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Wei T, Chen H, Wu D, Gao D, Cai Y, Cao X, Xu H, Yang J, Guo P. Response surface methodology for the mixed fungal fermentation of Codonopsis pilosula straw using Trichoderma reesei and Coprinus comatus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15757. [PMID: 37601264 PMCID: PMC10434135 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the cellulose degradation rate (CDR) and lignin degradation rate (LDR) of Codonopsis pilosula straw (CPS) and the optimal fermentation parameters for mixed fungal fermentation. Single-factor tests were used to study the effects of the fungal ratio (Trichoderma reesei: Coprinus comatus), fungal inoculum, corn flour content, and fermentation time on the degradation rate of cellulose and lignin. Based on the results of this experiment, the optimal fermentation factors were identified, and the effects of various factors and their interactions on the degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were further evaluated using the response surface method. The quadratic polynomial mathematical model of degradation rates of the cellulose and lignin in CPS by mixed fungus fermentation was established using Design Expert software v8.0.6. Under the optimal parameters for fungal fermentation of CPS straw (fungal ratio 4:6, fungal inoculum 8%, corn flour content 10%, fermentation time of 15 d), the CDR and LDR reached 13.65% and 10.73%, respectively. Collectively, the mixed fungal fermentation of CPS resulted in decreased lignin and cellulose content, better retention of nutrients, and enhanced fermentation quality. The results of this study indicate that fermentation using Trichoderma reesei and Coprinus comatus is a productive method for straw degradation, providing a theoretical basis for the development of CPS as feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongfu Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dengyu Wu
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Institute of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Institute of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Institute of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jutian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Institute of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Penghui Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ecological Industry Development Research Institute of the Upper Yellow River, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Nur-Nazratul FMY, Rakib MRM, Zailan MZ, Yaakub H. Enhancing in vitro ruminal digestibility of oil palm empty fruit bunch by biological pre-treatment with Ganoderma lucidum fungal culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258065. [PMID: 34591932 PMCID: PMC8483372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in lignocellulosic biomass composition and in vitro rumen digestibility of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) after pre-treatment with the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the pre-treatment for 2–12 weeks has gradually degraded the OPEFB in a time-dependent manner; whereby lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were respectively degraded by 41.0, 20.5, and 26.7% at the end of the incubation period. The findings were corroborated using the physical examination of the OPEFB by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the OPEFB pre-treated for 12 weeks has shown the highest in vitro digestibility of dry (77.20%) and organic (69.78%) matter, where they were enhanced by 104.07 and 96.29%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control. The enhancement in the in vitro ruminal digestibility was negatively correlated with the lignin content in the OPEFB. Therefore, biologically delignified OPEFB with G. lucidum fungal culture pre-treatment have the potential to be utilized as one of the ingredients for the development of a novel ruminant forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Y. Nur-Nazratul
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Rakib
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Z. Zailan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - H. Yaakub
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cultivating oyster mushrooms on red grape pomace waste enhances potential nutritional value of the spent substrate for ruminants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246992. [PMID: 33592025 PMCID: PMC7886220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of red grape pomace (GP; Vitis vinifera L. var. Shiraz) as a source of beneficial bioactive compounds in ruminant diets is limited by high levels of indigestible compounds in the grape skin matrix. This problem demands innovative, inexpensive, and easy-to-use strategies that improve the digestibility of GP. The bioconversion of GP using edible oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) is one such strategy that has not been previously explored. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of cultivating oyster mushrooms on GP on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of the spent mushroom substrate. The GP was inoculated with oyster mushroom spawns at 0, 200, 300, 400, or 500 g/kg, and incubated for 4 weeks. Organic matter, acid detergent lignin, sodium, manganese, cobalt, and copper linearly declined (P < 0.05) as spawn rates increased. A quadratic trend was observed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium content in response to increasing spawn rates. Higher spawning rates (20–50%) had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on gas production from the immediately fermentable fraction (a), rate of gas production from the slowly fermentable fraction (c) and effective gas production. However, gas production from the slowly fermentable fraction (b) and potential gas production linearly declined in response to increasing spawning rates. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the immediately degradable fraction (a), while quadratic effects were observed for partition factors, effective degradability, and in vitro organic matter degradability at 48 h in response to spawning rates. It can be concluded that inoculating GP with oyster mushroom spawn reduced fibre content while increasing crude protein content and in vitro ruminal fermentation efficiency of red grape pomace. Based on the quadratic responses of partition factors at 48 hours post-inoculation, the optimum spawning rate for maximum ruminal fermentation efficiency of GP was determined to be 300 g/kg.
