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Punjabi M, Kosareva A, Xu L, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Decembrini S, Hofmann G, Wyttenbach S, Rolin B, Nyberg M, Kaufmann BA. Liraglutide Lowers Endothelial Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Murine Atherosclerosis Independent of Glucose Levels. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:189-200. [PMID: 36908664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors determined the effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on endothelial surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in murine apolipoprotein E knockout atherosclerosis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging using microbubbles targeted to VCAM-1 and control microbubbles showed a 3-fold increase in endothelial surface VCAM-1 signal in vehicle-treated animals, whereas in the liraglutide-treated animals the signal ratio remained around 1 throughout the study. Liraglutide had no influence on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or glycated hemoglobin, but reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and OPN. Aortic plaque lesion area and luminal VCAM-1 expression on immunohistology were reduced under liraglutide treatment.
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Key Words
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- CEUMI, contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- GLP, glucagon-like peptide
- GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
- GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin
- ICAM, intercellular cell adhesion molecule
- IL, interleukin
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MB, microbubble
- MBCtr, control microbubbles
- MBVCAM-1, microbubbles targeted to VCAM
- MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- OPN, osteopontin
- TG, triglycerides
- TGRL, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- atherosclerosis
- liraglutide
- molecular imaging
- ultrasound
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Calvier L, Herz J, Hansmann G. Interplay of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors, LRPs, and Lipoproteins in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:164-180. [PMID: 35257044 PMCID: PMC8897182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LDLR regulates oxidized LDL level, which is increased in lung and blood from PAH patients. LRP1 preserving vascular homeostasis is decreased in PAH patients. LRP5/6 regulating Wnt signaling is upregulated in PH. The LRP8 (aka ApoER2) ligand ApoE protects from PAH.
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family includes LDLR, very LDLR, and LDL receptor–related proteins (LRPs) such as LRP1, LRP1b (aka LRP-DIT), LRP2 (aka megalin), LRP4, and LRP5/6, and LRP8 (aka ApoER2). LDLR family members constitute a class of closely related multifunctional, transmembrane receptors, with diverse functions, from embryonic development to cancer, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular homeostasis. While LDLR family members have been studied extensively in the systemic circulation in the context of atherosclerosis, their roles in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are understudied and largely unknown. Endothelial dysfunction, tissue infiltration of monocytes, and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are hallmarks of PAH, leading to vascular remodeling, obliteration, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, heart failure, and death. LDLR family members are entangled with the aforementioned detrimental processes by controlling many pathways that are dysregulated in PAH; these include lipid metabolism and oxidation, but also platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, Wnt, apolipoprotein E, bone morpohogenetic proteins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In this paper, we discuss the current knowledge on LDLR family members in PAH. We also review mechanisms and drugs discovered in biological contexts and diseases other than PAH that are likely very relevant in the hypertensive pulmonary vasculature and the future care of patients with PAH or other chronic, progressive, debilitating cardiovascular diseases.
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Key Words
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Apoer2
- BMP
- BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor
- BMPR2
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- KO, knockout
- LDL receptor related protein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP
- LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein
- LRP1
- LRP1B
- LRP2
- LRP4
- LRP5
- LRP6
- LRP8
- MEgf7
- Mesd, mesoderm development
- PAH
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell
- PDGF
- PDGFR-β, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PPARγ
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PVD
- RV, right ventricle/ventricular
- RVHF
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- TGF-β1
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1
- TGFBR, transforming growth factor β1 receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- VLDLR
- VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- Wnt
- apolipoprotein E receptor 2
- endothelial cell
- gp330
- low-density lipoprotein receptor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- megalin
- monocyte
- multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 7
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- pulmonary vascular disease
- right ventricle heart failure
- smooth muscle cell
- very low density lipoprotein receptor
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Pulmonary Vascular Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Duan H, Li R, Peng W, Wu C. Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. J Adv Res 2022; 34:43-63. [PMID: 35024180 PMCID: PMC8655139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, Nrf2/HO-1 has received extensive attention as the main regulatory pathway of intracellular defense against oxidative stress and is considered an ideal target for alleviating endothelial cell (EC) injury. Objectives This paper aimed to summarized the natural monomers/extracts that potentially exert protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs. Methods A literature search was carried out regarding our topic with the keywords of “atherosclerosis” or “Nrf2/HO-1” or “vascular endothelial cells” or “oxidative stress” or “Herbal medicine” or “natural products” or “natural extracts” or “natural compounds” or “traditional Chinese medicines” based on classic books of herbal medicine and scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, GoogleScholar, BaiduScholar, and others. Then, we analyzed the possible molecular mechanisms for different types of natural compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies are discussed. Results These agents with protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs mainly include phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Most of these agents alleviate cell apoptosis in ECs due to oxidative stress, and the mechanisms are related to Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation. However, despite continued progress in research on various aspects of natural agents exerting protective effects against EC injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, the development of new drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) and other CVDs based on these agents will require more detailed preclinical and clinical studies. Conclusion Our present paper provides updated information of natural agents with protective activities on ECs against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1. We hope this review will provide some directions for the further development of novel candidate drugs from natural agents for the treatment of AS and other CVDs.
