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Zhang YL, Chen SM, Song YJ, Islam MA, Rao PL, Zhu MJ, Gu WY, Xu Y, Xu HX. Red ginseng ameliorates lipotoxicity-induced renal fibrosis in hyperuricemia mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 327:118014. [PMID: 38460576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease can be caused by numerous diseases including obesity and hyperuricemia (HUA). Obesity may exacerbate the renal injury caused by HUA. Red ginseng, a steamed products of Panax ginseng Meyer root, is known for its remarkable efficacy in improving metabolic syndrome, such as maintaining lipid metabolic balance. However, the role of red ginseng on hyperuricemia-induced renal injury in obese cases remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the action of red ginseng extract (RGE) on lipotoxicity-induced renal injury in HUA mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model was employed to initially investigate the effects of RGE on body weight, TC, OGTT, renal lipid droplets, and renal function indices such as uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. Renal structural improvement was demonstrated by H&E staining. Subsequently, an animal model combining obesity and HUA was established to further study the impact of RGE on OAT1 and ACC1 expression levels. The mechanisms underlying renal injury regulation by RGE were postulated on the basis of RNA sequencing, which was verified by immunohistochemical (including F4/80, Ki67, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and E-cadherin), Masson, and Sirius red staining. RESULTS RGE modulated HFD-induced weight gain, glucose metabolism, and abnormalities of uric acid, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. RGE alleviated the more severe renal histopathological changes induced by obesity combined with HUA, with down-regulated the protein levels of ACC1, F4/80, Ki67, TGF-β1, and α-SMA, and up-regulated OAT1 and E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS RGE has ameliorative effects on chronic kidney disease caused by obesity combined with HUA by maintaining lipid balance and reducing renal inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Chen
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Yi-Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei-Li Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Yi Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Tsutamoto S, Iwasaki Y, Shinohara A, Imamiya R, Samukawa K, Kawada-Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H, Yamada Y, Mandokoro K, Iwao H, Horiguchi Y, Osada-Oka M. Triterpenoid saponin from Panax ginseng increases the sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0322723. [PMID: 38647286 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03227-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid saponins, ginsenosides, are the major bioactive compound of red ginseng and can exert various physiological activities. In the present study, we examined whether red ginseng extract (RGE) exerts antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RGE had no bactericidal activity, at least in the range of dissolvable concentration. However, RGE reduced 0.03-0.25-fold the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of β-lactam antibiotics (oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefazolin) and aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin and gentamicin) against the two laboratory strains of MRSA. Moreover, the fractional inhibitory concentration index indicated the synergistic activity of RGE with each of the antibiotics. RGE also increased the kanamycin sensitivity of 15 MRSA strains isolated from human volunteers and increased the ampicillin sensitivity of five MRSA strains isolated from dairy cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis. In contrast, RGE did not alter the MIC values of fosfomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, suggesting that RGE acts selectively. In contrast, Triton X-100, which was reported to reduce the MIC value of β-lactam antibiotics to MRSA by increasing membrane permeability, reduced the MIC values of fosfomycin and tetracycline. These results indicate that RGE increases the bactericidal effect of antibiotics via a mechanism different from that used by Triton X-100. We found that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a component of RGE, was an essential compound that exhibits synergy activity with antibiotics. Furthermore, the non-natural compound K, which contains a common protopanaxadiol aglycon moiety with Rg3, also showed synergistic activity with antibiotics. Thus, Rg3 and compound K are potentially new antibiotic adjuvants against MRSA.IMPORTANCEMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant organism that is prevalent worldwide. Therefore, the research and development of new agents against MRSA are required. We first found that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in red ginseng, made from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, increased the sensitivity of β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics to MRSA. Furthermore, we identified that compound K, an unnatural ginsenoside analog, also increased the sensitivity of antibiotics to MRSA, similar to Rg3. By contrast, neither Rg3 nor compound K increased the sensitivity of fosfomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin to MRSA, suggesting that these act selectively. In the present study, the natural compound Rg3 and its structural isomer, compound K, are potentially new antibiotic adjuvants against MRSA. Currently, multiple antibiotics are used to treat MRSA, but the use of these adjuvants is expected to enable the treatment of MRSA with a single antibiotic and low concentrations of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Tsutamoto
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuina Iwasaki
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akari Shinohara
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Imamiya
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Samukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yui Yamada
- Kyoto Prefectural Chutan Livestock Health Hygiene, Fukuchiyama, Japan
| | - Kouki Mandokoro
- Kyoto Prefectural Chutan Livestock Health Hygiene, Fukuchiyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwao
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kwak YB, Yoo HH, Yoon J. The impact of the administration of red ginseng ( Panax ginseng) on lipid metabolism and free fatty acid profiles in healthy horses using a molecular networking approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1285000. [PMID: 38332753 PMCID: PMC10851614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1285000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential benefits of the administration of red ginseng (RG) on lipid metabolism and the profiles of individual free fatty acids (FFAs) in healthy horses. Eight healthy horses, raised under similar conditions, were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising four horses. The experimental group received powdered RG (600 mg/kg/day) mixed with a carrier, and the control group received only the carrier. The parameters associated with lipid metabolism and probable adverse effects were evaluated in both groups after 3 weeks. The computational molecular networking (MN) approach was applied to analyze the FFA profiles. The results indicated that RG administration significantly reduced blood triglyceride levels in the experimental group. Analysis of the FFAs using MN revealed significant decreases in specific types of FFAs (C12:0, dodecanoic acid; C14:0, myristric acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid). RG consumption did not produce significant adverse effects on the renal, hepatic, and immune functions. Thus, RG was found to effectively modulate lipid metabolism and the levels of individual FFAs. The application of the MN for the analysis of FFAs represents a novel approach and can be considered for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kwak
