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Komal P, Manjari SKV, Nashmi R. An opinion on the debatable function of brain resident immune protein, T-cell receptor beta subunit in the central nervous system. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:235-42. [PMID: 36590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years scientific research has established that the nervous and immune systems have shared molecular signaling components. Proteins native to immune cells, which are also found in the brain, have neuronal functions in the nervous system where they affect synaptic plasticity, axonal regeneration, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission. Certain native immune molecules like major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I), paired immunoglobulin receptor B (PirB), toll-like receptor (TLR), cluster of differentiation-3 zeta (CD3ζ), CD4 co-receptor, and T-cell receptor beta (TCR-β) expression in neurons have been extensively documented. In this review, we provide our opinion and discussed the possible roles of T-cell receptor beta subunits in modulating the function of neurons in the central nervous system. Based on the previous findings of Syken and Shatz., 2003; Nishiyori et al., 2004; Rodriguez et., 1993 and Komal et., 2014; we discuss whether restrictive expression of TCR-β subunits in selected brain regions could be involved in the pathology of neurological disorders and whether their aberrant enhancement in expression may be considered as a suitable biomarker for aging or neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington's disease (HD).
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Trushina E, Trushin S, Hasan MF. Mitochondrial complex I as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:483-495. [PMID: 35256930 PMCID: PMC8897152 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prominent form of dementia in the elderly, has no cure. Strategies focused on the reduction of amyloid beta or hyperphosphorylated Tau protein have largely failed in clinical trials. Novel therapeutic targets and strategies are urgently needed. Emerging data suggest that in response to environmental stress, mitochondria initiate an integrated stress response (ISR) shown to be beneficial for healthy aging and neuroprotection. Here, we review data that implicate mitochondrial electron transport complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation as a hub for small molecule-targeted therapeutics that could induce beneficial mitochondrial ISR. Specifically, partial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I has been exploited as a novel strategy for multiple human conditions, including AD, with several small molecules being tested in clinical trials. We discuss current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this counterintuitive approach. Since this strategy has also been shown to enhance health and life span, the development of safe and efficacious complex I inhibitors could promote healthy aging, delaying the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APP/PS1, amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CP2, tricyclic pyrone compound two
- Complex I inhibitors
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FADH2, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HIF-1α, hypoxia induced factor 1 α
- Healthy aging
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Integrated stress response
- LTP, long term potentiation
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MPTP, 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondria signaling
- Mitochondria targeted therapeutics
- NAD+ and NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NRF2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
- Neuroprotection
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
- PMF, proton-motive force
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- T2DM, type II diabetes mellitus
- TCA, the tricarboxylic acid cycle
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtUPR, mitochondrial unfolded protein response
- pTau, hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein
- ΔpH, proton gradient
- Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Ahsan A, Liu M, Zheng Y, Yan W, Pan L, Li Y, Ma S, Zhang X, Cao M, Wu Z, Hu W, Chen Z, Zhang X. Natural compounds modulate the autophagy with potential implication of stroke. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1708-20. [PMID: 34386317 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is considered a leading cause of mortality and neurological disability, which puts a huge burden on individuals and the community. To date, effective therapy for stroke has been limited by its complex pathological mechanisms. Autophagy refers to an intracellular degrading process with the involvement of lysosomes. Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis and survival of cells by eliminating damaged or non-essential cellular constituents. Increasing evidence support that autophagy protects neuronal cells from ischemic injury. However, under certain circumstances, autophagy activation induces cell death and aggravates ischemic brain injury. Diverse naturally derived compounds have been found to modulate autophagy and exert neuroprotection against stroke. In the present work, we have reviewed recent advances in naturally derived compounds that regulate autophagy and discussed their potential application in stroke treatment.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG, autophagy related genes
- Autophagy