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Key Words
- 7-HMR, (−)-7(S)-hydroxymatairesinol
- ADH, andrographolide
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- AMP, Athyrium Multidentatum
- APV, aqueous extracts of Prunella Vulgaris
- ARE, antioxidant reaction elements
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASD-IV, Astragaloside IV
- ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide
- ASTP, Astragalus polysacharin
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Ang, Angiotensin
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Atherosclerosis
- BAECs, bovine artery endothelial cells
- BBR, Berberine
- BITC, benzyl isothiocyanate
- C3G, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
- CINM, Cinnamaldehyde
- CNC, Cap'n'collar
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CVRF, cardiovascular risk factors
- DMY, Dihydromyricetin
- ECC, (−)-Epicatechin
- ECs, endothelial cells
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- ET, endothelin
- EXS, Xanthoceras sorbifolia
- FFA, Fatty Acids
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSD Rg1, Ginsenoside Rg1
- GTE, Ganoderma tsugae extracts
- Gau A, Glaucocalyxin A
- HAMS, human anthocyanin medicated serum
- HG, high glucose
- HIF-1, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
- HO-1, heme oxygenase
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HXC, Huoxue capsule
- Hcy, Homocysteine
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- IL, interleukin
- KGRE, extracts of KGR
- KRG, Korean red ginseng
- Keap1, kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related proteins
- LWDH, Liuwei-Dihuang pill
- MA, maslinic acid
- MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MCGA3, 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- Molecular mechanism
- NAF, Nepeta Angustifolia
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NG, naringenin
- NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2
- Nrf2/HO-1 signaling
- OA, Oleanolic acid
- OMT, Oxymatrine
- OX-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- Oxidative stress
- PA, Palmitate
- PAA, Pachymic acid
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1
- PEITC, phenethyl isocyanate
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PT, Pterostilbene
- RBPC, phenolic extracts derived from rice bran
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAL, Salidroside
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SMT, Samul-Tang Tang
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sal B, salvianolic acid B
- SchB, Schisandrin B
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TXA2, Thromboxane A2
- TrxR1, thioredoxin reductase-1
- US, uraemic serum
- VA, Vanillic acid
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- VEC, vascular endothelial cells
- VEI, vascular endothelial injury
- Vascular endothelial cells
- XAG, xanthoangelol
- XXT, Xueshuan Xinmaining Tablet
- Z-Lig, Z-ligustilide
- eNOS, endothelial NO synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Pattarabanjird T, Li C, McNamara C. B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:546-563. [PMID: 34222726 PMCID: PMC8246059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells regulate atherosclerotic plaque formation through production of antibodies and cytokines, and effects are subset specific (B1 and B2). Putative human atheroprotective B1 cells function similarly to murine B1 in their spontaneous IgM antibody production. However, marker strategies in identifying human and murine B1 are different. IgM antibody to oxidation specific epitopes produced by B1 cells associate with human coronary artery disease. Neoantigen immunization may be a promising strategy for atherosclerosis vaccine development, but further study to determine relevant antigens still need to be done. B-cell–targeted therapies, used in treating autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoid cancers, might have potential applications in treating cardiovascular diseases. Short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of these agents need to be assessed.