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Referral Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Lu Z, Mao T, Chen K, Chai L, Dai Y, Liu K. Ginsenoside Rc: A potential intervention agent for metabolic syndrome. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1375-1387. [PMID: 38223453 PMCID: PMC10785250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc, a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin primarily derived from Panax ginseng, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review outlined the sources, putative biosynthetic pathways, extraction, and quantification techniques, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenoside Rc. Furthermore, this study explored the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rc against metabolic syndrome (MetS) across various phenotypes including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. It also highlighted the impact of ginsenoside Rc on multiple associated signaling molecules. In conclusion, the anti-MetS effect of ginsenoside Rc is characterized by its influence on multiple organs, multiple targets, and multiple ways. Although clinical investigations regarding the effects of ginsenoside Rc on MetS are limited, its proven safety and tolerability suggest its potential as an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longxin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Zheng M, Li Y, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Xi Z, Yuan M, Xu H. Korean red ginseng formula attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-induced rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21846. [PMID: 38027623 PMCID: PMC10658318 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease. We have developed a Korean Red Ginseng Formula (KRGF) containing extracts of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), Crataegus Fructus, and Cassiae Semen. In this study, our aims were to investigate the therapeutic potential and underpinning mechanisms of KRGF in NAFLD complicated by hyperlipidemia. Methods In the in vitro assays, HepG2 cells were treated with KRGF for 24 h in the presence or absence of oleic acid (OA). To assess the in vivo protective effect of KRGF against NAFLD, rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were given intragastric administration for 30 days. Results KRGF exerted protective effects against NAFLD by reducing lipid accumulation and steatosis in OA-stimulated HepG2 cells and HFD-fed rats. In HFD-fed rats, KRGF effectively decreased triglyceride levels in both blood and liver tissue and modulated the expression of key regulators of lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. KRGF downregulated the expression of lipogenesis factors, namely C/EBPα, FAS, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ, while upregulating the expression of PPARα and CPT-1, thus promoting fatty acid oxidation. Additionally, KRGF intensified the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, which are two enzymes that suppress fatty acid synthesis and promote fatty acid oxidation. KRGF effectively decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels in both blood and liver tissue, and it modulated the expression of major enzymes related to TC metabolism, namely apoB, ACAT2, CYP7A1, and HMGCR. Conclusion In conclusion, KRGF mitigated NAFLD complicated by hyperlipidemia by modulating triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting its potential for future development in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiying Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Lee YY, Oh Y, Seo MS, Seo MG, Han JE, Kim KT, Park JK, Kim SD, Park SJ, Kwak D, Rhee MH. The anti-platelet activity of panaxadiol fraction and panaxatriol fraction of Korean Red Ginseng in vitro and ex vivo. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:638-644. [PMID: 37720569 PMCID: PMC10499584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-platelet activity of the saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng has been widely studied. The saponin fraction consists of the panaxadiol fraction (PDF) and panaxatriol fraction (PTF); however, their anti-platelet activity is yet to be compared. Our study aimed to investigate the potency of anti-platelet activity of PDF and PTF and to elucidate how well they retain their anti-platelet activity via different administration routes. Methods For ex vivo studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered 250 mg/kg PDF and PTF for 7 consecutive days before blood collection via cardiac puncture. Platelet aggregation was conducted after isolation of the washed platelets. For in vitro studies, washed platelets were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. Collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were used to induce platelet aggregation. Collagen was used as an agonist for assaying adenosine triphosphate release, thromboxane B2, serotonin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) release. Results When treated ex vivo, PDF not only inhibited ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, but also upregulated cGMP levels and reduced platelet adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, it also inhibited Akt phosphorylation induced by collagen treatment. Panaxadiol fraction did not exert any anti-platelet activity in vitro, whereas PTF exhibited potent anti-platelet activity, inhibiting ADP, collagen, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, but significantly elevated levels of cGMP. Conclusion Our study showed that in vitro and ex vivo PDF and PTF treatments exhibited different potency levels, indicating possible metabolic conversions of ginsenosides, which altered the content of ginsenosides capable of preventing platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Yein Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo-Tae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Song H, Lee J, Yi S, Kim WH, Kim Y, Namgoong B, Choe A, Cho G, Shin J, Park Y, Kim MS, Cho S. Red Ginseng Dietary Fiber Shows Prebiotic Potential by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0094923. [PMID: 37367492 PMCID: PMC10433987 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00949-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng, widely used in traditional medicine for various conditions, imparts health benefits mainly by modulating the gut microbiota in humans. Given the similarities in gut microbiota between humans and dogs, red ginseng-derived dietary fiber may have prebiotic potential in dogs; however, its effects on the gut microbiota in dogs remain elusive. This double-blinded, longitudinal study investigated the impact of red ginseng dietary fiber on the gut microbiota and host response in dogs. A total of 40 healthy household dogs were randomly assigned to low-dose (n = 12), high-dose (n = 16), or control (n = 12) groups and fed a normal diet supplemented with red ginseng dietary fiber (3 g/5 kg body weight per day, 8 g/5 kg per day, or no supplement, respectively) for 8 weeks. The gut microbiota of the dogs was analyzed at 4 weeks and 8 weeks using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. Alpha diversity was significantly increased at 8 and 4 weeks in the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. Moreover, biomarker analysis showed that short-chain fatty acid producers such as Sarcina and Proteiniclasticum were significantly enriched, while potential pathogens such as Helicobacter were significantly decreased, indicating the increased gut health and pathogen resistance by red ginseng dietary fiber. Microbial network analysis showed that the complexity of microbial interactions was increased by both doses, indicating the increased stability of the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that red ginseng-derived dietary fiber could be used as a prebiotic to modulate gut microbiota and improve gut health in dogs. IMPORTANCE The canine gut microbiota is an attractive model for translational studies, as it responds to dietary interventions similarly to those in humans. Investigating the gut microbiota of household dogs that share the environment with humans can produce highly generalizable and reproducible results owing to their representativeness of the general canine population. This double-blind and longitudinal study investigated the impact of dietary fiber derived from red ginseng on the gut microbiota of household dogs. Red ginseng dietary fiber altered the canine gut microbiota by increasing diversity, enriching short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes, decreasing potential pathogens, and increasing the complexity of microbial interactions. These findings indicate that red ginseng-derived dietary fiber may promote canine gut health by modulating gut microbiota, suggesting the possibility of its use as a potential prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junbum Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saehah Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beomkwan Namgoong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Choe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gunhee Cho
- Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jangmi Shin
- Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Min Su Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Veterinary Integrated Medicine Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Veterinary Integrated Medicine Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Li Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Ma J, Li X, Tian Y, Wen Y, Chen T. Ginseng and health outcomes: an umbrella review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1069268. [PMID: 37465522 PMCID: PMC10351045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1069268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng consumption has been associated with various health outcomes. However, there are no review articles summarizing these reports. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched from inception to 31 July 2022. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) systems were used to assess the methodological quality and quality of evidence in each meta-analysis, and the results were summarized in a narrative form. Results: Nineteen meta-analyses that met the eligibility criteria were identified from among 1,233 papers. The overall methodological quality was relatively poor, with only five studies being low-quality, and 14 critically low-quality. When compared with control treatments (mainly placebo), ginseng was beneficial for improving fatigue and physical function, sexual function, menopausal symptoms, metabolic indicators, inflammatory markers, unstable angina and respiratory diseases. Adverse events included gastrointestinal symptoms and potential bleeding; however, no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: This umbrella review suggests that ginseng intake has beneficial therapeutic effects for diverse diseases. However, the methodological quality of studies needs to be improved considerably. In addition, it is imperative to establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng through high-quality randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK. Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110461. [PMID: 37331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are steroid glycosides derived from ginseng plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. Advances in recent studies have identified numerous physiological functions of each type of ginsenoside, i.e., immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory functions, in the context of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the single or combined ginsenoside(s) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, although it remains largely unclear. It is well known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with pathological inflammation and cell death in a variety of cells, and that inhibition of ROS generation ameliorates the local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which ginsenosides attenuate inflammation are largely unknown; however, targeting ROS is suggested as one of the crucial mechanisms for the ginsenosides to control the pathological inflammation in the immune and non-immune cells. This review will summarize the latest progress in ginsenoside studies, particularly in the context of antioxidant mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effects. A better understanding of the distinct types and the combined action of ginsenosides will pave the way for developing potential preventive and therapeutic modalities in treating various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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10
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Huangfu H, Du S, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ren S, Chen S, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Facile engineering of resveratrol nanoparticles loaded with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol for the treatment of periodontitis by regulating the macrophage phenotype. Nanoscale 2023; 15:7894-7908. [PMID: 37060139 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, mainly caused by the formation of a subgingival plaque biofilm. In recent years, growing attention has been paid to immunotherapy in the treatment of periodontitis, and the importance of communal intervention associated with macrophage polarization was emphasized. Herein, resveratrol (RES) and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) were successfully self-assembled into RES@PPD nanoparticles (NPs) by the phenolic resin reaction. RES@PPD NPs have good stability and biocompatibility. The combined application of PPD and RES enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of nanocomposites, remarkably reduces the level of reactive oxygen species, and finally realizes the coordinated regulation of host immunity in periodontitis. The detailed mechanism is as follows: RES@PPD NPs inhibit M1 polarization of macrophages, promote M2 polarization by scavenging ROS, and then inhibit the NF-κB signalling pathway to regulate host immunity. In the animal model of periodontitis, RES@PPD NPs can remarkably decrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, up-regulate the anti-inflammatory cytokines, and exhibit a profound therapeutic effect on local inflammation. Therefore, RES@PPD NPs are effective in antioxidation and anti-inflammation, thus providing a promising candidate drug for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Huangfu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shulin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hanchi Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Sicong Ren
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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11
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Jung EM, Lee SH, Lee GS. Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:193-8. [PMID: 36926605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Several chemicals have been developed owing to the progression of industrialization, among which endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs; essential for plastic production) are used as plasticizers and flame retardants. Plastics have become an essential element in modern life because they provide convenience, thus increasing EDCs exposure to humans. EDCs cause adverse effects such as deterioration of reproductive function, cancer, and neurological abnormalities by disrupting the endocrine system and hence are classified as "dangerous substances." Additionally, they are toxic to various organs but continue to be used. Therefore, it is necessary to review the contamination status of EDCs, select potentially hazardous substances for management, and monitor the safety standards. In addition, it is necessary to discover substances that can protect against EDC toxicity and conduct active research on the protective effects of these substances. According to recent research, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) exhibits protective effects against several toxicities caused by EDCs to humans. In this review, the effects of EDCs on the human body and the role of KRG in protection against EDC toxicity are discussed.
