dio
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, SS Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Porpiglia
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cristian Fiori
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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Borrell-Pages M, Luquero A, Vilahur G, Padró T, Badimon L. Canonical Wnt pathway and the LDL receptor superfamily in neuronal cholesterol homeostasis and function. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:140-151. [PMID: 37882606 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is little information on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Whether cholesterol crosses the blood-brain barrier is under investigation, but the present understanding is that cholesterol metabolism in the brain is independent from that in peripheral tissues. Lipoprotein receptors from the LDL receptor family (LRPs) have key roles in lipid particle accumulation in cells involved in vascular and cardiac pathophysiology; however, their function on neural cells is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of LRP5 and the components and targets of its downstream signalling pathway, the canonical Wnt pathway, including β-catenin, LEF1, VEGF, OPN, MMP7, and ADAM10, is analysed in the brains of Wt and Lrp5-/- mice and in a neuroblastoma cell line. LRP5 expression is increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after lipid loading in neuronal cells; however, it does not participate in cholesterol homeostasis as shown by intracellular lipid accumulation analyses. Neurons challenged with staurosporin and H2O2 display an anti-apoptotic protective role for LRP5. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, it has been shown that neurons can accumulate intracellular lipids and lipid uptake is performed mainly by the LDLR, while CD36, LRP1, and LRP5 do not play a major role. In addition, it has been shown that LRP5 triggers the canonical Wnt pathway in neuronal cells to generate pro-survival signals. Finally, Lrp5-/- mice have maintained expression of LRP5 only in the brain supporting the biological plausible concept of the need of brain LRP5 to elicit pro-survival processes and embryonic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aureli Luquero
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Syrov N, Yakovlev L, Kaplan A, Lebedev M. Motor cortex activation during visuomotor transformations: evoked potentials during overt and imagined movements. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad440. [PMID: 37991276 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of visuomotor transformations in our motor skills, their mechanisms remain incompletely understood, especially when imagery actions are considered such as mentally picking up a cup or pressing a button. Here, we used a stimulus-response task to directly compare the visuomotor transformation underlying overt and imagined button presses. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded while participants responded to highlights of the target button while ignoring the second, non-target button. Movement-related potentials (MRPs) and event-related desynchronization occurred for both overt movements and motor imagery (MI), with responses present even for non-target stimuli. Consistent with the activity accumulation model where visual stimuli are evaluated and transformed into the eventual motor response, the timing of MRPs matched the response time on individual trials. Activity-accumulation patterns were observed for MI, as well. Yet, unlike overt movements, MI-related MRPs were not lateralized, which appears to be a neural marker for the distinction between generating a mental image and transforming it into an overt action. Top-down response strategies governing this hemispheric specificity should be accounted for in future research on MI, including basic studies and medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Syrov
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1. Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Lev Yakovlev
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1. Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Alexander Kaplan
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1. Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Lebedev
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Chen H, Lee SJ, Li R, Sura A, Suen N, Dilip A, Pomogov Y, Vuppalapaty M, Suen TT, Lu C, Post Y, Li Y. BRAIDing receptors for cell-specific targeting. eLife 2024; 12:RP90221. [PMID: 38193894 PMCID: PMC10945505 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic toxicity is a major challenge in the development of therapeutics. Consequently, cell-type-specific targeting is needed to improve on-target efficacy while reducing off-target toxicity. Here, we describe a cell-targeting system we have termed BRAID (BRidged Activation by Intra/intermolecular Division) whereby an active molecule is divided into two inactive or less active parts that are subsequently brought together via a so-called 'bridging receptor' on the target cell. This concept was validated using the WNT/β-catenin signaling system, demonstrating that a multivalent WNT agonist molecule divided into two inactive components assembled from different epitopes via the hepatocyte receptor βKlotho induces signaling specifically on hepatocytes. These data provide proof of concept for this cell-specific targeting strategy, and in principle, this may also allow activation of multiple signaling pathways where desirable. This approach has broad application potential for other receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Ryan Li
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Asmiti Sura
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | - Yan Pomogov
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Yorick Post
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yang Li
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
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Chen H, Lee SJ, Ouyang B, Suen N, Ye J, Lu C, Li Y. Effects of Fc glycosylation on the activity of WNT mimetic agonistic antibodies. Antib Ther 2024; 7:88-95. [PMID: 38371954 PMCID: PMC10873268 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been explored in a broad range of applications including receptor agonism. Given the importance of receptor conformation in signaling, the agonistic activity of antibodies that engage these receptors are influenced by many parameters. Tetravalent bispecific antibodies that target the frizzled and lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptors and subsequently activate WNT ("Wingless-related integration site" or "Wingless and Int-1" or "Wingless-Int") signaling have been constructed. Because WNT activation stimulates stem cell proliferation and tissue regeneration, immune effector functions should be eliminated from therapeutic antibodies targeting this pathway. Here, we report an unexpected effect of Fc glycosylation on the agonistic activity of WNT mimetic antibodies. Our findings underscore the importance of antibody format, geometry and epitope in agonistic antibody design, and highlight the need to establish appropriate early discovery screening strategies to identify hits for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian Ouyang
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas Suen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jay Ye
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chenggang Lu
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Research, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Bass RD, Phillips J, Sánchez JS, Shah P, Sum S, Waksman R, Garcia-Garcia HM. The Ability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify Vulnerable Patients and Plaques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Fail Clin 2024; 20:101-112. [PMID: 37953017 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have analyzed the efficacy of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived lipid core burden index (LCBI) in quantifying and identifying high-risk plaques and patients at increased risk of future major adverse cardiac outcomes/major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. A maxLCBI4mm of 400 or greater seems to be an effective threshold for classifying at-risk plaques. This meta-analysis provides a more precise odds ratio with a narrow standard deviation that can be used to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Bass
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road, NorthWest, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Joseph Phillips
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jorge Sanz Sánchez
- Hospital Universitari I Politecnic La Fe, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, no 106, 46026 València, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red (CIBERCV), Avenue, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Priti Shah
- InfraRedx, A Nipro Company, 28 Crosby Drive, Suite 100, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Stephen Sum
- InfraRedx, A Nipro Company, 28 Crosby Drive, Suite 100, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Ron Waksman
- Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, Suite 4B-1, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Hector M Garcia-Garcia
- Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, Suite 4B-1, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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Weeratunga S, Gormal RS, Liu M, Eldershaw D, Livingstone EK, Malapaka A, Wallis TP, Bademosi AT, Jiang A, Healy MD, Meunier FA, Collins BM. Interrogation and validation of the interactome of neuronal Munc18-interacting Mint proteins with AlphaFold2. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105541. [PMID: 38072052 PMCID: PMC10820826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Munc18-interacting proteins (Mints) are multidomain adaptors that regulate neuronal membrane trafficking, signaling, and neurotransmission. Mint1 and Mint2 are highly expressed in the brain with overlapping roles in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion required for neurotransmitter release by interacting with the essential synaptic protein Munc18-1. Here, we have used AlphaFold2 to identify and then validate the mechanisms that underpin both the specific interactions of neuronal Mint proteins with Munc18-1 as well as their wider interactome. We found that a short acidic α-helical motif within Mint1 and Mint2 is necessary and sufficient for specific binding to Munc18-1 and binds a conserved surface on Munc18-1 domain3b. In Munc18-1/2 double knockout neurosecretory cells, mutation of the Mint-binding site reduces the ability of Munc18-1 to rescue exocytosis, and although Munc18-1 can interact with Mint and Sx1a (Syntaxin1a) proteins simultaneously in vitro, we find that they have mutually reduced affinities, suggesting an allosteric coupling between the proteins. Using AlphaFold2 to then examine the entire cellular network of putative Mint interactors provides a structural model for their assembly with a variety of known and novel regulatory and cargo proteins including ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF3/ARF4) small GTPases and the AP3 clathrin adaptor complex. Validation of Mint1 interaction with a new predicted binder TJAP1 (tight junction-associated protein 1) provides experimental support that AlphaFold2 can correctly predict interactions across such large-scale datasets. Overall, our data provide insights into the diversity of interactions mediated by the Mint family and show that Mints may help facilitate a key trigger point in SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor) complex assembly and vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Weeratunga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meihan Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Denaye Eldershaw