Because atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, understanding inflammatory processes underpinning its pathology is critical. B cells have been implicated as a key immune cell type in regulating atherosclerosis. B-cell effects, mediated by antibodies and cytokines, are subset specific. In this review, we focus on elaborating mechanisms underlying subtype-specific roles of B cells in atherosclerosis and discuss available human data implicating B cells in atherosclerosis. We further discuss potential B cell–linked therapeutic approaches, including immunization and B cell–targeted biologics. Given recent evidence strongly supporting a role for B cells in human atherosclerosis and the expansion of immunomodulatory agents that affect B-cell biology in clinical use and clinical trials for other disorders, it is important that the cardiovascular field be cognizant of potential beneficial or untoward effects of modulating B-cell activity on atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- APRIL, A proliferation−inducing ligand
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- B-cell
- BAFF, B-cell–activating factor
- BAFFR, B-cell–activating factor receptor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- CXCR4, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
- GC, germinal center
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein
- GITRL, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein ligand
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IVUS, intravascular ultrasound
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein
- MI, myocardial infarction
- OSE, oxidation-specific epitope
- OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PC, phosphorylcholine
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- PDL1, programmed death ligand 1
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TACI, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- atherosclerosis
- immunoglobulins
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Yamashita K, Kuwashiro T, Ishikawa K, Furuya K, Harada S, Shin S, Wada N, Hirakawa C, Okada Y, Noguchi T. Identification of predictors for mini-mental state examination and revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale scores using MR-based brain morphometry. Eur J Radiol Open 2021; 8:100359. [PMID: 34095357 PMCID: PMC8167144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The early detection of cognitive function decline is crucial to help manage or slow the progression of symptoms. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R) are widely used in screening for cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to explore common predictors of the two different cognitive testing systems using MR-based brain morphometry. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 200 subjects with clinical suspicion of cognitive impairment who underwent 3D T1-weighted MRI at our institution between February 2019 and August 2020. Variables related to the volume of deep gray matter and 70 cortical thicknesses were obtained from the MR images using voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD) and FreeSurfer software. The correlation between each variable including age and MMSE/HDS-R scores was evaluated using uni- and multi-variate logistic regression analyses. Results In univariate analysis, parameters include hippocampal volume and bilateral entorhinal cortex (ERC) thickness showed moderate correlation coefficients with both MMSE and HDS-R scores. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the right ERC thickness was the common parameter which significantly correlates with both MMSE and HDS-R scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion Right ERC thickness appears to offer a useful predictive biomarker for both MMSE and HDS-R scores.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Cerebral cortex
- ERC, entorhinal cortex
- GM, gray matter
- HDS-R, revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale
- MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination
- MPRAGE, magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Mini-Mental State examination
- VOI, voxel of interest
- VSRAD, Voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease
- WM, white matter
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamashita
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuwashiro
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Furuya
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Shino Harada
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Seitaro Shin
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Noriaki Wada
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Chika Hirakawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Division of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
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Yao J, Gao W, Wang Y, Wang L, Diabakte K, Li J, Yang J, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Guo S, Zhao X, Cao Z, Chen X, Li Q, Zhang H, Wang W, Tian Z, Li B, Tian F, Wu G, Pourteymour S, Huang X, Tan F, Cao X, Yang Z, Li K, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Jin H, Tian Y. Sonodynamic Therapy Suppresses Neovascularization in Atherosclerotic Plaques via Macrophage Apoptosis-Induced Endothelial Cell Apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:53-65. [PMID: 32043020 PMCID: PMC7000870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DVDMS-SDT reduces neovascularization in late-stage atherosclerotic lesions in both rabbit and mouse models. DVDMS-SDT enhances macrophage foam cell apoptosis, which in turn induces neovessel endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits its proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis, termed apoptosis-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, DVDMS-SDT induces macrophage foam cell apoptosis via mitochondrial-caspase pathway, which activates caspase 3 to cleave SP-1, leading to the reduction of HIF-1α and VEGF-A. In the pilot translational study, DVDMS-SDT reduces plaque angiogenesis and inhibits vessel inflammation.
