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Limke A, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Petzsch P, Wachtmeister T, von Mikecz A. Silica Nanoparticles Disclose a Detailed Neurodegeneration Profile throughout the Life Span of a Model Organism. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:135-153. [PMID: 38249105 PMCID: PMC10801581 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rising globally. However, the temporal sequence of neurodegeneration throughout adult life is poorly understood. To identify the starting points and schedule of neurodegenerative events, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons were monitored in the model organism C. elegans, which has a life span of 2-3 weeks. Neural morphology was examined from young to old nematodes that were exposed to silica nanoparticles. Young nematodes showed phenotypes such as dendritic beading of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons that are normally not seen until late life. During aging, neurodegeneration spreads from specifically susceptible ADF and PDE neurons in young C. elegans to other more resilient neurons, such as dopaminergic CEP in middle-aged worms. Investigation of neurodegenerative hallmarks and animal behavior revealed a temporal correlation with the acceleration of neuromuscular defects, such as internal hatch in 2-day-old C. elegans. Transcriptomics and proteomics of young worms exposed to nano silica showed a change in gene expression concerning the gene ontology groups serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling as well as neuropeptide signaling. Consistent with this, reporter strains for nlp-3, nlp-14 and nlp-21 confirmed premature degeneration of the serotonergic neuron HSN and other neurons in young C. elegans. The results identify young nematodes as a vulnerable age group for nano silica-induced neural defects with a significantly reduced health span. Neurodegeneration of specific neurons impairs signaling by classical neurotransmitters as well as neuropeptides and compromises related neuromuscular behaviors in critical phases of life, such as the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Limke
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute of Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wachtmeister
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna von Mikecz
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute of Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Niu T, Cui Y, Shan X, Qin S, Zhou X, Wang R, Chang A, Ma N, Jing J, He J. Comparative transcriptomic analysis-based identification of the regulation of foreign proteins with different stabilities expressed in Pichia pastoris. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1074398. [PMID: 36620045 PMCID: PMC9814716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1074398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The industrial yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used as a cell factory to produce proteins, chemicals and advanced biofuels. We have previously constructed P. pastoris strains that overexpress protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is a kind of molecular chaperone that can improve the expression of an exogenous protein when they are co-expressed. Chicken cystatin (cC) is a highly thermostable cysteine protease inhibitor and a homologous protein of human cystatin C (HCC). Wild-type cC and the two mutants, I66Q and ΔW (a truncated cC lacking the á-helix 2) represent proteins with different degrees of stability. Methods Wild-type cC, I66Q and ΔW were each overexpressed in P. pastoris without and with the coexpression of PDI and their extracellular levels were determined and compared. Transcriptomic profiling was performed to compare the changes in the main signaling pathways and cell components (other than endoplasmic reticulum quality control system represented by molecular chaperones) in P. pastoris in response to intracellular folding stress caused by the expression of exogenous proteins with different stabilities. Finally, hub genes hunting was also performed. Results and discussion The coexpression of PDI was able to increase the extracellular levels of both wild-type cC and the two mutants, indicating that overexpression of PDI could prevent the misfolding of unstable proteins or promote the degradation of the misfolded proteins to some extent. For P. pastoris cells that expressed the I66Q or ΔW mutant, GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses of the common DEGs in these cells revealed a significant upregulation of the genes involved in protein processing, but a significant downregulation of the genes enriched in the Ribosome, TCA and Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis pathways. Hub genes hunting indicated that the most downregulated ribosome protein, C4QXU7 in this case, might be an important target protein that could be manipulated to increase the expression of foreign proteins, especially proteins with a certain degree of instability. Conclusion These findings should shed new light on our understanding of the regulatory mechanism in yeast cells that responds to intracellular folding stress, providing valuable information for the development of a convenient platform that could improve the efficiency of heterologous protein expression in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Shan
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuzhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejie Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alan Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Ma
- China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing, China,Nan Ma,
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Jingjing Jing,