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma K Livingstone
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anusha Malapaka
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adekunle T Bademosi
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anmin Jiang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Healy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederic A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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Kojouharova P, Nagy B, Czigler I, Gaál ZA. Mechanisms of spatial contextual cueing in younger and older adults. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14361. [PMID: 37294010 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contextual cueing effect is the phenomenon observed when response time (RT) becomes faster in visual search in repeated context compared with a new one. In the present study, we explored whether the mechanisms involved in the effect are age dependent. We investigated it in younger (N = 20, 12 women, 21.2 ± 1.75 years) and older (N = 19, nine women, 67.05 ± 3.94 years) adults. We found a faster target identification in the repeated configurations with similar magnitude in the two age groups, which indicates that this contextual cueing effect remained intact even in the older participants. To shed light on the underlying mechanisms, we measured and compared the amplitude of three event-related potentials: N2pc, P3, and response-locked LRP. In the younger group, the larger contextual cueing effect (novel-minus-repeated RT difference) correlated positively with a larger difference in amplitude for repeated compared with novel configurations for both the N2pc and the P3 components, but there was no correlation with the response-locked lateralized readiness potential (rLRP) amplitude difference. However, in the older group, only the rLRP amplitude difference between novel and repeated configurations showed an enhancement with larger contextual cueing. These results suggest that different mechanisms are responsible for the contextual effect in the two age groups. It has both an early and an intermediate locus in younger adults: effective attentional allocation and successful stimulus categorization, or decision-making confidence are involved; while in older adults, a late locus was identified: a more efficient response organization led to a faster reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Jones A, Gandhi V, Mahiddine AY, Huyck C. Bridging Neuroscience and Robotics: Spiking Neural Networks in Action. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8880. [PMID: 37960579 PMCID: PMC10647810 DOI: 10.3390/s23218880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Robots are becoming increasingly sophisticated in the execution of complex tasks. However, an area that requires development is the ability to act in dynamically changing environments. To advance this, developments have turned towards understanding the human brain and applying this to improve robotics. The present study used electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded from 54 human participants whilst they performed a two-choice task. A build-up of motor activity starting around 400 ms before response onset, also known as the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), was observed. This indicates that actions are not simply binary processes but rather, response-preparation is gradual and occurs in a temporal window that can interact with the environment. In parallel, a robot arm executing a pick-and-place task was developed. The understanding from the EEG data and the robot arm were integrated into the final system, which included cell assemblies (CAs)-a simulated spiking neural network-to inform the robot to place the object left or right. Results showed that the neural data from the robot simulation were largely consistent with the human data. This neurorobotics study provides an example of how to integrate human brain recordings with simulated neural networks in order to drive a robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jones
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK; (V.G.); (A.Y.M.); (C.H.)
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Wang C, Yin L, Fu P, Lu G, Zhai X, Yang C. Anti-inflammatory effect of ApoE23 on Salmonella typhimurium-induced sepsis in mice. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230767. [PMID: 37533741 PMCID: PMC10390754 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two independent experiments were performed with three groups each (sepsis control, sepsis, and sepsis with apoE23 treatment) to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein 23 (apoE23) in a mouse model of sepsis induced by S. typhimurium. Survival rates; plasma level variations in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); S. typhimurium colony-forming units in the spleen tissue; and mRNA and protein expression levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein (LRP), syndecan-1, and scavenger receptor B1 were evaluated in the livers of mice from the three groups. Results found that the survival rate of septic mice treated with apoE23 was 100% within 48 h, while it was only 40% in septic mice without apoE23 treatment (P < 0.001). The plasma LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and the S. typhimurium load in mice in the apoE23-treated group were significantly lower than those in septic mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoE23 restored the downregulated expression of LDLR and LRP in the liver tissue of septic mice. So apoE23 exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in the mouse model of S. typhimurium-induced sepsis. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of apoE23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Department of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Changsheng Yang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai200032, China
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Bass RD, Phillips J, Sánchez JS, Shah P, Sum S, Waksman R, Garcia-Garcia HM. The Ability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify Vulnerable Patients and Plaques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Interv Cardiol Clin 2023; 12:245-56. [PMID: 36922065 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have analyzed the efficacy of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived lipid core burden index (LCBI) in quantifying and identifying high-risk plaques and patients at increased risk of future major adverse cardiac outcomes/major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. A maxLCBI4mm of 400 or greater seems to be an effective threshold for classifying at-risk plaques. This meta-analysis provides a more precise odds ratio with a narrow standard deviation that can be used to guide future studies.
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Loh HW, Ooi CP, Seoni S, Barua PD, Molinari F, Acharya UR. Application of explainable artificial intelligence for healthcare: A systematic review of the last decade (2011-2022). Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2022; 226:107161. [PMID: 36228495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Artificial intelligence (AI) has branched out to various applications in healthcare, such as health services management, predictive medicine, clinical decision-making, and patient data and diagnostics. Although AI models have achieved human-like performance, their use is still limited because they are seen as a black box. This lack of trust remains the main reason for their low use in practice, especially in healthcare. Hence, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has been introduced as a technique that can provide confidence in the model's prediction by explaining how the prediction is derived, thereby encouraging the use of AI systems in healthcare. The primary goal of this review is to provide areas of healthcare that require more attention from the XAI research community. METHODS Multiple journal databases were thoroughly searched using PRISMA guidelines 2020. Studies that do not appear in Q1 journals, which are highly credible, were excluded. RESULTS In this review, we surveyed 99 Q1 articles covering the following XAI techniques: SHAP, LIME, GradCAM, LRP, Fuzzy classifier, EBM, CBR, rule-based systems, and others. CONCLUSION We discovered that detecting abnormalities in 1D biosignals and identifying key text in clinical notes are areas that require more attention from the XAI research community. We hope this is review will encourage the development of a holistic cloud system for a smart city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen Loh
- School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore
| | - Chui Ping Ooi
- School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore
| | - Silvia Seoni
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Biolab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Prabal Datta Barua
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Biolab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore; School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Australia; School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan; Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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13
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Calvier L, Herz J, Hansmann G. Interplay of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors, LRPs, and Lipoproteins in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:164-180. [PMID: 35257044 PMCID: PMC8897182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LDLR regulates oxidized LDL level, which is increased in lung and blood from PAH patients. LRP1 preserving vascular homeostasis is decreased in PAH patients. LRP5/6 regulating Wnt signaling is upregulated in PH. The LRP8 (aka ApoER2) ligand ApoE protects from PAH.
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family includes LDLR, very LDLR, and LDL receptor–related proteins (LRPs) such as LRP1, LRP1b (aka LRP-DIT), LRP2 (aka megalin), LRP4, and LRP5/6, and LRP8 (aka ApoER2). LDLR family members constitute a class of closely related multifunctional, transmembrane receptors, with diverse functions, from embryonic development to cancer, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular homeostasis. While LDLR family members have been studied extensively in the systemic circulation in the context of atherosclerosis, their roles in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are understudied and largely unknown. Endothelial dysfunction, tissue infiltration of monocytes, and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are hallmarks of PAH, leading to vascular remodeling, obliteration, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, heart failure, and death. LDLR family members are entangled with the aforementioned detrimental processes by controlling many pathways that are dysregulated in PAH; these include lipid metabolism and oxidation, but also platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, Wnt, apolipoprotein E, bone morpohogenetic proteins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In this paper, we discuss the current knowledge on LDLR family members in PAH. We also review mechanisms and drugs discovered in biological contexts and diseases other than PAH that are likely very relevant in the hypertensive pulmonary vasculature and the future care of patients with PAH or other chronic, progressive, debilitating cardiovascular diseases.