During atherosclerosis plaque progression, pathological intraplaque angiogenesis leads to plaque rupture accompanied by thrombosis, which is probably the most important cause of arteries complications such as cerebral and myocardial infarction. Even though few treatments are available to mitigate plaque rupture, further investigation is required to develop a robust optimized therapeutic method. In this study using rabbit and mouse atherosclerotic models, sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-mediated sonodynamic therapy reduced abnormal angiogenesis and plaque rupture. Briefly, DVDMS is injected to animals, and then the plaque was locally exposed to pulse ultrasound for a few minutes. Furthermore, a small size clinical trial was conducted on patients with atherosclerosis. Notably, a significant reduction of arterial inflammation and angiogenesis was recorded following a short period of DVDMS-mediated sonodynamic therapy treatment. This beneficial outcome was almost equivalent to the therapeutic outcome after 3-month intensive statin treatment.
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Key Words
- ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DVDMS, sinoporphyrin sodium
- DVDMS-SDT, sinoporphyrin sodium-mediated sonodynamic therapy
- HIF, hypoxia inducible factor
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- MVE, normalized maximal video-intensity enhancement
- SDT, sonodynamic therapy
- SP, specificity protein
- TBR, target-to-background ratio
- VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A
- apoptosis-induced apoptosis
- atherosclerotic plaque
- endothelial cell
- macrophage
- neovascularization
- sonodynamic therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Yao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kamal Diabakte
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongxing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xi Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fancheng Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoru Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuowen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Research Center for Computational Biology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Laboratory of Photo- and Sono-theranostic Technologies and Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr. Hong Jin, Molecular Vascular Medicine, Medicine Department, Bioclinicum, Akademiska Stråket 1, J8:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Ye Tian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China.
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Knutsson A, Björkbacka H, Dunér P, Engström G, Binder CJ, Nilsson AH, Nilsson J. Associations of Interleukin-5 With Plaque Development and Cardiovascular Events. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:891-902. [PMID: 31909299 PMCID: PMC6939009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested an atheroprotective role of interleukin (IL)-5 through the stimulation of natural immunoglobulin M antibody expression. In the present study we show that there are no associations between baseline levels of IL-5 and risk for development of coronary events or stroke during a 15.7 ± 6.3 years follow-up of 696 subjects randomly sampled from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. However, presence of a plaque at the carotid bifurcation was associated with lower IL-5 and IL-5 deficiency resulted in increased plaque development at sites of oscillatory blood flow in Apoe -/- mice suggesting a protective role for IL-5 in plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anki Knutsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Dunér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Britton L, Bridle K, Jaskowski LA, He J, Ng C, Ruelcke JE, Mohamed A, Reiling J, Santrampurwala N, Hill MM, Whitehead JP, Subramaniam VN, Crawford DH. Iron Inhibits the Secretion of Apolipoprotein E in Cultured Human Adipocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:215-217.e8. [PMID: 30105281 PMCID: PMC6085534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Britton
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Bridle
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lesley-Anne Jaskowski
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jingjing He
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Choaping Ng
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Jayde E. Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janske Reiling
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nishreen Santrampurwala
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P. Whitehead
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darrell H.G. Crawford
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Smith SA, Samokhin AO, Alfadi M, Murphy EC, Rhodes D, Holcombe WML, Kiss-Toth E, Storey RF, Yee SP, Francis SE, Qwarnstrom EE. The IL-1RI Co-Receptor TILRR ( FREM1 Isoform 2) Controls Aberrant Inflammatory Responses and Development of Vascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:398-414. [PMID: 28920098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The IL-1RI co-receptor, TILRR, is a potent amplifier of IL-1–induced responses. Blocking TILRR inhibits IL-1 receptor function and activation of inflammatory genes. TILRR expression is high in atherosclerotic lesions but low in healthy tissue, allowing distinct inhibition at sites of inflammation. Genetic deletion of TILRR and antibody blocking of TILRR function reduce plaque development and progression of atherosclerosis. Lesions exhibit low levels of macrophages and increased levels of smooth muscle cells and collagen, characteristics of stable plaques.
Expression of the interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) co-receptor Toll-like and interleukin-1 receptor regulator (TILRR) is significantly increased in blood monocytes following myocardial infarction and in the atherosclerotic plaque, whereas levels in healthy tissue are low. TILRR association with IL-1RI at these sites causes aberrant activation of inflammatory genes, which underlie progression of cardiovascular disease. The authors show that genetic deletion of TILRR or antibody blocking of TILRR function reduces development of atherosclerotic plaques. Lesions exhibit decreased levels of monocytes, with increases in collagen and smooth muscle cells, characteristic features of stable plaques. The results suggest that TILRR may constitute a rational target for site- and signal-specific inhibition of vascular disease.