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12
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Jung WH, Song J, You G, Lee JH, Lee SW, Ahn JH, Mok H. Protection of Skin Fibroblasts from Infrared-A-Induced Photo-Damage Using Ginsenoside Rg3(S)-Incorporated Soybean Lecithin Liposomes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:135-141. [PMID: 36575857 PMCID: PMC9895989 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protection of skin cells from chronic infrared-A (IRA) irradiation is crucial for anti-photoaging of the skin. In this study, we investigated the protective activity of Rg3(S) and Rg3(S)-incorporated anionic soybean lecithin liposomes (Rg3/Lipo) with a size of approximately 150 nm against IRA-induced photodamage in human fibroblasts. The formulated Rg3/Lipo showed increased solubility in aqueous solution up to a concentration of 200 μg/ml, compared to free Rg3(S). In addition, Rg3/Lipo exhibited superior colloidal stability in aqueous solutions and biocompatibility for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). After repeated IRA irradiation on NHDFs, elevated levels of cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were greatly reduced by Rg3(S) and Rg3/Lipo. In addition, cells treated with Rg3/Lipo exhibited noticeably reduced apoptotic signals following IRA irradiation compared to untreated cells. Thus, considering aqueous solubility and cellular responses, Rg3/Lipo could serve as a promising infrared protector for healthy aging of skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Ho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon You
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Won Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-450-0448 E-mail:
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Lee EJ, Yang JH, Yang HJ, Cho CK, Choi JG, Chung HS. Antitumor Effect of Korean Red Ginseng through Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction in a Humanized PD-L1 Knock-In MC38 Cancer Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031894. [PMID: 36768213 PMCID: PMC9915403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking immune checkpoints, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, has proven a promising anticancer strategy for enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity. Although we previously demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, and compound K block the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1, the antitumor effect through blockade of this interaction by Korean Red Ginseng alone is unknown. Therefore, we determined the effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) on the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and its antitumor effects using a humanized PD-1/PD-L1-expressing colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. RGE significantly blocked the interaction between human PD-1 and PD-L1 in a competitive ELISA. The CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor cell killing effect of RGE was evaluated using murine hPD-L1-expressing MC38 cells and tumor-infiltrating hPD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells isolated from hPD-L1 MC38 tumor-bearing hPD-1 mice. RGE also reduced the survival of hPD-L1 MC38 cells in a cell co-culture system using tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells as effector cells combined with hPD-L1 MC38 target cells. RGE or Keytruda (positive control) treatment markedly suppressed the growth of hPD-L1 MC38 allograft tumors, increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors, and enhanced the production of Granzyme B. RGE exhibits anticancer effects through the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, which warrants its further development as an immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-940-3865
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Gui J, Li Y, Liu H, Guo LL, Li J, Lei Y, Li X, Sun L, Yang L, Yuan T, Wang C, Zhang D, Wei H, Li J, Liu M, Hua Y, Zhang L. Obesity- and lipid-related indices as a predictor of obesity metabolic syndrome in a national cohort study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1073824. [PMID: 36875382 PMCID: PMC9980350 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1073824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Metabolic syndrome is a common condition among middle-aged and elderly people. Recent studies have reported the association between obesity- and lipid-related indices and metabolic syndrome, but whether those conditions could predict metabolic syndrome is still inconsistent in a few longitudinal studies. In our study, we aimed to predict metabolic syndrome by obesity- and lipid-related indices in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Method A national cohort study that consisted of 3,640 adults (≥45 years) was conducted. A total of 13 obesity- and lipid-related indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), and triglyceride glucose index (TyG-index) and its correlation index (TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR), were recorded. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined based on the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (2005). Participants were categorized into two groups according to the different sex. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between the 13 obesity- and lipid-related indices and MetS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve studies were used to identify the best predictor of MetS. Results A total of 13 obesity- and lipid-related indices were independently associated with MetS risk, even after adjustment for age, sex, educational status, marital status, current residence, history of drinking, history of smoking, taking activities, having regular exercises, and chronic diseases. The ROC analysis revealed that the 12 obesity- and lipid-related indices included in the study were able to discriminate MetS [area under the ROC curves (AUC > 0.6, P < 0.05)] and ABSI was not able to discriminate MetS [area under the ROC curves (AUC < 0.6, P > 0.05)]. The AUC of TyG-BMI was the highest in men, and that of CVAI was the highest in women. The cutoff values for men and women were 187.919 and 86.785, respectively. The AUCs of TyG-BMI, CVAI, TyG-WC, LAP, TyG-WHtR, BMI, WC, WHtR, BRI, VAI, TyG index, CI, and ABSI were 0.755, 0.752, 0.749, 0.745, 0.735, 0.732, 0.730, 0.710, 0.710, 0.674, 0.646, 0.622, and 0.537 for men, respectively. The AUCs of CVAI, LAP, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, TyG-BMI, WC, WHtR, BRI, BMI, VAI, TyG-index, CI, and ABSI were 0.687, 0.674, 0.674, 0.663, 0.656, 0.654, 0.645, 0.645, 0.638, 0.632, 0.607, 0.596, and 0.543 for women, respectively. The AUC value for WHtR was equal to that for BRI in predicting MetS. The AUC value for LAP was equal to that for TyG-WC in predicting MetS for women. Conclusion Among middle-aged and older adults, all obesity- and lipid-related indices, except ABSI, were able to predict MetS. In addition, in men, TyG-BMI is the best indicator to indicate MetS, and in women, CVAI is considered the best hand to indicate MetS. At the same time, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR performed better than BMI, WC, and WHtR in predicting MetS in both men and women. Therefore, the lipid-related index outperforms the obesity-related index in predicting MetS. In addition to CVAI, LAP showed a good predictive correlation, even more closely than lipid-related factors in predicting MetS in women. It is worth noting that ABSI performed poorly, was not statistically significant in either men or women, and was not predictive of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaofeng Gui