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Key Words
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Apoer2
- BMP
- BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor
- BMPR2
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- KO, knockout
- LDL receptor related protein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP
- LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein
- LRP1
- LRP1B
- LRP2
- LRP4
- LRP5
- LRP6
- LRP8
- MEgf7
- Mesd, mesoderm development
- PAH
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell
- PDGF
- PDGFR-β, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PPARγ
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PVD
- RV, right ventricle/ventricular
- RVHF
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- TGF-β1
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1
- TGFBR, transforming growth factor β1 receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- VLDLR
- VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- Wnt
- apolipoprotein E receptor 2
- endothelial cell
- gp330
- low-density lipoprotein receptor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- megalin
- monocyte
- multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 7
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- pulmonary vascular disease
- right ventricle heart failure
- smooth muscle cell
- very low density lipoprotein receptor
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Pulmonary Vascular Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Ozhan G. Editorial: Wnt Signaling at the Plasma Membrane: Activation, Regulation and Disease Connection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780163. [PMID: 34760896 PMCID: PMC8573280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Liu J, Zhu M, Feng Y, Tang Q, Xu M. The multidrug resistance can be reversed for the decrease of P-gp and LRP by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signal pathway in nasopharynx carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20190239. [PMID: 32400857 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20190239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between PI3K/Akt/NF-κB cellular signal pathway and the expression of P-gp and LRP in multidrug resistance (MDR) cell of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHOD The PI3K, p-Akt and NF-κB/p65 as the activity of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB were detected by Western blot. The expressions of LRP and P-gp were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR. RESULT The RIs of CNE/DDP group to DDP, 5-Fu, VCR, ADR and PTX were 35.04, 18.14, 24.13, 12.00 and 10.18, respectively. The RIs of LY-294002 group were 11.77, 5.83, 3.07, 3.86 and 3.34, and PDTC group were 11.08, 6.55, 7.66, 2.18 and 4.05. The expressions of PI3K, p-Akt and NF-κBp65, LRP and P-gp were increased and mRNA of LRP and P-gp were up-regulated in CNE/DDP. The expression of p-Akt in LY-294002 group was down-regulated. The expression of NF-κB p65 in PDTC group was decreased. The mRNA of LRP and P-gp in LY-294002 group and PDTC group were decreased. CONCLUSION MDR of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell can be regulated by activating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signal pathway and then increase the expression of P-gp and LRP. The MDR of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell can be reversed by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signal pathway.
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16
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Nguyen TV, Hsu CY, Jaiswal S, Muggleton NG, Liang WK, Juan CH. To Go or Not to Go: Degrees of Dynamic Inhibitory Control Revealed by the Function of Grip Force and Early Electrophysiological Indices. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:614978. [PMID: 33584231 PMCID: PMC7876446 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.614978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical issue in executive control is how the nervous system exerts flexibility to inhibit a prepotent response and adapt to sudden changes in the environment. In this study, force measurement was used to capture “partial” unsuccessful trials that are highly relevant in extending the current understanding of motor inhibition processing. Moreover, a modified version of the stop-signal task was used to control and eliminate potential attentional capture effects from the motor inhibition index. The results illustrate that the non-canceled force and force rate increased as a function of stop-signal delay (SSD), offering new objective indices for gauging the dynamic inhibitory process. Motor response (time and force) was a function of delay in the presentation of novel/infrequent stimuli. A larger lateralized readiness potential (LRP) amplitude in go and novel stimuli indicated an influence of the novel stimuli on central motor processing. Moreover, an early N1 component reflects an index of motor inhibition in addition to the N2 component reported in previous studies. Source analysis revealed that the activation of N2 originated from inhibitory control associated areas: the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), pre-motor cortex, and primary motor cortex. Regarding partial responses, LRP and error-related negativity (ERNs) were associated with error correction processes, whereas the N2 component may indicate the functional overlap between inhibition and error correction. In sum, the present study has developed reliable and objective indices of motor inhibition by introducing force, force-rate and electrophysiological measures, further elucidating our understandings of dynamic motor inhibition and error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Van Nguyen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Hsu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Satish Jaiswal
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Neil G Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Center, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Kuang Liang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Center, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway is a rich and complex network of cellular proteins that orchestrates diverse short-range cell-to-cell communication in metazoans and is essential for both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Due to its fundamental importance in controlling cell behaviour at multiple levels, its deregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases in humans and identification of drugs targeting the pathway has attracted strong interest in the pharmaceutical sector. Transduction of WNT signals across the plasma membrane of cells involves a staggering degree of complexity and variety with respect to ligand-receptor, receptor-receptor and receptor-co-receptor interactions (Niehrs, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13:767-779, 2012). Although the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related-protein (LRP) family is best known for its role in binding and endocytosis of lipoproteins, specific members appear to have additional roles in cellular communication. Indeed, for WNT/β-catenin signalling one apparently universal requirement is the presence of either LRP5 or LRP6 in combination with one of the ten Frizzled (FZD) WNT receptors (FZD1-10). In the 20 years since their discovery as WNT/FZD co-receptors, research on the LRP family has contributed greatly to our understanding of WNT signalling and LRPs have emerged as central players in WNT/β-catenin signalling. LRP5/6 are highly similar and represent the least redundant class of WNT receptor that transduce WNT/β-catenin signalling from a wide range of different WNT and FZD subtypes. This apparent simplicity however belies the complex arrangement of binding sites in the extracellular domain (ECD) of LRP5/6, which regulate interaction not only with WNTs but also with several inhibitors of WNT signalling. This chapter provides a historical overview, chronologically charting this remarkable progress in the field during the last 20 years of research on LRPs and their role in WNT/-catenin signalling. A more focused overview of the structural, functional and mechanistic aspects of LRP biology is also provided, together with the implications this has for pharmacological targeting of this notoriously intractable pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Davidson
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBSC-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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18
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Wang L, Chang W, Krebs RM, Boehler CN, Theeuwes J, Zhou X. Neural Dynamics of Reward-Induced Response Activation and Inhibition. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3961-3976. [PMID: 30365036 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward-predictive stimuli can increase an automatic response tendency, which needs to be counteracted by effortful response inhibition when this tendency is inappropriate for the current task. Here we investigated how the human brain implements this dynamic process by adopting a reward-modulated Simon task while acquiring EEG and fMRI data in separate sessions. In the Simon task, a lateral target stimulus triggers an automatic response tendency of the spatially corresponding hand, which needs to be overcome if the activated hand is opposite to what the task requires, thereby delaying the response. We associated high or low reward with different targets, the location of which could be congruent or incongruent with the correct response hand. High-reward targets elicited larger Simon effects than low-reward targets, suggesting an increase in the automatic response tendency induced by the stimulus location. This tendency was accompanied by modulations of the lateralized readiness potential over the motor cortex, and was inhibited soon after if the high-reward targets were incongruent with the correct response hand. Moreover, this process was accompanied by enhanced theta oscillations in medial frontal cortex and enhanced activity in a frontobasal ganglia network. With dynamical causal modeling, we further demonstrated that the connection from presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) to right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) played a crucial role in modulating the reward-modulated response inhibition. Our results support a dynamic neural model of reward-induced response activation and inhibition, and shed light on the neural communication between reward and cognitive control in generating adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology II, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wenshuo Chang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruth M Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Lobo I, Campagnoli RR, Figueira JS, Andrade I, Figueira I, Gama C, Gonçalves RM, Keil A, Pereira MG, Volchan E, Oliveira L, David IA. Hidden wounds of violence: Abnormal motor oscillatory brain activity is related to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117404. [PMID: 32971264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Victims of urban violence are at risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), one of the most debilitating consequences of violence. Considering that PTSD may be associated with inefficient selection of defensive responses, it is important to understand the relation between motor processing and PTSD. The present study aims to investigate the extent to which the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is related to motor preparation against visual threat cues in victims of urban violence. Participants performed a choice reaction time task while ignoring a picture that could be threating or neutral. The EEG indices extracted were the motor-related amplitude asymmetry (MRAA) in the alpha frequency range, and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). We observed a linear relation between longer LRP latency and a slower reaction time, selectively during threat processing (compared to neutral) in low PTSS, but not in high PTSS participants. Alpha MRAA suppression and the PTSS were also linearly related: the smaller the alpha MRAA suppression in the threat condition relative to neutral, the greater the PTSS. These results provide evidence that threatening cues affect motor processing that is modulated by the severity of PTSS in victims of urban violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Lobo