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Key Words
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- DK, double knockout
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1RI
- IL-1RI, interleukin-1 receptor type I
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IκBα, inhibitor kappa B alpha
- KO, knockout
- LDLR–/–, low-density lipoprotein receptor–/–
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NSTEMI, non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- TILRR
- TILRR, toll-like and interleukin-1 receptor regulator
- heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- iBALT, inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
- interleukin-1 receptor
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Fennema-Notestine C, McEvoy LK, Notestine R, Panizzon MS, Yau WYW, Franz CE, Lyons MJ, Eyler LT, Neale MC, Xian H, McKenzie RE, Kremen WS. White matter disease in midlife is heritable, related to hypertension, and shares some genetic influence with systolic blood pressure. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:737-745. [PMID: 27790395 PMCID: PMC5071546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White matter disease in the brain increases with age and cardiovascular disease, emerging in midlife, and these associations may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. We examined the frequency, distribution, and heritability of abnormal white matter and its association with hypertension in 395 middle-aged male twins (61.9 ± 2.6 years) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging, 67% of whom were hypertensive. A multi-channel segmentation approach estimated abnormal regions within the white matter. Using multivariable regression models, we characterized the frequency distribution of abnormal white matter in midlife and investigated associations with hypertension and Apolipoprotein E-ε4 status and the impact of duration and control of hypertension. Then, using the classical twin design, we estimated abnormal white matter heritability and the extent of shared genetic overlap with blood pressure. Abnormal white matter was predominantly located in periventricular and deep parietal and frontal regions; associated with age (t = 1.9, p = 0.05) and hypertension (t = 2.9, p = 0.004), but not Apolipoprotein ε4 status; and was greater in those with uncontrolled hypertension relative to controlled (t = 3.0, p = 0.003) and normotensive (t = 4.0, p = 0.0001) groups, suggesting that abnormal white matter may reflect currently active cerebrovascular effects. Abnormal white matter was highly heritable (a2 = 0.81) and shared some genetic influences with systolic blood pressure (rA = 0.26), although there was evidence for distinct genetic contributions and unique environmental influences. Future longitudinal research will shed light on factors impacting white matter disease presentation, progression, and potential recovery.
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Key Words
- AWM, abnormal white matter
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- BMI, body mass index
- Blood pressure
- Brain
- CRP, C-Reactive protein
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HTN, hypertension
- Heritability
- Hypertension
- ICV, intracranial vault
- LDL, Low
- MRI
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- White matter
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Department of Radiology at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randy Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University and St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ruth E. McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Xu ZP, Yang SL, Zhao S, Zheng CH, Li HH, Zhang Y, Huang RX, Li MZ, Gao Y, Zhang SJ, Zhan PY, Zhang LF, Deng L, Wei S, Liu YC, Ye JW, Ren HJ, Li N, Kong CX, Wang X, Fang L, Zhou QZ, Jiang HW, Li JR, Wang Q, Ke D, Liu GP, Wang JZ. Biomarkers for Early Diagnostic of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type-2 Diabetes Patients: A Multicentre, Retrospective, Nested Case-Control Study. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:105-13. [PMID: 27077117 PMCID: PMC4816853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common age-associated disorders and T2DM patients show an increased risk to suffer from AD, however, there is currently no marker to identify who in T2DM populations will develop AD. Since glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity, ApoE genotypes and olfactory function are involved in both T2DM and AD pathogenesis, we investigate whether alterations of these factors can identify cognitive impairment in T2DM patients. Methods The cognitive ability was evaluated using Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was diagnosed by Petersen's criteria. GSK-3β activity in platelet, ApoE genotypes in leucocytes and the olfactory function were detected by Western/dot blotting, the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the biomarkers for MCI diagnosis were calculated by logistic regression. The diagnostic capability of the biomarkers was evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. Findings We recruited 694 T2DM patients from Jan. 2012 to May. 2015 in 5 hospitals (Wuhan), and 646 of them met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. 345 patients in 2 hospitals were assigned to the training set, and 301 patients in another 3 hospitals assigned to the validation set. Patients in each set were randomly divided into two groups: T2DM without MCI (termed T2DM-nMCI) or with MCI (termed T2DM-MCI). There were no significant differences for sex, T2DM years, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary disease, complications, insulin treatment, HbA1c, ApoE ε2, ApoE ε3, tGSK3β and pS9GSK3β between the two groups. Compared with the T2DM-nMCI group, T2DM-MCI group showed lower MMSE score with older age, ApoE ε4 allele, higher olfactory score and higher rGSK-3β (ratio of total GSK-3β to Ser9-phosphorylated GSK-3β) in the training set and the validation set. The OR values of age, ApoE ε4 gene, olfactory score and rGSK-3β were 1.09, 2.09, 1.51, 10.08 in the training set, and 1.06, 2.67, 1.47, 7.19 in the validation set, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of age, ApoE ε4 gene, olfactory score and rGSK-3β were 0.76, 0.72, 0.66, 0.79 in the training set, and 0.70, 0.68, 0.73, 0.79 