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Student Health Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei-Lei Guo
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry in Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Yunxiao Lei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Rehabilitation Nursing, School of Nursing, Wanna Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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15
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Jin W, Li C, Yang S, Song S, Hou W, Song Y, Du Q. Hypolipidemic effect and molecular mechanism of ginsenosides: a review based on oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166898. [PMID: 37188264 PMCID: PMC10175615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. However, effective approaches for treating this common metabolic disorder remain limited. Ginseng has traditionally been used as a natural medicine for invigorating energy or "Qi" and has been demonstrated to possess antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. A large number of studies have shown that ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of ginseng, have lipid-lowering effects. However, there remains a lack of systematic reviews detailing the molecular mechanisms by which ginsenosides reduce blood lipid levels, especially in relation to oxidative stress. For this article, research studies detailing the molecular mechanisms through which ginsenosides regulate oxidative stress and lower blood lipids in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and its related diseases (diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis) were comprehensively reviewed. The relevant papers were search on seven literature databases. According to the studies reviewed, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, Rh4, and F2 inhibit oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, promoting fatty acid β-oxidation and autophagy, and regulating the intestinal flora to alleviate high blood pressure and improve the body's lipid status. These effects are related to the regulation of various signaling pathways, such as those of PPARα, Nrf2, mitogen-activated protein kinases, SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD, and AMPK/SIRT1. These findings suggest that ginseng is a natural medicine with lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunrun Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
| | - Quanyu Du
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Hou J, Su P, Yang Y, Xia B, Zhao X, He R, Wang L, Cao C, Liu T, Tian J. Red ginseng extract improves skeletal muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in chronic fatigue mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1077249. [PMID: 36618917 PMCID: PMC9816794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1077249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skeletal muscles are organs with high energy requirements, especially during vigorous exercise. Adequate mitochondrial function is essential to meet the high energy needs of skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies have reported that red ginseng can significantly improve chronic fatigue; however, the specific mechanism of action is still not clear. Methods: A chronic fatigue syndrome mouse model was developed using C57BL/6J mice through long-term compound stimulation of stress factors. Following this, the animals were orally administered 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extracts for 28 days. Skeletal muscle lactate acid, serum lactate dehydrogenase, urea concentrations, ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase were determined using assay kits or an automatic biochemical analyser detection system. Skeletal muscle mitochondria morphology was observed using electron microscopy and the expression of p-AMPK, PGC-1α, ACO2 and complex I in skeletal muscle protein was determined by western blotting. Results: Oral administration of 400 or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extract in mice with chronic fatigue reduced lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase and urea, rescued the density and morphology of skeletal muscle mitochondria, increased the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase, and activated the AMPK/PGC-1α cascade pathway, resulting in improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by restoring ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I and mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of red ginseng are partly related to its potent mitochondrial improving activity, including decreasing mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane permeability, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, thus ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Hou
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
| | - Jixiang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
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Li G, Ding J, Zhang Y, Wang X. The clinical application and pharmacological mechanism of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi decoction for treating cancer-related fatigue: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee N, Lee JH, Won JE, Lee YJ, Hyun SH, Yi YD, In G, Han HD, Lee Y. KRG and its major ginsenosides do not show distinct steroidogenic activities examined by the OECD test guideline 440 and 456 assays. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:385-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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Panossian A, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Adaptogens in the Assessment of Their Pleiotropic Therapeutic Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1051. [PMID: 36145272 PMCID: PMC9504187 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reductionist concept, based on the ligand–receptor interaction, is not a suitable model for adaptogens, and herbal preparations affect multiple physiological functions, revealing polyvalent pharmacological activities, and are traditionally used in many conditions. This review, for the first time, provides a rationale for the pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy of adaptogens based on evidence from recent gene expression studies in target cells and where the network pharmacology and systems biology approaches were applied. The specific molecular targets and adaptive stress response signaling mechanisms involved in nonspecific modes of action of adaptogens are identified.