- Grupo de Psicobiologia, Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela R Campagnoli
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Figueira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Isabela Andrade
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan Figueira
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa do Estresse. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Gama
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Andreas Keil
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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20
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Chen H, Lu C, Ouyang B, Zhang H, Huang Z, Bhatia D, Lee SJ, Shah D, Sura A, Yeh WC, Li Y. Development of Potent, Selective Surrogate WNT Molecules and Their Application in Defining Frizzled Requirements. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:598-609.e4. [PMID: 32220333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
WNTs regulate myriad biological processes during embryonic development and are key regulators of stem cell function, tissue homeostasis, and injury repair in adults. The creation of WNT-based therapies has been hampered by challenges in developing soluble, potent, and selective WNT molecules. Soluble WNT surrogates have been reported, but they demonstrate relatively weak WNT signaling activity. Here, we describe a platform for potent, selective WNT surrogate generation. We identify multivalent binding to Frizzleds (FZDs) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins (LRPs) to be a requirement for maximal WNT/β-catenin activation. Furthermore, we show that recruitment of two different FZDs together with LRP causes efficient signaling. Surrogate WNT targeting either FZD1,2,7 or FZD5,8 induces expansive growth of intestinal organoids. This flexible WNT surrogate platform yields potent agonists with any desired receptor specificity and will be useful for research and therapeutic applications for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chenggang Lu
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian Ouyang
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Haili Zhang
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhong Huang
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Diksha Bhatia
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Darshini Shah
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Asmiti Sura
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Surrozen Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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21
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Tepekoy F, Uysal F, Acar N, Ustunel I, Akkoyunlu G. The effect of GnRH antagonist cetrorelix on Wnt signaling members in pubertal and adult mouse ovaries. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:423-437. [PMID: 31630211 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wide application of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists for clinical purposes determines their effects on ovarian signaling pathways. Our study aimed to determine the localization, expression levels of Wnt signaling members in the pubertal and adult mouse ovary and the impact of GnRH antagonist cetrorelix on these signaling members. 0.5 mg/kg of cetrorelix was injected to 3-and 6-week-old mice for 2 weeks. At the end of injection, ovaries from 5 (5Ce)- to 8-week (8Ce)-old mice were embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry and homogenized for western blot to compare with control (5C-8C) and sham groups (5S-8S). WNT2 and WNT4 showed higher expression in thecal and stromal cells in adult mouse ovaries and only WNT4 expression was affected by cetrorelix. FZD1 was localized mainly in oocytes of pubertal ovaries and granulosa cells and oocytes of adult ovaries. FZD1 was reduced by cetrorelix in pubertal ovaries. FZD4 was abundantly localized in thecal and stromal cells of all groups and protein level was not affected by cetrorelix. LRP-6 was expressed mainly in oocytes and stromal cells of pubertal, oocytes of adult ovaries and its expression was reduced by cetrorelix in adult ovaries. CTNNB1 intensity in granulosa cells was the lowest in pubertal and the highest in adult ovaries and its expression was decreased by cetrorelix in adult ovaries. Cetrorelix affected the expression of specific members of the Wnt signaling depending on the developmental stage of mice, pointing out its possible interaction with gonadotropins during pubertal and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Tepekoy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Uysal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Acar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ustunel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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22
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Abstract
Decision making often requires making arbitrary choices ("picking") between alternatives that make no difference to the agent, that are equally desirable, or when the potential reward is unknown. Using event-related potentials we tested the effect of age on this common type of decision making. We compared two age groups: ages 18-25, and ages 41-67 on a masked-priming paradigm while recording EEG and EMG. Participants pressed a right or left button following either an instructive arrow cue or a neutral free-choice picking cue, both preceded by a masked arrow or neutral prime. The prime affected the behavior on the Instructed and the Free-choice picking conditions both in the younger and older groups. Moreover, electrophysiological "Change of Intention" (ChoI) was observed via lateralized readiness potential (LRP) in both age groups - the polarity of the LRP indicated first preparation to move the primed hand and then preparation to move the other hand. However, the older participants were more conservative in responding to the instructive cue, exhibiting a speed-accuracy trade-off, with slower response times, less errors in incongruent trials, and reduced probability of EMG activity in the non-responding hand. Additionally, "Change of Intention" was observed in both age groups in slow RT trials with a neutral prime as a result of an endogenous early intention to respond in a direction opposite the eventual instructing arrow cue. We conclude that the basic behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of implicit ChoI are common to a wide range of ages. However, older subjects, despite showing a similar dynamic decision trajectory as younger adults, are slower, more prudent and finalize the decision making process before letting the information affect the peripheral motor system. In contrast, the flow of information in younger subjects occurs in parallel to the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Furstenberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Callum D. Dewar
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haim Sompolinsky
- Racah Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert T. Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Leon Y. Deouell
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Debruille JB, Touzel M, Segal J, Snidal C, Renoult L. A Central Component of the N1 Event-Related Brain Potential Could Index the Early and Automatic Inhibition of the Actions Systematically Activated by Objects. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:95. [PMID: 31139060 PMCID: PMC6517799 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli of the environment, like objects, systematically activate the actions they are associated to. These activations occur extremely fast. Nevertheless, behavioral data reveal that, in most cases, these activations are then automatically inhibited, around 100 ms after the occurrence of the stimulus. We thus tested whether this early inhibition could be indexed by a central component of the N1 event-related brain potential (ERP). To achieve that goal, we looked at whether this ERP component is larger in tasks that could increase the inhibition and in trials where reaction times (RTs) happen to be long. The illumination of a real space bar of a keyboard out of the dark was used as a stimulus. To maximize the modulation of the inhibition, the task participants had to perform was manipulated across blocks. A look-only task and a count task were used to increase inhibition and an immediate press task was used to decrease it. ERPs of the two block-conditions where presses had to be prevented and where the largest central N1s were predicted were compared to those elicited in the press task, differentiating the ERPs to the third of the trials where presses were the slowest from the ERPs to the third of the trials with the fastest presses. Despite larger negativities due to lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) and despite greater attention likely in immediate press-trials, central N1s were found to be minimal for the fastest presses, intermediate for the slowest ones and maximal for the two no-press conditions. These results thus provide a strong support for the idea that the central N1 indexes an early and short lasting automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects. They also confirm that the strength of this automatic inhibition spontaneously fluctuates across trials and tasks. On the other hand, just before N1s, parietal P1s were found larger for fastest presses. They might thus index the initial activation of these actions. Finally, consistent with the idea that N300s index late inhibition processes, that occur preferentially when the task requires them, these ERPs were quasi absent for fast presses trials and much larger in the three other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bruno Debruille
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Molly Touzel
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Segal
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Snidal
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Renoult
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Taheri M, Motalebzadeh J, Mahjoubi F. Expression of LRP Gene in Breast Cancer Patients Correlated with MRP1 as Two Independent Predictive Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3111-3115. [PMID: 30486550 PMCID: PMC6318415 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.11.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is still a great obstacle of breast cancer chemotherapy. We have previously shown that multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The lung resistance-related protein (LRP) is identified as a prognostic marker and response to treatment factor which has been studied mainly in hematological malignancy and leukemia. In this study, we aimed to analyze LRP expression and possible correlation between the expression level of this gene with MRP1 as a candidate marker for chemotherapy resistance. Materials and Methods: We collected 54 breast tumors and adjacent normal tissues from Iranian breast cancer patients and Real time RT-PCR was employed to measure the gene expression level in our samples. Results: MRP1 and LRP expression level were significantly lower in tumor tissues of the patients responding to chemotherapy compared to non-responding patients. No relation between the expression level of either of these genes and clinicopathology markers was found. Conclusion: Our results suggest that LRP gene expression is correlated to MRP1 in human breast cancer cells and may affect the clinical response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Taheri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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25