| | - Jianwei He
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Jianwei He,
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Mesgarzadeh JS, Romine IC, Smith-Cohen EM, Grandjean JMD, Kelly JW, Genereux JC, Wiseman RL. ATF6 Activation Reduces Amyloidogenic Transthyretin Secretion through Increased Interactions with Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Factors. Cells 2022; 11:1661. [PMID: 35626697 PMCID: PMC9139617 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular aggregation of destabilized transthyretin (TTR) variants is implicated in the onset and pathogenesis of familial TTR-related amyloid diseases. One strategy to reduce the toxic, extracellular aggregation of TTR is to decrease the population of aggregation-prone proteins secreted from mammalian cells. The stress-independent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 preferentially decreases the secretion and subsequent aggregation of destabilized, aggregation-prone TTR variants. However, the mechanism of this reduced secretion was previously undefined. Here, we implement a mass-spectrometry-based interactomics approach to identify endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis factors involved in ATF6-dependent reductions in destabilized TTR secretion. We show that ATF6 activation reduces amyloidogenic TTR secretion and subsequent aggregation through a mechanism involving ER retention that is mediated by increased interactions with ATF6-regulated ER proteostasis factors including BiP and PDIA4. Intriguingly, the PDIA4-dependent retention of TTR is independent of both the single TTR cysteine residue and the redox activity of PDIA4, indicating that PDIA4 retains destabilized TTR in the ER through a redox-independent mechanism. Our results define a mechanistic basis to explain the ATF6 activation-dependent reduction in destabilized, amyloidogenic TTR secretion that could be therapeutically accessed to improve treatments of TTR-related amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh S. Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabelle C. Romine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ethan M. Smith-Cohen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia M. D. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Ke PC, Zhou R, Serpell LC, Riek R, Knowles TPJ, Lashuel HA, Gazit E, Hamley IW, Davis TP, Fändrich M, Otzen DE, Chapman MR, Dobson CM, Eisenberg DS, Mezzenga R. Half a century of amyloids: past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5473-5509. [PMID: 32632432 PMCID: PMC7445747 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are global epidemics with profound health, social and economic implications and yet remain without a cure. This dire situation calls for research into the origin and pathological manifestations of amyloidosis to stimulate continued development of new therapeutics. In basic science and engineering, the cross-β architecture has been a constant thread underlying the structural characteristics of pathological and functional amyloids, and realizing that amyloid structures can be both pathological and functional in nature has fuelled innovations in artificial amyloids, whose use today ranges from water purification to 3D printing. At the conclusion of a half century since Eanes and Glenner's seminal study of amyloids in humans, this review commemorates the occasion by documenting the major milestones in amyloid research to date, from the perspectives of structural biology, biophysics, medicine, microbiology, engineering and nanotechnology. We also discuss new challenges and opportunities to drive this interdisciplinary field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthew R. Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre for Microbial Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David S. Eisenberg
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Science & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO, E23, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sarr M, Kronqvist N, Chen G, Aleksis R, Purhonen P, Hebert H, Jaudzems K, Rising A, Johansson J. A spidroin-derived solubility tag enables controlled aggregation of a designed amyloid protein. FEBS J 2018; 285:1873-1885. [PMID: 29604175 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidogenesis is associated with more than 30 diseases, but the molecular mechanisms involved in cell toxicity and fibril formation remain largely unknown. The inherent tendency of amyloid-forming proteins to aggregate renders expression, purification, and experimental studies challenging. NT* is a solubility tag derived from a spider silk protein that was recently introduced for the production of several aggregation-prone peptides and proteins at high yields. Herein, we investigate whether fusion to NT* can prevent amyloid fibril formation and enable controlled aggregation for experimental studies. As an example of an amyloidogenic protein, we chose the de novo-designed polypeptide β17. The fusion protein NT*-β17 was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli to produce high amounts of soluble and mostly monomeric protein. Structural analysis showed that β17 is kept in a largely unstructured conformation in fusion with NT*. After proteolytic release, β17 adopts a β-sheet conformation in a pH- and salt-dependent manner and assembles into amyloid-like fibrils. The ability of NT* to prevent premature aggregation and to enable structural studies of prefibrillar states may facilitate investigation of proteins involved in amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médoune Sarr
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nina Kronqvist
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gefei Chen