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BNIP3L, BCL2/adenovirus
- COPII, coat protein complex II
- Cerebral ischemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HD, Huntington's disease
- IPC, ischemic preconditioning
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LKB1, liver kinase B1
- Lysosomal activation
- Mitochondria
- Mitophagy
- Natural compounds
- Neurological disorders
- Neuroprotection
- OGD/R, oxygen and glucose deprivation-reperfusion
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TIGAR, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
- ULK, Unc-51- like kinase
- Uro-A, urolithin A
- eIF2a, eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Zhang L, Hu K, Shao T, Hou L, Zhang S, Ye W, Josephson L, Meyer JH, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Wang J, Xu H, Wang L, Liang SH. Recent developments on PET radiotracers for TSPO and their applications in neuroimaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:373-393. [PMID: 33643818 PMCID: PMC7893127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is predominately localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells. Brain TSPO expression is relatively low under physiological conditions, but is upregulated in response to glial cell activation. As the primary index of neuroinflammation, TSPO is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In this context, numerous TSPO-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracers have been developed. Among them, several radioligands have advanced to clinical research studies. In this review, we will overview the recent development of TSPO PET tracers, focusing on the radioligand design, radioisotope labeling, pharmacokinetics, and PET imaging evaluation. Additionally, we will consider current limitations, as well as translational potential for future application of TSPO radiopharmaceuticals. This review aims to not only present the challenges in current TSPO PET imaging, but to also provide a new perspective on TSPO targeted PET tracer discovery efforts. Addressing these challenges will facilitate the translation of TSPO in clinical studies of neuroinflammation associated with central nervous system diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
- ANT, adenine nucleotide transporter
- Am, molar activities
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells
- BP, binding potential
- BPND, non-displaceable binding potential
- BcTSPO, Bacillus cereus TSPO
- CBD, corticobasal degeneration
- CNS disorders
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRAC, cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus sequence
- DLB, Lewy body dementias
- EP, epilepsy
- FTD, frontotemporal dementia
- HAB, high-affinity binding
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HSE, herpes simplex encephalitis
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- KA, kainic acid
- LAB, low-affinity binding
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAB, mixed-affinity binding
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MDD, major depressive disorder
- MMSE, mini-mental state examination
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MSA, multiple system atrophy
- Microglial activation
- NAA/Cr, N-acetylaspartate/creatine
- Neuroinflammation
- OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- P2X7R, purinergic receptor P2X7
- PAP7, RIa-associated protein
- PBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor
- PCA, posterior cortical atrophy
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PDD, PD dementia
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PRAX-1, PBR-associated protein 1
- PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- PpIX, protoporphyrin IX
- QA, quinolinic acid
- RCYs, radiochemical yields
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RRMS, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
- SA, specific activity
- SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SCIDY, spirocyclic iodonium ylide
- SNL, selective neuronal loss
- SNR, signal to noise ratio
- SUV, standard uptake volume
- SUVR, standard uptake volume ratio
- TBAH, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TSPO
- TSPO, translocator protein
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- VT, distribution volume
- d.c. RCYs, decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- dMCAO, distal middle cerebral artery occlusion
- fP, plasma free fraction
- n.d.c. RCYs, non-decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- p.i., post-injection
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Chen W, Hu Y, Ju D. Gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders: advances, insights and prospects. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1347-1359. [PMID: 32963936 PMCID: PMC7488363 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is rapidly emerging as a powerful therapeutic strategy for a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Some early clinical trials have failed to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects. Efforts to enhance effectiveness are now concentrating on three major fields: identification of new vectors, novel therapeutic targets, and reliable of delivery routes for transgenes. These approaches are being assessed closely in preclinical and clinical trials, which may ultimately provide powerful treatments for patients. Here, we discuss advances and challenges of gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting promising technologies, targets, and future prospects.