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Zhao C, Lu E, Hu X, Cheng H, Zhang JA, Zhu X. S100A9 regulates cisplatin chemosensitivity of squamous cervical cancer cells and related mechanism. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3753-3764. [PMID: 30288106 PMCID: PMC6159790 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s168276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our previous research has shown that the expression of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) in tumor cells was associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy sensitivity in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. In the present study, we altered the expression of S100A9 through infecting lentivirus, investigated its effect on the chemosensitivity to cisplatin of cervical cancer cells and then made a primary exploration of the involved mechanism. Materials and methods Lentivirus was employed to upregulate and downregulate S100A9 expression in SiHa cells. The protein expression level of apoptotic-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, drug resistance-related proteins multiple drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), P glycoprotein (P-gp), glutathione-S-transferase-π (GST-π), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), and FOXO1 signaling pathway related proteins was detected by Western blot. The CCK-8 assay was used to examine chemosensitivity to cisplatin, and the proportion of apoptosis cells was analyzed by the flow cytometry. Results S100A9 overexpression could obviously increase the IC50 value of SiHa cells to cisplatin and decrease the apoptosis rate induced by cisplatin. Downregulation of S100A9 led to the opposite results. In S100A9 overexpression SiHa cells, the expression level of Bcl-2, LRP, GST-π, p-AKT, p-ERK, p-FOXO1, and Nanog was significantly increased, while FOXO1 expression was decreased. The opposite results were observed in S100A9 knockdown SiHa cells. Conclusion Downregulation of S100A9 could significantly increase apoptosis rate, resulting in enhancing sensitivity of SiHa cells to cisplatin, which may be related to Bcl-2, GST-π, and LRP protein and by altering the AKT/ERK-FOXO1-Nanog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
| | - Ermei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
| | - Huihui Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
| | - Jian-An Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China,
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26
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Carbon CC, Faerber SJ, Augustin MD, Mitterer B, Hutzler F. First gender, then attractiveness: Indications of gender-specific attractiveness processing via ERP onsets. Neurosci Lett 2018; 686:186-192. [PMID: 30217503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We followed an ERP-based approach to gain knowledge on the dependence and temporal order of two essential processes of face perception: attractiveness and gender. By combining a dual-choice task with a go/nogo-paradigm focusing on the LRP and N200-effect, we could estimate the processing times and onsets of both types of face processing. The analyses of the LRP revealed that gender aspects were processed much earlier than attractiveness. Whereas gender was already analysed 243.9 ms post-stimulus onset, attractiveness came into play 58.6 ms later, i.e. after a post-stimulus onset delay of 302.5 ms. This resulting pattern was mirrored by the analyses of the N200-effect, an effect available mainly frontally which is supposed to correlate with the inhibition of inappropriate responses. Taking the onset of the N200 effect as an estimator for the moment at which information has been processed sufficiently for task decision, we could trace the N200 effect at 152.0 ms for go/nogo-decision on gender, while not as early as 206.7 ms on attractiveness. In sum, processing of facial attractiveness seems to be based on gender-specific aesthetic pre-processing, for instance via activating gender-specific attractiveness prototypes which show focused processing of certain facial aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Christian Carbon
- Department of General Psychology and Methodology, University of Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany; Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Stella J Faerber
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Jena, Germany
| | - M Dorothee Augustin
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Bernhard Mitterer
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Neurocognitive Research & Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Cheval B, Tipura E, Burra N, Frossard J, Chanal J, Orsholits D, Radel R, Boisgontier MP. Avoiding sedentary behaviors requires more cortical resources than avoiding physical activity: An EEG study. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:68-80. [PMID: 30056055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Why do individuals fail to exercise regularly despite knowledge of the risks associated with physical inactivity? Automatic processes regulating exercise behaviors may partly explain this paradox. Yet, these processes have only been investigated with behavioral outcomes (i.e., based on reaction times). Here, using electroencephalography, we investigated the cortical activity underlying automatic approach and avoidance tendencies toward stimuli depicting physical activity and sedentary behaviors in 29 young adults who were physically active or physically inactive but with the intention of becoming physically active. Behavioral results showed faster reactions when approaching physical activity compared to sedentary behaviors and when avoiding sedentary behaviors compared to physical activity. These faster reactions were more pronounced in physically active individuals and were associated with changes during sensory integration (earlier onset latency and larger positive deflection of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials) but not during motor preparation (no effect on the response-locked lateralized readiness potentials). Faster reactions when avoiding sedentary behaviors compared to physical activity were also associated with higher conflict monitoring (larger early and late N1 event-related potentials) and higher inhibition (larger N2 event-related potentials), irrespective of the usual level of physical activity. These results suggest that additional cortical resources were required to counteract an attraction to sedentary behaviors. Data and Materials [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1169140]. Preprint [https://doi.org/10.1101/277988].
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cheval
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss NCCR "LIVES - Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives", University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eda Tipura
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Burra
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaromil Frossard
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Chanal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dan Orsholits
- Swiss NCCR "LIVES - Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives", University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Radel
- Laboratoire LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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28
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Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Prostatectomies for localized prostate cancer: a mixed comparison network and cumulative meta-analysis. J Robot Surg 2018; 12:633-9. [PMID: 29476324 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-018-0791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
No consensus has been attained regarding the utility of open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa). We carried out a network meta-analysis and cumulative meta-analysis comparing RRP, LRP and RALRP on peri-operative and functional outcome measures. Electronic databases were searched for either randomized clinical trials or cohort studies comparing RALRP either with LRP or RRP in patients with localized PCa. Outcome measures were as follows: overall, pT2 and pT3-positive surgical margins (PSMs); biochemical recurrence (BCR); complication rates; estimated blood loss; blood transfusion rate; continence and potency rates; duration of catheterization and hospital stay. Publication bias, risk of bias and inconsistency were assessed. Inverse heterogeneity model was used for analysis. A total of 45 studies were included for the final analysis. We observed that RALRP and LRP did not differ significantly from RRP with regard to the following outcomes: overall PSM; pT2 and pT3 PSMs; OT; complication rate; continence and potency rates; total blood loss and hospital stay. Duration of catheterization was significantly shorter in RALRP than LRP and RRP while significant reductions in the need for blood transfusion and BCR were observed for both RALRP and LRP in comparison with RRP. To conclude, similar functional, operative and oncologic outcomes were observed for both RALRP and LRP compared to RRP.
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29
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Zhu D, Su Y, Fu B, Xu H. Magnesium Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Regulates Amyloid-β Transcytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7118-31. [PMID: 29383689 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poor Mg status is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provided the first evidence that elevated Mg levels significantly reduced the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and regulated its function in vitro. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) and magnesium transporter subtype 1 (MagT1) were two major cellular receptors mediating entry of extracellular Mg2+ into the cells. Elevated Mg levels also induced an accelerated clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from the brain to the blood side via BBB transcytosis through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), while reduced the influx of Aβ from the blood to the brain side involving receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and caveolae. Mg enhanced BBB barrier properties and overall expression of LRP1 and PICALM whereas reduced that of RAGE and caveolin-1. Apical-to-basolateral and vice versa steady-state Aβ flux achieved an equilibrium of 18 and 0.27 fmol/min/cm2, respectively, about 30 min after the initial addition of physiological levels of free Aβ. Knockdown of caveolin-1 or disruption of caveolae membrane microdomains reduced RAGE-mediated influx significantly, but not LRP1-mediated efflux of Aβ. Stimulating endothelial cells with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhanced caveolin-1 phosphorylation and RAGE expression. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that RAGE, but not LRP1, was physically associated with caveolin-1. Thus, Mg can reduce BBB permeability and promote BBB clearance of Aβ from the brain by increasing the expression of LRP1 and PICALM while reducing the level of RAGE and caveolin-1.