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Qi H, Li J, Chen J, Huang Q, Liu Q, Mi J, Li X. Gut Microbiota: Therapeutic Targets of Ginseng Against Multiple Disorders and Ginsenoside Transformation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853981. [PMID: 35548468 PMCID: PMC9084182 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, as the king of Chinese herb, has significant therapeutic effects on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, colitis, diarrhea, and many other diseases. This review systematically summarized recent findings, which show that ginseng plays its role by regulating gut microbiota diversity, and gut microbiota could also regulate the transformation of ginsenosides. We conclude the characteristics of ginseng in regulating gut microbiota, as the potential targets to prevent and treat metabolic diseases, colitis, neurological diseases, cancer, and other diseases. Ginseng treatment can increase some probiotics such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and reduce pathogenic bacteria such as Deferribacters, Lactobacillus, Helicobacter against various diseases. Meanwhile, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium were found to be the key bacteria for ginsenoside transformation in vivo. Overall, ginseng can regulate gut microbiome diversity, further affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites, as well as promote the transformation of ginsenosides for improving the absorptivity of ginsenosides. This review can provide better insight into the interaction of ginseng with gut microbiota in multiple disorders and ginsenoside transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
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Lee S, Jung S, You H, Lee Y, Park Y, Lee H, Hyun S. Effect of Fermented Red Ginseng Concentrate Intake on Stool Characteristic, Biochemical Parameters, and Gut Microbiota in Elderly Korean Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091693. [PMID: 35565660 PMCID: PMC9105854 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented red ginseng (FRG) has been used as a general stimulant and herbal medicine for health promotion in Asia for thousands of years. Few studies have investigated the effects of FRG containing prebiotics on the gut microbiota. Here, 29 Korean women aged ≥ 50 years were administered FRG for three weeks to determine its effect on stool characteristics, biochemical parameters, and gut microbiome. Gut microbial DNA was subjected to 16S rRNA V3–V4 region sequencing to assess microbial distribution in different stages. Additionally, the stool consistency, frequency of bowel movements, and biochemical parameters of blood were evaluated. We found that FRG intake improved stool consistency and increased the frequency of bowel movements compared to before intake. Biochemical parameters such as glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased with FRG intake. Gut microbiome analysis revealed 20 specific bacteria after three weeks of FRG intake. Additionally, 16 pathways correlated with the 20 specific bacteria were enhanced after red ginseng intake. In conclusion, FRG promoted health in elderly women by lowering blood glucose levels and improving bowel movement frequency. The increase in bacteria observed with FRG ingestion supports these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sunghee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon-si 35233, Korea;
| | - Heesang You
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea;
| | - Yeongju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youngsook Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Korea;
| | - Hyunkoo Lee
- LHK Fermentation Lab., Seongnam-si 13209, Korea;
| | - Sunghee Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon-si 35233, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-9412-8853
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de Oliveira Zanuso B, de Oliveira Dos Santos AR, Miola VFB, Gissoni Campos LM, Spilla CSG, Barbalho SM. Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 161:111731. [PMID: 35143871 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aging process predisposes numerous homeostatic disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Changes in diet and lifestyle and therapeutic adjuvants are essential to minimize the effects of comorbidities associated with aging. Natural products such as Panax ginseng have been used to treat and prevent diseases related to aging. This review aims to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng in various conditions associated with aging, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The ginsenosides, chemical constituents found in Panax ginseng, can inhibit the effects of inflammatory cytokines, inhibit signaling pathways that induce inflammation, and inhibit cells that participate in inflammatory processes. Besides, ginsenosides are involved in neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system due to anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The use of ginseng extract showed actions on lipid homeostasis, positively regulating high-density lipoprotein, down-regulating low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels, and producing beneficial effects on vascular endothelial function. The use of this plant in cancer resulted in improved quality of life and mood. It decreased symptoms of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea, reducing anxiety. Panax ginseng has been shown to exert potent therapeutic benefits that can act as a complementary treatment in managing patients with chronic diseases related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara de Oliveira Zanuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita de Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Fernando Bordin Miola
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila M Gissoni Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sergio Galina Spilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jung EM, Lee GS. Korean Red Ginseng, a regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome, in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:331-336. [PMID: 35194373 PMCID: PMC8851744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits various symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia or death. The major features of patients in severe COVID-19 are the dysregulation of cytokine secretion, pneumonia, and acute lung injury. Consequently, it leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure, and death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19, influences nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), the sensor of inflammasomes, directly or indirectly, culminating in the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of inflammatory caspases, which induce the inflammatory disruption in severe COVID-19. Accordingly, the target therapeutics for inflammasome has attracted attention as a treatment for COVID-19. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibits several inflammatory responses, including the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. This review discusses the role of KRG in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 based on its anti-NLRP3 inflammasome efficacy.
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Yang X, Dong B, An L, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang H, Song Z. Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates Glycemic Disorder in Mice With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:756491. [PMID: 34899310 PMCID: PMC8654325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.756491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggested an association between gut microbiome dysbiosis and impaired glycemic control. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is a biologically active substance of ginseng, which serves anti-diabetic effects. However, its working mechanism especially interaction with gut microbes remains elusive in detail. In this study, we investigated the impact of Rb1 oral supplementation on high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity mice, and explored its mechanism in regulating blood glucose. The results showed that higher liver weight and lower cecum weight were observed in HFD fed mice, which was maintained by Rb1 administration. In addition, Rb1 ameliorated HFD induced blood lipid abnormality and improved insulin sensitivity. Several mRNA expressions in the liver were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, of which UCP2, Nr1H4, and Fiaf were reversed by Rb1 treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that Rb1 significantly altered gut microbiota composition and increased the abundance of mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia spp. compared to HFD mice. As suggested via functional prediction, amino acid metabolism was modulated by Rb1 supplementation. Subsequent serum amino acids investigation indicated that several diabetes associated amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan and alanine, were altered in company with Rb1 supplementation. Moreover, correlation analysis firstly implied that the circulation level of alanine was related to Akkermansia spp.. In summary, Rb1 supplementation improved HFD induced insulin resistance in mice, and was associated with profound changes in microbial composition and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangjian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziteng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Min JH, Cho HJ, Yi YS. A novel mechanism of Korean red ginseng-mediated anti-inflammatory action via targeting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:675-682. [PMID: 36090677 PMCID: PMC9459075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) was reported to play an anti-inflammatory role, however, previous studies largely focused on the effects of KRG on priming step, the inflammation-preparing step, and the anti-inflammatory effect of KRG on triggering, the inflammation-activating step has been poorly understood. This study demonstrated anti-inflammatory role of KRG in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages during triggering of inflammatory responses. Methods Caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 macrophages were established by priming with Pam3CSK4 and triggering with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability and pyroptosis were examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Nitric oxide (NO)-inhibitory effect of KRG was assessed using a NO production assay. Expression and proteolytic cleavage of proteins were examined by Western blotting analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of KRG was evaluated with the LPS-injected sepsis model in mice. Results KRG reduced LPS-stimulated NO production in J774A.1 cells and suppressed pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that KRG suppressed the direct interaction between LPS and caspase-11 and inhibited proteolytic processing of both caspase-11 and gasdermin D in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Furthermore, KRG significantly ameliorated LPS-mediated lethal septic shock in mice. Conclusion The results demonstrate a novel mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory action that operates through targeting the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome at triggering step of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.