in the validation set, respectively. These four combined biomarkers had the area under the curve (AUC) of 82% and 86%, diagnostic accuracy of 83% and 81% in the training set and the validation set, respectively. Interpretation Aging, activation of peripheral circulating GSK-3β, expression of ApoE ε4 and increase of olfactory score are diagnostic for the mild cognitive impairment in T2DM patients, and combination of these biomarkers can improve the diagnostic accuracy. ApoE ε4 gene, platelet GSK-3β activation, olfactory dysfunction and aging are non-invasive, affordable and accessible biomarkers for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and the combination of these non-invasive, affordable and accessible biomarkers can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Epidemiological studies show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor of Alzheimer disease, and a large proportion of diabetic patients will develop Alzheimer disease, but no early diagnostic tool to identify them. We find that ApoE ε4 gene, platelet GSK-3β activation, olfactory dysfunction and aging are early markers for dementia in type 2 diabetes patients, and combination of these non-invasive markers can improve the diagnostic accuracy. These findings shed light on the early identification in type 2 diabetes population who will develop Alzheimer disease and thus enable early intervention to this currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ARMS, amplification refractory mutation system
- AUC, the area under the curve
- Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE gene
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- CCCRC, Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
- CDR, clinical dementia rating
- CI, confidence intervals
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MMSE, minimum mental state examination
- Mild cognitive impairment
- OR, odds ratio
- Olfactory score
- ROC, receiver operating characteristics
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Su-Lian Yang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hong-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Li-Yuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Rong-Xi Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei-Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing-Wang Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu-Jun Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Cai-Xia Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong-Wei Jiang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing-Rong Li
- Health Service Center of Jianghan District, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
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Huang W, Mehta KD. Modulation of Hepatic Protein Kinase Cβ Expression in Metabolic Adaptation to a Lithogenic Diet. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:395-405. [PMID: 28210689 PMCID: PMC5301293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary factors are likely an important determinant of gallstone development, and difficulty in adapting to lithogenic diets may predispose individuals to gallstone formation. Identification of the critical early diet-dependent metabolic markers of adaptability is urgently needed to prevent gallstone development. We focus on the interaction between diet and genes, and the resulting potential to influence gallstone risk by dietary modification. METHODS Expression levels of hepatic protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were determined in lithogenic diet-fed mice, and the relationship of hepatic cholesterol content and PKCβ expression and the effect of hepatic PKCβ overexpression on intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed. RESULTS Lithogenic diet feeding resulted in a striking induction of hepatic PKCβ and PKCδ mRNA and protein levels, which preceded the appearance of biliary cholesterol crystals. Unlike PKCβ deficiency, global PKCδ deficiency did not influence lithogenic diet-induced gallstone formation. Interestingly, a deficiency of apolipoprotein E abrogated the diet-induced hepatic PKCβ expression, whereas a deficiency of liver X receptor-α further potentiated the induction, suggesting a potential link between the degree of hepatic PKCβ induction and the intracellular cholesterol content. Furthermore, our results suggest that PKCβ is a physiologic repressor of ileum basal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression and activity of hepatic proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2) cascade proteins, and the complex interactions between these pathways may determine the degree of hepatic ERK1/2 activation, a potent suppressor of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase expression. We found that PKCβ regulated Raf-1 activity by modulating the inhibitory Raf-1Ser259 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel interaction between the hepatic PKCβ/Raf-1 regulatory axis and ileum PKCβ/FGF15/ERK axis, which could modulate the bile lithogenecity of dietary lipids. The data presented are consistent with a two-pronged mechanism by which intestine and liver PKCβ signaling converges on the liver ERK1/2 pathway to control the hepatic adaptive response to a lithogenic diet. Elucidating the impact and the underlying mechanism(s) of PKCβ action could help us understand how different types of dietary fat modify the risk of gallstone formation, information that could help to identify novel targets for therapeutic approaches to combat this disease.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Cyp7a1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cyp8b1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2
- FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LXR, liver X receptor
- Lithogenic Diet
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase
- MMLD, modified milk fat lithogenic diet
- PKCβ, protein kinase C isoform β
- Protein Kinase Cβ
- Raf-1, Raf-1 hepatic proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase
- SREBP, sterol response element-binding protein
- Signal Transduction
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal D. Mehta
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kamal D. Mehta, PhD, Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 464 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210. fax: 614-292-4118.