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rihards Aleksis
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pasi Purhonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hans Hebert
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Rising
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is a toxic and reactive product of dopamine catabolism. In the catecholaldehyde hypothesis for Parkinson's disease, it is a critical driver of the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons that characterizes the disease. DOPAL also cross-links α-synuclein, the main component of Lewy bodies, which are a pathological hallmark of the disease. We previously described the initial adduct formed in reactions between DOPAL and α-synuclein, a dicatechol pyrrole lysine (DCPL). Here, we examine the chemical basis for DOPAL-based cross-linking. We find that autoxidation of DCPL's catechol rings spurs its decomposition, yielding an intermediate dicatechol isoindole lysine (DCIL) product formed by an intramolecular reaction of the two catechol rings to give an unstable tetracyclic structure. DCIL then reacts with a second DCIL to give a dimeric, di-DCIL. This product is formed by an intermolecular carbon-carbon bond between the isoindole rings of the two DCILs that generates two structurally nonequivalent and separable atropisomers. Using α-synuclein, we demonstrate that the DOPAL-catalyzed formation of oligomers can be separated into two steps. The initial adduct formation occurs robustly within an hour, with DCPL as the main product, and the second step cross-links α-synuclein molecules. Exploiting this two-stage reaction, we use an isotopic labeling approach to show the predominant cross-linking mechanism is an interadduct reaction. Finally, we confirm that a mass consistent with a di-DCIL linkage can be observed in dimeric α-synuclein by mass spectrometry. Our work elucidates previously unknown pathways of catechol-based oxidative protein damage and will facilitate efforts to detect DOPAL-based cross-links in disease-state neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Werner-Allen
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sarah Monti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jenna F. DuMond
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rodney L. Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Werner-Allen JW, DuMond JF, Levine RL, Bax A. Toxic Dopamine Metabolite DOPAL Forms an Unexpected Dicatechol Pyrrole Adduct with Lysines of α-Synuclein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7374-8. [PMID: 27158766 PMCID: PMC4983193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has long been known to involve the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the coincidental appearance of Lewy bodies containing oligomerized forms of α-synuclein. The "catecholaldehyde hypothesis" posits a causal link between these two central pathologies mediated by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the most toxic dopamine metabolite. Here we determine the structure of the dominant product in reactions between DOPAL and α-synuclein, a dicatechol pyrrole lysine adduct. This novel modification results from the addition of two DOPAL molecules to the Lys sidechain amine through their aldehyde moieties and the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between their alkyl chains to generate a pyrrole ring. The product is detectable at low concentrations of DOPAL and its discovery should provide a valuable chemical basis for future studies of DOPAL-induced crosslinking of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Werner-Allen
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jenna F DuMond
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The extracellular aggregation of proteins into proteotoxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils is implicated in the onset and pathology of numerous diseases referred to as amyloid diseases. All of the proteins that aggregate extracellularly in association with amyloid disease pathogenesis originate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are secreted through the secretory pathway. Disruptions in ER protein homeostasis or proteostasis (i.e., ER stress) can facilitate the aberrant secretion of misfolded protein conformations to the extracellular space and exacerbate pathologic protein aggregation into proteotoxic species. Activation of an ER stress-responsive signaling pathway, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), restores ER proteostasis through the transcriptional regulation of ER proteostasis pathways. In contrast, the functional role for the UPR in regulating extracellular proteostasis during ER stress is poorly defined. We recently identified ERdj3 as a UPR-regulated secreted chaperone that increases extracellular proteostasis capacity in response to ER stress, revealing a previously-unanticipated direct mechanism by which the UPR impacts extracellular proteostasis. Here, we discuss the functional implications of ERdj3 secretion on extracellular proteostasis maintenance and define the mechanisms by which ERdj3 secretion coordinates intra- and extracellular proteostasis environments during ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Genereux
- a Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine; Department of Chemical Physiology ; The Scripps Research Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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9