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Key Words
- AADC, aromatic-l-amino-acid
- AAVs, adeno-associated viruses
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ARSA, arylsulfatase A
- ASOs, antisense oligonucleotides
- ASPA, aspartoacylase
- Adeno-associated viruses
- Adv, adenovirus
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BCSFB, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- BRB, blood–retina barrier
- Bip, glucose regulated protein 78
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein
- CLN6, ceroidlipofuscinosis neuronal protein 6
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Central nervous system
- Delivery routes
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GAA, lysosomal acid α-glucosidase
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor
- Gene therapy
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HSPGs, heparin sulfate proteoglycans
- HTT, mutant huntingtin
- IDS, iduronate 2-sulfatase
- LVs, retrovirus/lentivirus
- Lamp2a, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGRN, Progranulin
- PINK1, putative kinase 1
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RGCs, retinal ganglion cells
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RPE, retinal pigmented epithelial
- SGSH, lysosomal heparan-N-sulfamidase gene
- SMN, survival motor neuron
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SUMF, sulfatase-modifying factor
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TPP1, tripeptidyl peptidase 1
- TREM2, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- ZFPs, zinc finger proteins
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
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Xiang C, Zhang Y, Guo W, Liang XJ. Biomimetic carbon nanotubes for neurological disease therapeutics as inherent medication. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:239-248. [PMID: 32082970 PMCID: PMC7016289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology is revolutionizing the approaches to different fields from manufacture to health. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as promising candidates in nanomedicine have great potentials in developing novel entities for central nervous system pathologies, due to their excellent physicochemical properties and ability to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits. However, most of the studies mainly focused on the drug delivery and bioimaging applications of CNTs, while neglect their application prospects as therapeutic drugs themselves. At present, the relevant reviews are not available yet. Herein we summarized the latest advances on the biomedical and therapeutic applications of CNTs in vitro and in vivo for neurological diseases treatments as inherent therapeutic drugs. The biological mechanisms of CNTs-mediated bio-medical effects and potential toxicity of CNTs were also intensely discussed. It is expected that CNTs will exploit further neurological applications on disease therapy in the near future.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CNS, central nervous system
- CNT-N, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes
- CNTs, carbon nanotubes
- Carbon nanotubes
- CpG, oligodeoxynucleotides
- DTPA, diethylentriaminepentaacetic
- Drug delivery
- EBs, embryoid bodies
- EDC·HCl, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
- GO, graphene oxide
- HD, Huntington's disease
- Inherent medication
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- METH, methamphetamine
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MWCNTTs, multi-walled nanotube towers
- MWCNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- ND, nanodiamond
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NR, nanorod
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- Nervous system diseases
- PBEC, porcine brain endothelial cells
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PEG, polyethylene-glycol
- PET, position emission tomography
- PMo11V, tetrabutylammonium salt of phosphovanadomolybdate
- POCs, polycyclic organic compounds
- PPy/SWCNT, polypyrrole/single-walled carbon nanotube
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- SWCNTP, single-walled nanotube paper
- SWCNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes
- TLR9, the toll-like receptor-9
- TMZ, temozolomide
- Therapeutic drug
- Toxicity
- aSWCNTs, aggregated SWCNTs
- f-CNTs, functionalized carbon nanotubes
- hNSCs, human neural stem cells
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Xiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
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Ahveninen LM, Stout JC, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Lorenzetti V, Glikmann-Johnston Y. Reduced amygdala volumes are related to motor and cognitive signs in Huntington's disease: The IMAGE-HD study. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 18:881-887. [PMID: 29876272 PMCID: PMC5988225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), the presence of neurodegeneration in brain regions other than the striatum has been recently gaining attention. The amygdala is one such area, which has been investigated in only eight structural magnetic resonance imaging studies to date, but with inconsistent findings. This is the largest MRI study to date examining manually traced amygdala volumes in HD participants and the relationship of amygdala volumes to clinical measures of HD. Our study included 35 healthy control participants, and groups of 35 pre-symptomatic, and 36 symptomatic HD participants. When comparing the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic HD groups together against the control group, amygdala volumes were significantly lower in HD than controls and in symptomatic HD than pre-symptomatic HD. When examining relationships between amygdala volumes and clinical measures of HD, significantly smaller amygdala volumes were associated with worse motor and cognitive signs. For pre-symptomatic HD participants who were close to disease onset, smaller amygdala volumes were also associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that the amygdala is affected in pre-symptomatic and symptomatic HD, and that the amygdala is related to the clinical profile of HD before onset of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta M Ahveninen