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Schutkowski A, Hirche F, Geissler S, Radtke J, Stangl GI. Additive effects of lupin protein and phytic acid on aortic calcification in ApoE deficient mice. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2014; 2:6-13. [PMID: 29159103 PMCID: PMC5684972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupin proteins have repeatedly been shown to exhibit lipid lowering properties and reduce aortic calcification in atherosclerosis models. Despite many efforts on its identification, the component which is responsible for the observed effects is still under debate. Phytic acid which is generally associated with lupin protein isolates has currently been described as bioactive plant compound. The objective of the study was to determine the role of associated phytic acid for the described lupin protein effects. A two-factorial study with ApoE knockout mice was conducted in which mice received lupin protein isolate or casein with or without phytase. Phytic acid was added to the casein diets to a final concentration identical to the lupin protein diets. Here we show that the serum concentrations of cholesterol, lathosterol and desmosterol were lower and the faecal bile acid excretion was higher in the groups fed lupin proteins than in the groups fed casein (p < 0.05). Mice that received the lupin protein diet containing phytic acid were characterized by a lower aortic calcification than mice of the other three groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that the cholesterol lowering properties of lupin protein isolate were not caused by phytic acid. However, the hypocalcific action of lupin proteins appears to depend on the combination of lupin proteins and phytic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schutkowski
- Corresponding author. Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. Tel.: +49(0) 345 5522746; fax: +49(0) 345 5527124Corresponding authorInstitute of Agricultural and Nutritional SciencesMartin-Luther University Halle-WittenbergVon-Danckelmann-Platz 2Tel.: +49(0) 345 5522746; fax: +49(0) 345 5527124Halle (Saale)06120Germany
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Li Y, Liu X, Zhou T, Kelley MR, Edwards P, Gao H, Qiao X. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity rescues human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress and reduces choroidal neovascularization. Redox Biol 2014; 2:485-94. [PMID: 24624338 PMCID: PMC3949093 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of current treatment for age related macular degeneration (AMD) by targeting one molecule is limited due to its multifactorial nature and heterogeneous pathologies. Treatment strategy to target multiple signaling pathways or pathological components in AMD pathogenesis is under investigation for better clinical outcome. Inhibition of the redox function of apurinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1) was found to suppress endothelial angiogenesis and promote neuronal cell recovery, thereby may serve as a potential treatment for AMD. In the current study, we for the first time have found that a specific inhibitor of APE1 redox function by a small molecule compound E3330 regulates retinal pigment epithelium (RPEs) cell response to oxidative stress. E3330 significantly blocked sub-lethal doses of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced proliferation decline and senescence advancement of RPEs. At the same time, E3330 remarkably decreased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and down-regulated the productions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as attenuated the level of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in RPEs. A panel of stress and toxicity responsive transcription factors that were significantly upregulated by oxLDL was restored by E3330, including Nrf2/Nrf1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1, CBF/NF-Y/YY1, and MTF-1. Further, a single intravitreal injection of E3330 effectively reduced the progression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mouse eyes. These data revealed that E3330 effectively rescued RPEs from oxidative stress induced senescence and dysfunctions in multiple aspects in vitro, and attenuated laser-induced damages to RPE–Bruch׳s membrane complex in vivo. Together with its previously established anti-angiogenic and neuroprotection benefits, E3330 is implicated for potential use for AMD treatment. Specific inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox function with E3330 blocked RPE proliferation decline and senescence-like phenotype advancement induced by oxLDL. E3330 suppressed intracellular ROS, down-regulated the MCP-1 and VEGF production, and reduced nuclear NF-κB p65 in RPEs. E3330 repressed the redox sensitive transcription factors Nrf2/Nrf1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1, CBF/NF-Y/YY1, and MTF-1 that stimulated by oxLDL in RPEs. Intravitreal injection of E3330 markedly reduced the laser-induced CNV in mouse eyes. E3330 holds great potential for the management of AMD.