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Panossian A, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Ginseng (Part II): The Differential Effects of Red Ginseng and Ginsenoside Rg5 in Cancer and Heart Diseases as Determined by Transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101010. [PMID: 34681234 PMCID: PMC8540751 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. is an adaptogenic plant traditionally used to enhance mental and physical capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion, tiredness, or loss of concentration, and during recovery. According to ancient records, red ginseng root preparations enhance longevity with long-term intake. Recent pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenosides in humans and our in vitro study in neuronal cells suggest that ginsenosides are effective when their levels in blood is low—at concentrations from 10−6 to 10−18 M. In the present study, we compared the effects of red ginseng root preparation HRG80TM(HRG) at concentrations from 0.01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of this study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Gene expression profiling was performed by transcriptome-wide mRNA microarray analyses in murine HT22 cells after treatment with ginseng preparations. Ingenuity pathway downstream/upstream analysis (IPA) was performed with datasets of significantly up- or downregulated genes, and expected effects on cellular function and disease were identified by IPA software. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 have substantially varied effects on gene expression profiles (signatures) and are different from signatures of HRG and WG. Furthermore, the signature of HRG is changed significantly with dilution from 10,000 to 0.01 ng/mL. Network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
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Choi SH, Won KJ, Lee R, Cho HS, Hwang SH, Nah SY. Wound Healing Effect of Gintonin Involves Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810155. [PMID: 34576317 PMCID: PMC8467330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin, a novel compound of ginseng, is a ligand of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor. The in vitro and in vivo skin wound healing effects of gintonin remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of gintonin on wound healing-linked responses, especially migration and proliferation, in skin keratinocytes HaCaT. In this study, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assay, Boyden chamber migration assay, scratch wound healing assay, and Western blot assay were performed. A tail wound mouse model was used for the in vivo test. Gintonin increased proliferation, migration, and scratch closure in HaCaT cells. It also increased the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HaCaT cells. However, these increases, induced by gintonin, were markedly blocked by treatment with Ki16425, an LPA inhibitor, PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester), a calcium chelator, and U73122, a PLC inhibitor. The VEGF receptor inhibitor axitinib also attenuated gintonin-enhanced HaCaT cell proliferation. Gintonin increased the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in HaCaT cells. In addition, gintonin improved tail wound healing in mice. These results indicate that gintonin may promote wound healing through LPA receptor activation and/or VEGF release-mediated downstream signaling pathways. Thus, gintonin could be a beneficial substance to facilitate skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (R.L.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (R.L.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Han-Sung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (R.L.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (S.-Y.N.); Tel.: +82-33-738-7922 (S.-H.H.); +82-2-450-4154 (S.-Y.N.)
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (R.L.); (H.-S.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (S.-Y.N.); Tel.: +82-33-738-7922 (S.-H.H.); +82-2-450-4154 (S.-Y.N.)
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Jeon JH, Lee J, Park JH, Lee CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1496. [PMID: 34575573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in mice. When the in vitro fermentation test of RGE with LAB was carried out, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), which are final metabolites of ginsenosides but not contained in RGE, were greatly increased. Compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh1 (GRh1), and GRg3 also increased by about 30%. Other ginsenosides with a sugar number of more than 2 showed a gradual decrease by fermentation with LAB for 7 days, suggesting the involvement of LAB in the deglycosylation of ginsenosides. Incubation of single ginsenoside with LAB produced GRg3, CK, and PPD with the highest formation rate and GRd, GRh2, and GF with the lower rate among PPD-type ginsenosides. Among PPT-type ginsenosides, GRh1 and PPT had the highest formation rate. The amoxicillin pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day, twice a day for 3 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the fecal recovery of CK, PPD, and PPT through the blockade of deglycosylation of ginsenosides after single oral administrations of RGE (2 g/kg) in mice. The plasma concentrations of CK, PPD, and PPT were not detectable without change in GRb1, GRb2, and GRc in this group. LAB supplementation (1 billion CFU/2 g/kg/day for 1 week) after the amoxicillin treatment in mice restored the ginsenoside metabolism and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides to the control level. In conclusion, the alterations in the gut microbiota environment could change the ginsenoside metabolism and plasma concentrations of ginsenosides. Therefore, the supplementation of LAB with oral administrations of RGE would help increase plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides such as CK, PPD, and PPT.