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Gryzenhout M, Ghosh S, Tchotet Tchoumi JM, Vermeulen M, Kinge TR. Ganoderma: Diversity, Ecological Significances, and Potential Applications in Industry and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A newly developed tannase enzyme from Aspergillus terreus versus commercial tannase in the diet of lactating Damascus goats fed diet containing pomegranate peel. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cavalcanti RMF, Martinez MLL, Oliveira WP, Guimarães LHS. Stabilization and application of spray-dried tannase from Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 in the presence of different carriers. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:177. [PMID: 32226706 PMCID: PMC7096345 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 tannase was spray dried with β-cyclodextrin, Capsul® starch, soybean meal, lactose, and maltodextrin as adjuvants. The moisture content and water activity of the products ranged from 5.6 to 11.5% and from 0.249 to 0.448, respectively. The maximal tannase activity was achieved at 40-60 ºC and pH 5.0-6.0 for the powders containing β-cyclodextrin and Capsul® starch, which was stable at 40 ºC and 40-60 ºC for 120 min, respectively. For all the dried products, tannase retained its activity of over 80% for 120 min at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Salts and solvents influenced the activity of the spray-dried tannase. The activity of the spray-dried tannase was maintained when preserved for 1 year at 4 ºC and 28 ºC. Spray-dried tannase reduced the content of tannins and polyphenolic compounds of leather effluent and sorghum flour and catalyzed the transesterification reaction. The spray drying process stabilized the tannase activity, highlighting the potential of dried products for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Luís Lombardi Martinez
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Wanderley Pereira Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Souza Guimarães
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901 Brazil
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Sharma KP. Tannin degradation by phytopathogen's tannase: A Plant's defense perspective. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Biotransformation of industrial tannins by filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10361-10375. [PMID: 30293196 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They act as growth inhibitors for many microorganisms: they are released upon microbial attack, helping to fight infection in plant tissues. Extraction of tannins from plants is an active industrial sector with several applications, including oenology, animal feeding, mining, the chemical industry, and, in particular, the tanning industry. However, tannins are also considered very recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater of diverse origin. The ability to grow on plant substrates rich in tannins and on industrial tannin preparations is usually considered typical of some species of fungi. These organisms are able to tolerate the toxicity of tannins thanks to the production of enzymes that transform or degrade these substrates, mainly through hydrolysis and oxidation. Filamentous fungi capable of degrading tannins could have a strong environmental impact as bioremediation agents, in particular in the treatment of tanning wastewaters.
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da Silva RR, Pedezzi R, Souto TB. Exploring the bioprospecting and biotechnological potential of white-rot and anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota fungi: peptidases, esterases, and lignocellulolytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3089-3101. [PMID: 28314873 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungi constitute an invaluable natural resource for scientific research, owing to their diversity; they offer a promising alternative for bioprospecting, thus contributing to biotechnological advances. For a long time, extensive information has been exploited and fungal products have been tested as a source of natural compounds. In this context, enzyme production remains a field of interest, since it offers an efficient alternative to the hazardous processes of chemical transformations. Owing to their vast biodiversity and peculiar biochemical characteristics, two fungal categories, white-rot and anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota, have gathered considerable attention for biotechnological applications. These fungi are known for their ability to depolymerize complex molecular structures and are used in degradation of lignocellulosic biomass, improvement of animal feed digestibility, biogas and bioethanol production, and various other applications. However, there are only limited reports that describe proteolytic enzymes and esterases in these fungi and their synergistic action with lignocellulolytic enzymes on degradation of complex polymers. Thus, in this minireview, we focus on the importance of these organisms in enzyme technology, their bioprospecting, possibility of integration of their enzyme repertoire, and their prospects for future biotechnological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Pedezzi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Beltramini Souto
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo (IFES), Nova Venécia, ES, Brazil
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da Silva RR. Bacterial and Fungal Proteolytic Enzymes: Production, Catalysis and Potential Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:1-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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White and Brown Rot Fungi as Decomposers of Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Role in Waste and Pollution Control. FUNGAL APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42852-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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