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Wang HB, Whittaker DS, Truong D, Mulji AK, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Blue light therapy improves circadian dysfunction as well as motor symptoms in two mouse models of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 2:39-52. [PMID: 31236494 PMCID: PMC6575206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit movement disorders, psychiatric disturbance and cognitive impairments as the disease progresses. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles are common among HD patients with reports of delayed sleep onset, fatigue during the day, and a delayed pattern of melatonin secretion all of which suggest circadian dysfunction. Mouse models of HD confirm disrupted circadian rhythms with pathophysiology found in the central circadian clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus). Importantly, circadian dysfunction manifests early in disease, even before the classic motor symptoms, in both patients and mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesize that the circadian dysfunction may interact with the disease pathology and exacerbate the HD symptoms. If correct, early intervention may benefit patients and delay disease progression. One test of this hypothesis is to determine whether light therapy designed to strengthen this intrinsic timing system can delay the disease progression in mouse models. Therefore, we determined the impact of blue wavelength-enriched light on two HD models: the BACHD and Q175 mice. Both models received 6 h of blue-light at the beginning of their daily light cycle for 3 months. After treatment, both genotypes showed improvements in their locomotor activity rhythm without significant change to their sleep behavior. Critically, treated mice of both lines exhibited improved motor performance compared to untreated controls. Focusing on the Q175 genotype, we sought to determine whether the treatment altered signaling pathways in brain regions known to be impacted by HD using NanoString gene expression assays. We found that the expression of several HD relevant markers was altered in the striatum and cortex of the treated mice. Our study demonstrates that strengthening the circadian system can delay the progression of HD in pre-clinical models. This work suggests that lighting conditions should be considered when managing treatment of HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Key Words
- BACHD
- BACHD, bacterial artificial chromosome mouse model of HD
- Blue light therapy
- Circadian rhythms
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HTT, Huntingtin protein
- Htt, huntingtin gene
- Huntington's disease
- KI, knock in
- Photic therapy
- Q175
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
- ZT, Zeitgeber time
- ipRGCs, intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Bin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Daniel S. Whittaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Danny Truong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Aly K. Mulji
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Cristina A. Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Dawn H. Loh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
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Ouk K, Aungier J, Morton AJ. Prolonged day length exposure improves circadian deficits and survival in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 2:27-38. [PMID: 31236493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian disruption seen in patients of Huntington's disease (HD) is recapitulated in the R6/2 mouse model. As the disease progresses, the activity of R6/2 mice increases dramatically during the rest (light) period and decreases during the active (dark) period, eventually leading to a complete disintegration of rest-activity rhythms by the age of ~16 weeks. The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian rhythms by entraining the rest-activity rhythms to the environmental light-dark cycle. Since R6/2 mice can shift their rest-activity rhythms in response to a jet-lag paradigm and also respond positively to bright light therapy (1000 lx), we investigated whether or not a prolonged day length exposure could reduce their daytime activity and improve their behavioural circadian rhythms. We found that a long-day photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark cycle; 100 lx) significantly improved the survival of R6/2 female mice by 2.4 weeks, compared to mice kept under standard conditions (12 h light/12 h dark cycle). Furthermore, a long-day photoperiod improved the nocturnality of R6/2 female mice. Mice kept under long-day photoperiod also maintained acrophase in activity rhythms (a parameter of rhythmicity strength) in phase with that of WT mice, even if they were symptomatic. By contrast, a short-day photoperiod (8 h light/16 h dark cycle) was deleterious to R6/2 female mice and further reduced the survival by ~1 week. Together, our results support the idea that light therapy may be beneficial for improving circadian dysfunction in HD patients. Chronic exposure to a long day (16:8 LD) is beneficial to R6/2 female mice. The 16:8 LD cycle slowed body weight loss and improved survival of R6/2 mice. Lifespan of R6/2 female mice was extended by ~2.4 weeks under 16:8 LD cycle. R6/2 female mice under 16:8 LD had stabilised acrophase in activity rhythms. Lifespan of R6/2 female mice was reduced by chronic exposure to a short day (8:16 LD).
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- DD, constant darkness
- Depression
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Estrogen
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- L-DOPA, levodopa
- LD, light-dark
- Lifespan
- REM sleep, rapid eye movement sleep
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Sleep
- Transgenic mouse
- WT, wild type
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Coppen EM, van der Grond J, Hafkemeijer A, Rombouts SARB, Roos RAC. Early grey matter changes in structural covariance networks in Huntington's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:806-814. [PMID: 27830113 PMCID: PMC5094265 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Progressive subcortical changes are known to occur in Huntington's disease (HD), a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. Less is known about the occurrence and cohesion of whole brain grey matter changes in HD. Objectives We aimed to detect network integrity changes in grey matter structural covariance networks and examined relationships with clinical assessments. Methods Structural magnetic resonance imaging data of premanifest HD (n = 30), HD patients (n = 30) and controls (n = 30) was used to identify ten structural covariance networks based on a novel technique using the co-variation of grey matter with independent component analysis in FSL. Group differences were studied controlling for age and gender. To explore whether our approach is effective in examining grey matter changes, regional voxel-based analysis was additionally performed. Results Premanifest HD and HD patients showed decreased network integrity in two networks compared to controls. One network included the caudate nucleus, precuneous and anterior cingulate cortex (in HD p < 0.001, in pre-HD p = 0.003). One other network contained the hippocampus, premotor, sensorimotor, and insular cortices (in HD p < 0.001, in pre-HD p = 0.023). Additionally, in HD patients only, decreased network integrity was observed in a network including the lingual gyrus, intracalcarine, cuneal, and lateral occipital cortices (p = 0.032). Changes in network integrity were significantly associated with scores of motor and neuropsychological assessments. In premanifest HD, voxel-based analyses showed pronounced volume loss in the basal ganglia, but less prominent in cortical regions. Conclusion Our results suggest that structural covariance might be a sensitive approach to reveal early grey matter changes, especially for premanifest HD. Identification of anatomical networks in Huntington's disease (HD). Independent component analysis was used to examine structural covariance networks. HD patients showed changes in subcortical and cortical covariance networks. A network-based approach is sensitive to reveal early grey matter changes.