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Hoop CL, Lin HK, Kar K, Magyarfalvi G, Lamley JM, Boatz JC, Mandal A, Lewandowski JR, Wetzel R, van der Wel PC. Huntingtin exon 1 fibrils feature an interdigitated β-hairpin-based polyglutamine core. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1546-51. [PMID: 26831073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521933113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion within the exon1 of huntingtin leads to protein misfolding, aggregation, and cytotoxicity in Huntington's disease. This incurable neurodegenerative disease is the most prevalent member of a family of CAG repeat expansion disorders. Although mature exon1 fibrils are viable candidates for the toxic species, their molecular structure and how they form have remained poorly understood. Using advanced magic angle spinning solid-state NMR, we directly probe the structure of the rigid core that is at the heart of huntingtin exon1 fibrils and other polyglutamine aggregates, via measurements of long-range intramolecular and intermolecular contacts, backbone and side-chain torsion angles, relaxation measurements, and calculations of chemical shifts. These experiments reveal the presence of β-hairpin-containing β-sheets that are connected through interdigitating extended side chains. Despite dramatic differences in aggregation behavior, huntingtin exon1 fibrils and other polyglutamine-based aggregates contain identical β-strand-based cores. Prior structural models, derived from X-ray fiber diffraction and computational analyses, are shown to be inconsistent with the solid-state NMR results. Internally, the polyglutamine amyloid fibrils are coassembled from differently structured monomers, which we describe as a type of "intrinsic" polymorphism. A stochastic polyglutamine-specific aggregation mechanism is introduced to explain this phenomenon. We show that the aggregation of mutant huntingtin exon1 proceeds via an intramolecular collapse of the expanded polyglutamine domain and discuss the implications of this observation for our understanding of its misfolding and aggregation mechanisms.
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Gielbert A, Thorne JK, Hope J. Pyroglutamyl-N-terminal prion protein fragments in sheep brain following the development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 25988175 PMCID: PMC4429639 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding, protein aggregation and disruption to cellular proteostasis are key processes in the propagation of disease and, in some progressive neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, the misfolded protein can act as a self-replicating template or prion converting its normal isoform into a misfolded copy of itself. We have investigated the sheep transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, and developed a multiple selected reaction monitoring (mSRM) mass spectrometry assay to quantify brain peptides representing the “ragged” N-terminus and the core of ovine prion protein (PrPSc) by using Q-Tof mass spectrometry. This allowed us to identify pyroglutamylated N-terminal fragments of PrPSc at residues 86, 95 and 101, and establish that these fragments were likely to be the result of in vivo processes. We found that the ratios of pyroglutamylated PrPSc fragments were different in sheep of different breeds and geographical origin, and our expanded ovine PrPSc assay was able to determine the ratio and allotypes of PrP accumulating in diseased brain of PrP heterozygous sheep; it also revealed significant differences between N-terminal amino acid profiles (N-TAAPs) in other types of ovine prion disease, CH1641 scrapie and ovine BSE. Variable rates of PrP misfolding, aggregation and degradation are the likely basis for phenotypic (or strain) differences in prion-affected animals and our mass spectrometry-based approach allows the simultaneous investigation of factors such as post-translational modification (pyroglutamyl formation), conformation (by N-TAAP analysis) and amino-acid polymorphisms (allotype ratio) which affect the kinetics of these proteostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gielbert
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge Addlestone, UK
| | - Jemma K Thorne
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge Addlestone, UK
| | - James Hope
- Science Strategy Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge Addlestone, UK
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11
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Labrador-Garrido A, Cejudo-Guillén M, Klippstein R, De Genst EJ, Tomas-Gallardo L, Leal MM, Villadiego J, Toledo-Aral JJ, Dobson CM, Pozo D, Roodveldt C. Chaperoned amyloid proteins for immune manipulation: α-Synuclein/Hsp70 shifts immunity toward a modulatory phenotype. Immun Inflamm Dis 2014; 2:226-38. [PMID: 25866630 PMCID: PMC4386917 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a 140-residue amyloid-forming protein whose aggregation is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). It has also been found to play a critical role in the immune imbalance that accompanies disease progression, a characteristic that has prompted the search for an effective αSyn-based immunotherapy. In this study, we have simultaneously exploited two important features of certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs): their classical “chaperone” activities and their recently discovered and diverse “immunoactive” properties. In particular, we have explored the immune response elicited by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with an αSyn/Hsp70 protein combination in the absence of added adjuvant. Our results show differential effects for mice immunized with the αSyn/Hsp70 complex, including a restrained αSyn-specific (IgM and IgG) humoral response as well as minimized alterations in the Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) and Teff (CD4+Foxp3−) cell populations, as opposed to significant changes in mice immunized with αSyn and Hsp70 alone. Furthermore, in vitro-stimulated splenocytes from immunized mice showed the lowest relative response against αSyn challenge for the “αSyn/Hsp70” experimental group as measured by IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion, and higher IL-10 levels when stimulated with LPS. Finally, serum levels of Th1-cytokine IFN-γ and immunomodulatory IL-10 indicated a unique shift toward an immunomodulatory/immunoprotective phenotype in mice immunized with the αSyn/Hsp70 complex. Overall, we propose the use of functional “HSP-chaperoned amyloid/aggregating proteins” generated with appropriate HSP-substrate protein combinations, such as the αSyn/Hsp70 complex, as a novel strategy for immune-based intervention against synucleinopathies and other amyloid or “misfolding” neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adahir Labrador-Garrido