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30
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Siddique A, Yu B, Khan K, Buyting R, Al-Kindi H, Alaws H, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC, Cecere R, Schwertani A. Expression of the Frizzled receptors and their co-receptors in calcified human aortic valves. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:208-214. [PMID: 29244962 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that induce calcific aortic stenosis are yet to be unraveled. Wnt signaling is increasingly being considered as a major player in the disease process. However, the presence of Wnt Frizzled (Fzd) receptors and co-receptors LRP5 and 6 in normal and diseased human aortic valves remains to be elucidated. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to determine Fzd receptor expression in normal and calcified human aortic valve tissue, as well as human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) isolated from calcified and normal human aortic valves. There was significantly higher mRNA expression of 4 out of the 10 Fzd receptors in calcified aortic valve tissues and 8 out of the 10 in HAVICs, and both LRP5/6 co-receptors in calcified aortic valves (P < 0.05). These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which revealed abundant increase in immunoreactivity for Fzd3, 7, and 8, mainly in areas of lipid core and calcified nodules of diseased aortic valves. The findings of abundant expression of Fzd and LRP5/6 receptors in diseased aortic valves suggests a potential role for both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of human aortic valve calcification. Future investigations aimed at targeting these molecules may provide potential therapies for aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateeque Siddique
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bin Yu
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kashif Khan
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ryan Buyting
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Hamood Al-Kindi
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Hossny Alaws
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- b Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | | | - Renzo Cecere
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Adel Schwertani
- a Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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31
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Abstract
Human behavior is guided by expectations that facilitate perception of upcoming events or reaction to them. In natural settings expectations are often implicitly based on time, e.g., when making a phone call one would expect to hear either a person answering (earlier) or a voicemail greeting (later). We investigated how time-based expectations can improve performance in the absence of explicit prior information on the pending stimulus or the associated response. Visual stimuli were presented after a characteristic short or long foreperiod, and a forced-choice categorization using either the left or the right hand was required. The electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed a decrease in central 9-12 Hz power over the course of the trial. Moreover, lateralized pre-motor potentials were observed which changed polarity after the short foreperiod. At stimulus onset, amplitudes of pre-motor potentials co-varied with performance, so that higher (more negative) amplitudes were associated with slower responses to unexpected targets. Altogether, the results suggest that implicit time-based expectations entail effector-specific preparatory brain activity, which is inhibited until the expected onset time of the event. Thus, time-based expectations prepare for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Volberg
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Roland Thomaschke
- Institut für Psychologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST), a protein secreted from mature osteocytes in response to mechanical unloading and other stimuli, inhibits the osteogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) impeding their ability to differentiate into mineralizing osteoblasts. PURPOSE This review summarizes the crosstalk between adipose tissue and bone. It also reviews the origin, regulation, and role of SOST in osteogenesis and brings attention to an emerging role of this protein in the regulation of adipogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Bone-derived molecules that drive MSC adipogenesis have not previously been identified, but recent findings suggest that SOST signaling may induce adipogenesis. In vivo SOST acts locally to induce changes in bone and, in vitro, increases adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. SUMMARY SOST is able to induce adipogenesis in certain preadipocytes, however bone-specific studies are needed to determine the effect of local SOST concentrations in healthy and disease models on bone marrow adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are becoming a significant burden on patients, their families, and health-care systems. Neurodegenerative processes may start up to 15 years before outward signs and symptoms of AD, as evidenced by data from AD patients and mouse models. A major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the ɛ4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which is present in almost 20% of the population. In this review we discuss the contribution of ApoE receptor signaling to the function of each component of the tripartite synapse - the axon terminal, the postsynaptic dendritic spine, and the astrocyte - and examine how these systems fail in the context of ApoE4 and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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35
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Young PA, Migliorini M, Strickland DK. Evidence That Factor VIII Forms a Bivalent Complex with the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-related Protein 1 ( LRP1): IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER IV ON LRP1 AS THE MAJOR BINDING SITE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26035-26044. [PMID: 27794518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) that affects 1 in 5,000 males. Current prophylactic replacement therapy, although effective, is difficult to maintain due to the cost and frequency of injections. Hepatic clearance of fVIII is mediated by the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a member of the LDL receptor family. Although it is well established that fVIII binds LRP1, the molecular details of this interaction are unclear as most of the studies have been performed using fragments of fVIII and LRP1. In the current investigation, we examine the binding of intact fVIII to full-length LRP1 to gain insight into the molecular interaction. Chemical modification studies confirm the requirement for lysine residues in the interaction of fVIII with LRP1. Examination of the ionic strength dependence of the interaction of fVIII with LRP1 resulted in a Debye-Hückel plot with a slope of 1.8 ± 0.5, suggesting the involvement of two critical charged residues in the interaction of fVIII with LRP1. Kinetic studies utilizing surface plasmon resonance techniques reveal that the high affinity of fVIII for LRP1 results from avidity effects mediated by the interactions of two sites in fVIII with complementary sites on LRP1 to form a bivalent fVIII·LRP1 complex. Furthermore, although fVIII bound avidly to soluble forms of clusters II and IV from LRP1, only soluble cluster IV competed with the binding of fVIII to full-length LRP1, revealing that cluster IV represents the major fVIII binding site in LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Young
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Mary Migliorini
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Abstract
An intention to act has different onsets when it is measured in different ways. When participants provide a self-initiated report on the onset of their awareness of intending to act, the report occurs around 150 ms prior to action. However, when the same participants are repeatedly asked about their awareness of intending at different points in time, the onset of intending is found up to 2 s prior to action. This ‘probed’ awareness has its onset around the same time as the brain starts preparing the act, as measured using EEG. First of all, this undermines straightforward interpretations about the temporal relation between unconscious brain states and conscious intentions and actions. Secondly, we suggest that these results present a problem for the view that intentions are mental states occurring at a single point in time. Instead, we suggest the results to support the interpretation of an intention to act as a multistage process developing over time. This process of intending seems to develop during the process of acting, leaving reportable traces in consciousness at certain points along the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceci Verbaarschot
- Center for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim Haselager
- Center for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Farquhar
- Center for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Donohue SE, Appelbaum LG, McKay CC, Woldorff MG. The neural dynamics of stimulus and response conflict processing as a function of response complexity and task demands. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:14-28. [PMID: 26827917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Both stimulus and response conflict can disrupt behavior by slowing response times and decreasing accuracy. Although several neural activations have been associated with conflict processing, it is unclear how specific any of these are to the type of stimulus conflict or the amount of response conflict. Here, we recorded electrical brain activity, while manipulating the type of stimulus conflict in the task (spatial [Flanker] versus semantic [Stroop]) and the amount of response conflict (two versus four response choices). Behaviorally, responses were slower to incongruent versus congruent stimuli across all task and response types, along with overall slowing for higher response-mapping complexity. The earliest incongruency-related neural effect was a short-duration frontally-distributed negativity at ~200 ms that was only present in the Flanker spatial-conflict task. At longer latencies, the classic fronto-central incongruency-related negativity 'N(inc)' was observed for all conditions, but was larger and ~100 ms longer in duration with more response options. Further, the onset of the motor-related lateralized readiness potential (LRP) was earlier for the two vs. four response sets, indicating that smaller response sets enabled faster motor-response preparation. The late positive complex (LPC) was present in all conditions except the two-response Stroop task, suggesting this late conflict-related activity is not specifically related to task type or response-mapping complexity. Importantly, across tasks and conditions, the LRP onset at or before the conflict-related N(inc), indicating that motor preparation is a rapid, automatic process that interacts with the conflict-detection processes after it has begun. Together, these data highlight how different conflict-related processes operate in parallel and depend on both the cognitive demands of the task and the number of response options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donohue