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Key Words
- CAG, cytosine-adenine-guanine
- Grey matter
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HTT, Huntingtin
- Huntington's disease
- ICA, Independent Component Analysis
- MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination
- MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute
- SDMT, Symbol Digit Modality Test
- Structural MRI
- Structural covariance networks
- TFC, Total Functional Capacity
- TMS, Total Motor Score
- TMT, Trail-Making Test
- UHDRS, Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale
- VBM, Voxel-Based Morphometry
- Voxel-based morphometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Coppen
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Hafkemeijer
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raymund A C Roos
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ratovitski T, Arbez N, Stewart JC, Chighladze E, Ross CA. PRMT5- mediated symmetric arginine dimethylation is attenuated by mutant huntingtin and is impaired in Huntington's disease (HD). Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1716-29. [PMID: 25927346 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1033595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein interactions of mutant huntingtin (Htt) triggered by polyglutamine expansion are thought to mediate Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis. Here, we explored a functional interaction of Htt with protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), an enzyme mediating symmetrical dimethylation of arginine (sDMA) of key cellular proteins, including histones, and spliceosomal Sm proteins. Gene transcription and RNA splicing are impaired in HD. We demonstrated PRMT5 and Htt interaction and their co-localization in transfected neurons and in HD brain. As a result of this interaction, normal (but to a lesser extend mutant) Htt stimulated PRMT5 activity in vitro. SDMA of histones H2A and H4 was reduced in the presence of mutant Htt in primary cultured neurons and in HD brain, consistent with a demonstrated reduction in R3Me2s occupancy at the transcriptionally repressed promoters in HD brain. SDMA of another PRMT5 substrate, Cajal body marker coilin, was also reduced in the HD mouse model and in human HD brain. Finally, compensation of PRMT5 deficiency by ectopic expression of PRMT5/MEP50 complexes, or by the knock-down of H4R3Me2 demethylase JMJD6, reversed the toxic effects of mutant Htt in primary cortical neurons, suggesting that PRMT5 deficiency may mediate, at least in part, HD pathogenesis. These studies revealed a potential new mechanism for disruption of gene expression and RNA processing in HD, involving a loss of normal function of Htt in facilitation of PRMT5, supporting the idea that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription may be involved in HD and highlighting symmetric dimethylation of arginine as potential new therapeutic target.