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Hsu PH, Chen WH, Juan-Lu C, Hsieh SC, Lin SC, Mai RT, Chen SY. Hesperidin and Chlorogenic Acid Synergistically Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Estrogen Receptor/Mitochondrial Pathway. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:950. [PMID: 34575098 DOI: 10.3390/life11090950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Hesperidin (Hes) and chlorogenic acid (CA) are traditional medicinal molecules that abundantly exist in natural plants or foods. These compounds have been shown to prevent and suppress various cancers and therefore can be utilized as adjunctive therapies to aid cancer treatment. Here, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays show a greater synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of breast cancer cells, MCF-7, but not normal breast cells, MCF-10A, than hesperidin or chlorogenic acid alone. We present the possible molecular signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells with or without herbal molecule treatments via proteomic approaches. The data were further analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and confirmed by quantifying mRNA associated with the estrogen-receptor signaling pathway and mitochondrial functions. We demonstrated that the expression of CYC1, TFAM, ATP5PB, mtATP6, mtDNA, and NRF-1 were decreased upon 12 h treatment, and subsequent ATP production was also significantly decreased at 24 h. These results identified a synergistic effect induced by combinational treatment with hesperidin and chlorogenic acid, which can regulate mitochondria and ATP production through the estrogen receptor pathway in MCF-7 cells. However, none of the treatments induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that ROS likely plays no role in the observed pharmacological activities. Overall, our study sheds light on the adequacy of hesperidin and chlorogenic acid to serve as an adjunctive therapy when co-administrated with chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer patients.
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Yang Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Shi M, Yang C, Ni Q, Wang Q, Li J, Wang X, Zhang C, Li Z. Safety and antifatigue effect of Korean Red ginseng capsule: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:543-549. [PMID: 35818418 PMCID: PMC9270647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In physical activity or labor, the human body is in a state of high intensity stress, and all parts or physiological functions of the body respond positively to maintain or balance the need for movement. The human body has many physiological changes in the process of movement, and fatigue is the external manifestation of various complex changes inside the human body. Fatigue is also a physiological mechanism of self-protection after the body reaches a certain level of activity, which can prevent the occurrence of life-threatening excessive functional failure. The generation of fatigue is a very complex process, and its mechanism has not been concluded yet. Therefore, it is an important work to search and screen the effective components of natural plants that have anti-fatigue effect and to explore their mechanism. Methods This was a 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 110 subjects who passed physical examination were included according to the scheme design, and randomly divided into a test group which was given KRG and a placebo control group. The calculation is carried out according to the standard of sub-high-intensity exercise test. Results There was no adverse effect on safety index of subjects after taking red ginseng capsule. After KRG treatment, subjective strength grade is significant lower than placebo treatment. Blood lactic acid content is significantly get lower after trial in KRG group, and significant lower than placebo group. Creatine phosphokinase(CK) content is significantly get lower after trial in KRG group, and significant lower than placebo group. Conclusion According to the criterion in the test scheme, the result shows that KRG is helpful on relieving physical fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Health Management Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Corresponding author. Medical Department, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- General Practice Department, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Nutrition Department, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengxue Shi
- Health Management Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cailing Yang
- Food and Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Comprehensive Testing Center of Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ni
- Health Management Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Health Management Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory Department, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Conbio Technology Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Conbio Technology Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Scientific Research Center, Conbio Technology Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
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Seong E, Bose S, Han SY, Song EJ, Lee M, Nam YD, Kim H. Positive influence of gut microbiota on the effects of Korean red ginseng in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. EPMA J 2021; 12:177-197. [PMID: 34194584 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Ginseng, a traditional herbal medicine, has been used for thousands of years to treat various diseases including metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the underlying mechanism(s) of such beneficial actions of ginseng against MS is poorly understood. Emerging evidence indicates a close association of the host gut microbiota with MS. The present study was conducted to examine, whether the beneficial effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) against MS could be influenced by gut microbial population and whether gut microbial profile could be considered a valuable biomarker for targeted treatment strategy for MS in compliance with the predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM / 3PM). Methods This clinical study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effects of KRG treatment for 8 weeks on patients with MS. The anthropometric parameters, vital signs, metabolic biomarkers, and gut microbial composition through 16S rRNA gene sequencing were assessed at the baseline and endpoint. The impact of KRG was also evaluated after categorizing the subjects into responders and non-responders, as well as enterotypes 1 and 2 based on their gut microbial profile at the baseline. Results Fifty out of 60 subjects who meet the MS criteria completed the trial without showing adverse reactions. The KRG treatment caused a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Microbial analysis revealed a decrease in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and an increase in Bacteroidetes in response to KRG. In patient stratification analysis, the responders showing marked improvement in the serum levels of lipid metabolic biomarkers TC and LDL due to the KRG treatment exhibited higher population of both the family Lachnospiraceae and order Clostridiales compared to the non-responders. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin level were decreased in enterotype 1 (Bacteroides-abundant group) and increased in enterotype 2 (prevotella-abundant group) following the KRG treatment. Conclusion In this study, the effects of KRG on the glucose metabolism in MS patients were influenced by the relative abundances of gut microbial population and differed according to the individual enterotype. Therefore, the analysis of enterotype categories is considered to be helpful in predicting the effectiveness of KRG on glucose homeostasis of MS patients individually. This will further help to decide on the appropriate treatment strategy for MS, in compliance with the perspective of PPPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhak Seong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Shambhunath Bose
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjong Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
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