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lawrence G Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron C McKay
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marty G Woldorff
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Seer C, Fürkötter S, Vogts MB, Lange F, Abdulla S, Dengler R, Petri S, Kopp B. Executive Dysfunctions and Event-Related Brain Potentials in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:225. [PMID: 26733861 PMCID: PMC4683183 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implies psychological disturbances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Specifically, executive dysfunctions occur in up to 50% of ALS patients. The recently shown presence of cytoplasmic aggregates (TDP-43) in ALS patients and in patients with behavioral variants of frontotemporal dementia suggests that these two disease entities form the extremes of a spectrum. The present study aimed at investigating behavioral and electrophysiological indices of conflict processing in patients with ALS. A non-verbal variant of the flanker task demanded two-choice responses to target stimuli that were surrounded by flanker stimuli which either primed the correct response or the alternative response (the latter case representing the conflict situation). Behavioral performance, event-related potentials (ERP), and lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) were analyzed in 21 ALS patients and 20 controls. In addition, relations between these measures and executive dysfunctions were examined. ALS patients performed the flanker task normally, indicating preserved conflict processing. In similar vein, ERP and LRP indices of conflict processing did not differ between groups. However, ALS patients showed enhanced posterior negative ERP waveform deflections, possibly indicating increased modulation of visual processing by frontoparietal networks in ALS. We also found that the presence of executive dysfunctions was associated with more error-prone behavior and enhanced LRP amplitudes in ALS patients, pointing to a prefrontal pathogenesis of executive dysfunctions and to a potential link between prefrontal and motor cortical functional dysregulation in ALS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Seer
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maj-Britt Vogts
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Lange
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Abdulla
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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Cosman JD, Arita JT, Ianni JD, Woodman GF. Electrophysiological measurement of information flow during visual search. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:535-43. [PMID: 26669285 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The temporal relationship between different stages of cognitive processing is long debated. This debate is ongoing, primarily because it is often difficult to measure the time course of multiple cognitive processes simultaneously. We employed a manipulation that allowed us to isolate ERP components related to perceptual processing, working memory, and response preparation, and then examined the temporal relationship between these components while observers performed a visual search task. We found that, when response speed and accuracy were equally stressed, our index of perceptual processing ended before both the transfer of information into working memory and response preparation began. However, when we stressed speed over accuracy, response preparation began before the completion of perceptual processing or transfer of information into working memory on trials with the fastest reaction times. These findings show that individuals can control the flow of information transmission between stages, either waiting for perceptual processing to be completed before preparing a response or configuring these stages to overlap in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Cosman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason T Arita
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julianna D Ianni
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geoffrey F Woodman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yu G, Chen X, Chen S, Ye W, Hou K, Liang M. Arsenic trioxide reduces chemo-resistance to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in HBx-HepG2 cells via complex mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:116. [PMID: 26692822 PMCID: PMC4676851 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug resistance is one of the major reasons chemotherapy-based treatments failed in hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia is generally associated with tumor chemo-resistance. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the hypoxia-induced chemo-resistance to 5-FU or cisplatin and explored its underlying mechanism in the HBx-HepG2 cells. Methods MTT assay was used to examine the cell viability. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. qRT-PCR was employed to observe the mRNA expression level; and western blot assay was used to determine the protein expression level. Results Our results showed that transfection of HBx plasmid established the HBx-HepG2 cells expressing HBx, and the expression of HBx was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Exposure of HBx-HepG2 cells to hypoxia (5 % O2, 3 % O2, 1 % O2) for 48 h increased the chemo-resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (50–1600 µM) and cisplatin (25–800 µM), reduced MMP, and caused the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Hypoxia also concentration-dependently (5 % O2, 3 % O2, 1 % O2) reduced mRNA expression level of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein (MRP1), lung resistance protein (LRP), and decreased the protein expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), P-gp MRP1, and LRP. Following pretreatment with As2O3 at a non-cytotoxic concentration re-sensitized the hypoxia (1 % O2)-induced chemo-resistance to 5-FU and cisplatin in HBx-HepG2 cells. As2O3 pretreatment also prevented MMP reduction and G0/G1 arrest induced by hypoxia. Meanwhile, As2O3 antagonized increase of HIF-1α protein induced by hypoxia, and it also suppresses the increase in expression levels of P-gp, MRP1, and LRP mRNA and proteins. In addition, As2O3 in combination with 5-FU treatment caused up-regulation of DR5, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9, and down-regulation of BCL-2, but had no effect of DR4. Conclusions Our results may suggest that As2O3 re-sensitizes hypoxia-induced chemo-resistance in HBx-HepG2 via complex pathways, and As2O3 may be a potential agent that given in combination with other anti-drugs for the treatment of HBV related HCC, which is resistant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
| | - Xuezhu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
| | - Shudi Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
| | - Weipeng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
| | - Kailian Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700 China
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Tomiyasu H, Tsujimoto H. Comparative Aspects of Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance through ABC Transporters and Other Related Molecules in Canine Lymphoma. Vet Sci 2015; 2:185-205. [PMID: 29061940 PMCID: PMC5644633 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important causes of treatment failure in canine lymphoma include intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Thus, elucidation of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance is essential for the establishment of better treatment alternatives for lymphoma patients. The overexpression of drug transporters is one of the most intensively studied mechanisms of drug resistance in many tumors. In canine lymphoma, it has also been shown that the overexpression of drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein is associated with drug-resistant phenotypes. Canine lymphoma has many pathological similarities to human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and they also share similar molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. We have previously demonstrated the association of the overexpression of drug transporters with drug resistance and indicated some molecular mechanisms of the regulation of these transporters’ expressions in canine and human lymphoid tumor cells. However, it has also been indicated that other known or novel drug resistance factors should be explored to overcome drug resistance in lymphoma. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and possible strategies to develop better treatment modalities for canine lymphoma from the comparative aspects with human lymphoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Clark K, Appelbaum LG, van den Berg B, Mitroff SR, Woldorff MG. Improvement in visual search with practice: mapping learning-related changes in neurocognitive stages of processing. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5351-9. [PMID: 25834059 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1152-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice can improve performance on visual search tasks; the neural mechanisms underlying such improvements, however, are not clear. Response time typically shortens with practice, but which components of the stimulus-response processing chain facilitate this behavioral change? Improved search performance could result from enhancements in various cognitive processing stages, including (1) sensory processing, (2) attentional allocation, (3) target discrimination, (4) motor-response preparation, and/or (5) response execution. We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) as human participants completed a five-day visual-search protocol in which they reported the orientation of a color popout target within an array of ellipses. We assessed changes in behavioral performance and in ERP components associated with various stages of processing. After practice, response time decreased in all participants (while accuracy remained consistent), and electrophysiological measures revealed modulation of several ERP components. First, amplitudes of the early sensory-evoked N1 component at 150 ms increased bilaterally, indicating enhanced visual sensory processing of the array. Second, the negative-polarity posterior-contralateral component (N2pc, 170-250 ms) was earlier and larger, demonstrating enhanced attentional orienting. Third, the amplitude of the sustained posterior contralateral negativity component (SPCN, 300-400 ms) decreased, indicating facilitated target discrimination. Finally, faster motor-response preparation and execution were observed after practice, as indicated by latency changes in both the stimulus-locked and response-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs). These electrophysiological results delineate the functional plasticity in key mechanisms underlying visual search with high temporal resolution and illustrate how practice influences various cognitive and neural processing stages leading to enhanced behavioral performance.