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Key Words
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CB, Cajal body
- ChIP, the chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- Htt, huntingtin
- Huntington's disease mechanism
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- PIC, protease inhibitors cocktail
- PRMT5, protein arginine methyltransferase
- RNA processing
- SMN, survival of motor neurons
- Sm proteins, spleceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- gene transcription
- huntingtin
- neurodegeneration
- polyQ, polyglutamine
- protein interactions
- protein methylation
- sDMA, symmetrical arginine dimethylation
- snRNPs, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ratovitski
- a Division of Neurobiology; Department of Psychiatry; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; CMSC 8-121; Baltimore , MD , USA
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12
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Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation underpin several fatal neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). There are no treatments that directly antagonize the protein-misfolding events that cause these disorders. Agents that reverse protein misfolding and restore proteins to native form and function could simultaneously eliminate any deleterious loss-of-function or toxic gain-of-function caused by misfolded conformers. Moreover, a disruptive technology of this nature would eliminate self-templating conformers that spread pathology and catalyze formation of toxic, soluble oligomers. Here, we highlight our efforts to engineer Hsp104, a protein disaggregase from yeast, to more effectively disaggregate misfolded proteins connected with PD, ALS, and FTD. Remarkably subtle modifications of Hsp104 primary sequence yielded large gains in protective activity against deleterious α-synuclein, TDP-43, FUS, and TAF15 misfolding. Unusually, in many cases loss of amino acid identity at select positions in Hsp104 rather than specific mutation conferred a robust therapeutic gain-of-function. Nevertheless, the misfolding and toxicity of EWSR1, an RNA-binding protein with a prion-like domain linked to ALS and FTD, could not be buffered by potentiated Hsp104 variants, indicating that further amelioration of disaggregase activity or sharpening of substrate specificity is warranted. We suggest that neuroprotection is achievable for diverse neurodegenerative conditions via surprisingly subtle structural modifications of existing chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Jackrel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- a The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience ; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
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14
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Abstract
The production of neurons from neural progenitor cells, the growth of axons and dendrites and the formation and reorganization of synapses are examples of neuroplasticity. These processes are regulated by cell-autonomous and intercellular (paracrine and endocrine) programs that mediate responses of neural cells to environmental input. Mitochondria are highly mobile and move within and between subcellular compartments involved in neuroplasticity (synaptic terminals, dendrites, cell body and the axon). By generating energy (ATP and NAD+), and regulating subcellular Ca2+ and redox homoeostasis, mitochondria may play important roles in controlling fundamental processes in neuroplasticity, including neural differentiation, neurite outgrowth, neurotransmitter release and dendritic remodelling. Particularly intriguing is emerging data suggesting that mitochondria emit molecular signals (e.g. reactive oxygen species, proteins and lipid mediators) that can act locally or travel to distant targets including the nucleus. Disturbances in mitochondrial functions and signalling may play roles in impaired neuroplasticity and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disorders and stroke.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AP, adaptor protein
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Aβ, amyloid β-peptide
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CR, caloric restriction
- CREB, cAMP-response-element-binding protein
- CaMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- ES, embryonic stem
- ETC, electron transport chain
- HD, Huntington's disease
- LRRK2, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- Mn-SOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- Nrf1, nuclear respiratory factor 1
- OPA1, Optic Atrophy-1
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGC1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α
- PINK1, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)-induced kinase 1
- PPAR, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor
- UCP, uncoupling protein
- mitochondria biogenesis
- mitochondria fission and fusion
- neural progenitor cell
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Cummings DM, Cepeda C, Levine MS. Alterations in striatal synaptic transmission are consistent across genetic mouse models of Huntington's disease. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00036. [PMID: 20585470 DOI: 10.1042/AN20100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the gene responsible for HD (Huntington's
disease), many genetic mouse models have been generated. Each employs a unique
approach for delivery of the mutated gene and has a different CAG repeat length
and background strain. The resultant diversity in the genetic context and
phenotypes of these models has led to extensive debate regarding the relevance
of each model to the human disorder. Here, we compare and contrast the striatal
synaptic phenotypes of two models of HD, namely the YAC128 mouse, which carries
the full-length huntingtin gene on a yeast artificial chromosome, and the CAG140
KI (knock-in) mouse, which carries a human/mouse chimaeric gene that is
expressed in the context of the mouse genome, with our previously published data
obtained from the R6/2 mouse, which is transgenic for exon 1 mutant huntingtin.
We show that striatal MSNs (medium-sized spiny neurons) in YAC128 and CAG140 KI
mice have similar electrophysiological phenotypes to that of the R6/2 mouse.
These include a progressive increase in membrane input resistance, a reduction
in membrane capacitance, a lower frequency of spontaneous excitatory
postsynaptic currents and a greater frequency of spontaneous inhibitory
postsynaptic currents in a subpopulation of striatal neurons. Thus, despite
differences in the context of the inserted gene between these three models of
HD, the primary electrophysiological changes observed in striatal MSNs are
consistent. The outcomes suggest that the changes are due to the expression of
mutant huntingtin and such alterations can be extended to the human
condition.
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Key Words
- ACSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- AP5, dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid
- BIC, bicuculline methobromide
- CAG 140 knock-in mouse model
- CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
- EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic current
- GABAA, γ-aminobutyric acid type A
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HF, high frequency
- Huntington's disease
- IPSC, inhibitory postsynaptic current
- KI, knock-in
- LF, low frequency
- MSN, medium-sized spiny neuron
- WT, wild-type
- YAC128 mouse model
- electrophysiology
- striatum
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