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Key Words
- AMD, age related macular degeneration
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- APE1, apurinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1
- APE1/Ref-1redox function
- Age-related macular degeneration.
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- CBF/NF-Y/YY1, CCAAT binding factor/nuclear factor-Y/Yin Yang 1
- CECs, choroidal endothelial cells
- CNV, choroidal neovascularization
- DCFH-DA, dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate
- DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide
- E3330
- Fluc, firefly luciferase
- HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- HSF1, heat-shock factor 1
- IκB-α, inhibitory NF-κB-α
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MTF1, metal regulatory transcription factor 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Nox, NADPH oxidase
- Nrf, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor
- Oxidative stress
- RNV, retinal neovascularization
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- RVECs, retinal vascular endothelial cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cell
- Rluc, renilla luciferase
- SA-β-gal, senescence associated β-gal
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TUNEL, TdT mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end-labeling
- Transcription factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- redox, reduction/oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States ; Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, Shanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - T Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - M R Kelley
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - P Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - H Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - X Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
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Apostolova LG, Hwang KS, Kohannim O, Avila D, Elashoff D, Jack CR, Shaw L, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Thompson PM. ApoE4 effects on automated diagnostic classifiers for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4:461-72. [PMID: 24634832 PMCID: PMC3952354 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are the only feasible way to detect and monitor presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). No single biomarker can predict future cognitive decline with an acceptable level of accuracy. In addition to designing powerful multimodal diagnostic platforms, a careful investigation of the major sources of disease heterogeneity and their influence on biomarker changes is needed. Here we investigated the accuracy of a novel multimodal biomarker classifier for differentiating cognitively normal (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD subjects with and without stratification by ApoE4 genotype. 111 NC, 182 MCI and 95 AD ADNI participants provided both structural MRI and CSF data at baseline. We used an automated machine-learning classifier to test the ability of hippocampal volume and CSF Aβ, t-tau and p-tau levels, both separately and in combination, to differentiate NC, MCI and AD subjects, and predict conversion. We hypothesized that the combined hippocampal/CSF biomarker classifier model would achieve the highest accuracy in differentiating between the three diagnostic groups and that ApoE4 genotype will affect both diagnostic accuracy and biomarker selection. The combined hippocampal/CSF classifier performed better than hippocampus-only classifier in differentiating NC from MCI and NC from AD. It also outperformed the CSF-only classifier in differentiating NC vs. AD. Our amyloid marker played a role in discriminating NC from MCI or AD but not for MCI vs. AD. Neurodegenerative markers contributed to accurate discrimination of AD from NC and MCI but not NC from MCI. Classifiers predicting MCI conversion performed well only after ApoE4 stratification. Hippocampal volume and sex achieved AUC = 0.68 for predicting conversion in the ApoE4-positive MCI, while CSF p-tau, education and sex achieved AUC = 0.89 for predicting conversion in ApoE4-negative MCI. These observations support the proposed biomarker trajectory in AD, which postulates that amyloid markers become abnormal early in the disease course while markers of neurodegeneration become abnormal later in the disease course and suggests that ApoE4 could be at least partially responsible for some of the observed disease heterogeneity. Multimodal classifiers have better predictive power than unimodal classifier. ApoE4 significantly affects diagnostic discriminability in the MCI and dementia stages. Our data supports the hypothesized biomarker trajectory in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADNI
- ADNI, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- AUC, area under the curve
- Abeta
- Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Aβ, Amyloid beta
- Aβ42, Amyloid beta with 42 amino acid residues
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Diagnosis
- Hippocampus atrophy
- ICBM, International Consortium for Brain Mapping
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MCIc, MCI converters
- MCInc, MCI nonconverters
- MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination
- NC, normal control
- ROC, receiver operating curve
- SVM, support vector machine
- Tau
- p-tau, phosphorylated tau protein
- t-tau, total tau protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristy S Hwang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omid Kohannim
- Imaging genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Avila
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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