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Sun FF, Hu YH, Xiong LP, Tu XY, Zhao JH, Chen SS, Song J, Ye XQ. Enhanced expression of stem cell markers and drug resistance in sphere-forming non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:6287-6300. [PMID: 26261505 PMCID: PMC4525839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are playing critical roles in tumor progression, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the role of CSCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. In this study, we enriched for stem-like cells from tumor spheres derived from NSCLC cell line A549 cultured in serum-free medium. Our results showed that sphere-derived cells expressed various stem cell markers such as CD44, CD133, Sox2 and Oct4. Compared with the corresponding cells in monolayer cultures, sphere-derived cells showed marked morphologic changes and increased expression of the stem cell markers CD133. Furthermore, we found that sphere-derived cells exhibited increased proliferation, cell-cycle progression as well as drug-resistant properties as compared to A549 adherent cells. Consistently, expression of several drug resistance proteins, including lung resistance-related protein (LRP), glutathion-S-transferase-π (GST-π) and multidrug resistance proteins-1 (MRP1) were all significantly enhanced in sphere-derived cells. These results indicate the enrichment of CSCs in sphere cultures and support their role in regulating drug resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Feng Sun
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Yong-He Hu
- The General Hospital of Chengdu Military RegionChengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lv-Ping Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Tu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Ji-Hua Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Sheng-Song Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Ye
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
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Sousa V, Bastos B, Silva M, Alarcão AM, Carvalho L. Bronchial-pulmonary adenocarcinoma subtyping relates with different molecular pathways. Rev Port Pneumol (2006) 2015; 21:259-70. [PMID: 25926247 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world with a high mortality rate. We analyzed 45 surgical samples of the adenocarcinoma, 13 with lymph node metastasis. APC, BCL2, chromogranin A, CK 5/6/18 (LP34), CK20, CK7, cyclin D1, EGFR, ERCC1, HER2, Ki67, LRP, MRP, P53, RB and TTF1 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Higher Ki67, APC, ERCC1 expressions and lower TTF1 expression were identified in advanced stages (IIA and IIIA) of adenocarcinomas, which reflect a more aggressive, less differentiated, possibly a non-TRU adenocarcinoma. Acinar, micropapillary and BA/lepidic adenocarcinoma patterns were the most similar patterns and papillary was the most different pattern followed by solid pattern, according to expression of these markers. Different adenocarcinoma patterns are engaged with different molecular pathways for carcinogenesis, based on the differences of expression. Acinar, BA/lepidic and micropapillary showed higher TTF1 expression (type TRU), and papillary and solid patterns revealed less TTF1 expression, exhibiting a non-TRU/bronchial phenotype. Solid pattern revealed lower HER2 and higher EGFR and ERCC1 (this compared to papillary) expression; papillary higher HER2 and lower ERCC1 expressions; micropapillary higher RB expression; and acinar lower ERCC1 and higher EGFR expressions. Ciclin D1 seems to have more importance in acinar and BA/lepidic patterns than in micropapillary. ERCC1 protein expression in micropapillary, solid and BA/lepidic patterns may indicate DNA repair activation. Inhibition of apoptosis could be explained by BCL2 overexpression, present in all adenocarcinoma patterns. MRP-1 and LRP were overexpressed in all patterns, which may have implications for drug resistance. Further studies are needed to interpret these data regarding to therapy response in advanced staged bronchial-pulmonary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Sousa
- IAP-FMUC-Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Pathology Institute, Coimbra University Hospital (HUC-CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Bastos
- IAP-FMUC-Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Silva
- IAP-FMUC-Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Alarcão
- IAP-FMUC-Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lina Carvalho
- IAP-FMUC-Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Pathology Institute, Coimbra University Hospital (HUC-CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Lee K, Shin Y, Cheng R, Park K, Hu Y, McBride J, He X, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. Receptor heterodimerization as a novel mechanism for the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4857-69. [PMID: 25271056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we report a novel mechanism that regulates the Wnt pathway through heterodimerization of the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR); the latter belongs to the same protein family as LRP6 and was originally known as a receptor for lipoproteins. Knockdown of Vldlr expression elevated LRP6 protein levels and activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, whereas overexpression of Vldlr suppressed Wnt signaling. Moreover, we demonstrate that the VLDLR ectodomain is essential and sufficient for inhibition of Wnt signaling. The VLDLR ectodomain accelerated internalization and degradation of LRP6 through heterodimerization with the LRP6 extracellular domain. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the VLDLR ectodomain blocked VLDLR-LRP6 heterodimerization, resulting in enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that heterodimerization of receptors in the membrane accelerates the turnover of LRP6, and represent a new mechanism for the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Younghwa Shin
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jeffrey McBride
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Gokce A, Geyer T, Finke K, Müller HJ, Töllner T. What pops out in positional priming of pop-out: insights from event-related EEG lateralizations. Front Psychol 2014; 5:688. [PMID: 25071658 PMCID: PMC4078256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that, in visual pop-out search, reaction time (RT) performance is influenced by cross-trial repetitions versus changes of target-defining attributes. One instance of this is referred to as “positional priming of pop-out” (pPoP; Maljkovic and Nakayama, 1996). In positional PoP paradigms, the processing of the current target is examined depending on whether it occurs at the previous target or a previous distractor location, relative to a previously empty location (“neutral” baseline), permitting target facilitation and distractor inhibition to be dissociated. The present study combined RT measures with specific sensory- and motor-driven event-related lateralizations to track the time course of four distinct processing levels as a function of the target’s position across consecutive trials. The results showed that, relative to targets at previous target and “neutral” locations, the appearance of a target at a previous distractor location was associated with a delayed build-up of the posterior contralateral negativity wave, indicating that distractor positions are suppressed at early stages of visual processing. By contrast, presentation of a target at a previous target, relative to “neutral” and distractor locations, modulated the elicitation of the subsequent stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential wave, indicating that post-selective response selection is facilitated if the target occurred at the same position as on the previous trial. Overall, the results of present study provide electrophysiological evidence for the idea that target location priming (RT benefits) does not originate from an enhanced coding of target saliency at repeated (target) locations; instead, they arise (near-) exclusively from processing levels subsequent to focal-attentional target selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahu Gokce
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Thomas Geyer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Kathrin Finke
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany ; School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London London, UK
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany ; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München München, Germany
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Vainio L, Heimola M, Heino H, Iljin I, Laamanen P, Seesjärvi E, Paavilainen P. Does gaze cueing produce automatic response activation: a lateralized readiness potential ( LRP) study. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567:1-5. [PMID: 24657345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that gaze cues facilitate responses to an upcoming target if the target location is compatible with the direction of the cue. Similar cueing effects have also been observed with central arrow cues. Both of these cueing effects have been attributed to a reflexive orienting of attention triggered by the cue. In addition, orienting of attention has been proposed to result in a partial response activation of the corresponding hand that, in turn, can be observed in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological indicator of automatic hand-motor response preparation. For instance, a central arrow cue has been observed to produce automatic hand-motor activation as indicated by the LRPs. The present study investigated whether gaze cues could also produce similar activation patterns in LRP. Although the standard gaze cueing effect was observed in the behavioural data, the LRP data did not reveal any consistent automatic hand-motor activation. The study suggests that motor processes associated with gaze cueing effect may operate exclusively at the level of oculomotor programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vainio
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland.
| | - M Heimola
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
| | - H Heino
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
| | - I Iljin
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
| | - P Laamanen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
| | - E Seesjärvi
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
| | - P Paavilainen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, PL 9, 00014, Finland
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Li L, Ji SY, Yang JL, Li XX, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Hu ZY, Liu YX. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates follicular development by modulating the expression of Foxo3a signaling components. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:915-25. [PMID: 24246780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. To investigate the possible role of Wnt signaling in the regulation of ovarian follicular development, secondary follicles were isolated and cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of its activator (LiCl or Wnt3a) or inhibitor (IWR-1). We have demonstrated that activation of β-catenin signals by activators dramatically suppressed follicular development by increasing granulosa cell apoptosis and inhibiting follicle steroidogenesis. In contrast, inhibition of Wnt signaling by IWR-1 was observed with better developed follicles and increased steroidogenesis. Further studies have shown that the transcription factor Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) and its downstream target molecules were modulated by the activators or the inhibitor. These findings provide evidence that Wnt signaling might negatively regulate follicular development potentially through Foxo3a signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shao-Yang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Achtziger A, Alós-Ferrer C, Hügelschäfer S, Steinhauser M. The neural basis of belief updating and rational decision making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:55-62. [PMID: 22956673 PMCID: PMC3871726 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational decision making under uncertainty requires forming beliefs that integrate prior and new information through Bayes' rule. Human decision makers typically deviate from Bayesian updating by either overweighting the prior (conservatism) or overweighting new information (e.g. the representativeness heuristic). We investigated these deviations through measurements of electrocortical activity in the human brain during incentivized probability-updating tasks and found evidence of extremely early commitment to boundedly rational heuristics. Participants who overweight new information display a lower sensibility to conflict detection, captured by an event-related potential (the N2) observed around 260 ms after the presentation of new information. Conservative decision makers (who overweight prior probabilities) make up their mind before new information is presented, as indicated by the lateralized readiness potential in the brain. That is, they do not inhibit the processing of new information but rather immediately rely on the prior for making a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Achtziger
- Department of Economics Box 150, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Abstract
Signaling initiated by secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family regulates many aspects of embryonic development and it is involved in homeostasis of adult tissues. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract the Wnt pathway maintains the self-renewal capacity of epithelial stem cells. The stem cell attributes are conferred by mutual interactions of the stem cell with its local microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The niche ensures that the threshold of Wnt signaling in the stem cell is kept in physiological range. In addition, the Wnt pathway involves various feedback loops that balance the opposing processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. Today, we have compelling evidence that mutations causing aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway promote expansion of undifferentiated progenitors and lead to cancer. The review summarizes recent advances in characterization of adult epithelial stem cells in the gut. We mainly focus on discoveries related to molecular mechanisms regulating the output of the Wnt pathway. Moreover, we present novel experimental approaches utilized to investigate the epithelial cell signaling circuitry in vivo and in vitro. Pivotal aspects of tissue homeostasis are often deduced from studies of tumor cells; therefore, we also discuss some latest results gleaned from the deep genome sequencing studies of human carcinomas of the colon and rectum.
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