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain ; Department of Medical Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain
| | - Marta Cejudo-Guillén
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain ; Department of Medical Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain
| | - Rebecca Klippstein
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain ; Department of Medical Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain
| | | | | | - María M Leal
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Villadiego
- IBiS Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-University of Seville Spain ; Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain ; CIBERNED, Centers for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Spain
| | - Juan J Toledo-Aral
- IBiS Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-University of Seville Spain ; Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain ; CIBERNED, Centers for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Spain
| | | | - David Pozo
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain ; Department of Medical Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Seville Spain
| | - Cintia Roodveldt
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain
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Cheng CJ, Daggett V. Molecular dynamics simulations capture the misfolding of the bovine prion protein at acidic pH. Biomolecules 2014; 4:181-201. [PMID: 24970211 PMCID: PMC4030982 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is transmissible to humans and that is currently incurable. BSE is caused by the prion protein (PrP), which adopts two conformers; PrPC is the native innocuous form, which is α-helix rich; and PrPSc is the β-sheet rich misfolded form, which is infectious and forms neurotoxic species. Acidic pH induces the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of bovine PrP at various pH regimes. An acidic pH environment induced conformational changes that were not observed in neutral pH simulations. Putative misfolded structures, with nonnative β-strands formed in the flexible N-terminal domain, were found in acidic pH simulations. Two distinct pathways were observed for the formation of nonnative β-strands: at low pH, hydrophobic contacts with M129 nucleated the nonnative β-strand; at mid-pH, polar contacts involving Q168 and D178 facilitated the formation of a hairpin at the flexible N-terminus. These mid- and low pH simulations capture the process of nonnative β-strand formation, thereby improving our understanding of how PrPC misfolds into the β-sheet rich PrPSc and how pH factors into the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Jung Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195-5013, USA.
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195-5013, USA.
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Burke KA, Yates EA, Legleiter J. Biophysical insights into how surfaces, including lipid membranes, modulate protein aggregation related to neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2013; 4:17. [PMID: 23459674 PMCID: PMC3585431 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a vast number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), associated with the rearrangement of specific proteins to non-native conformations that promotes aggregation and deposition within tissues and/or cellular compartments. These diseases are commonly classified as protein-misfolding or amyloid diseases. The interaction of these proteins with liquid/surface interfaces is a fundamental phenomenon with potential implications for protein-misfolding diseases. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicate that significant conformational changes can be induced in proteins encountering surfaces, which can play a critical role in nucleating aggregate formation or stabilizing specific aggregation states. Surfaces of particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases are cellular and subcellular membranes that are predominately comprised of lipid components. The two-dimensional liquid environments provided by lipid bilayers can profoundly alter protein structure and dynamics by both specific and non-specific interactions. Importantly for misfolding diseases, these bilayer properties can not only modulate protein conformation, but also exert influence on aggregation state. A detailed understanding of the influence of (sub)cellular surfaces in driving protein aggregation and/or stabilizing specific aggregate forms could provide new insights into toxic mechanisms associated with these diseases. Here, we review the influence of surfaces in driving and stabilizing protein aggregation with a specific emphasis on lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Burke
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
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