1
|
Ueno F, Sakuma M, Nakajima S, Tsugawa S, Ochi R, Tani H, Noda Y, Graff-Guerrero A, Uchida H, Mimura M, Oshima S, Matsushita S. Acetaldehyde-mediated increase in glutamatergic and N-acetylaspartate neurometabolite levels in the midcingulate cortex of ALDH2*1/*2 heterozygous young adults. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:58-71. [PMID: 38206287 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To elucidate the neurobiology underlying alcohol's effect on the human brain, we examined the acute effects of moderate alcohol administration on levels of glutamatergic neurometabolites and N-acetylaspartate, an amino acid found in neurons, may reflect disordered neuronal integrity. METHODS Eighteen healthy Japanese participants (7 males/11 females) aged 20-30 years who were heterozygous for an inactive allele of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH/*1/*2) were included. Participants underwent an intravenous alcohol infusion using the clamp method at a target blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.50 mg/mL for 90 min within a range of ±0.05 mg/mL. We examined glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and N-acetylaspartate N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA) levels in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) using 3 T 1 H-MRS PRESS at baseline, 90 min, and 180 min (i.e., 90 min after alcohol infusion was finished). A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess longitudinal changes in Glx and NAA levels, with time and sex as within- and between-subject factors, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated among neurometabolite levels and BAC or blood acetaldehyde concentration (BAAC). RESULTS Both Glx (F(2,32) = 8.15, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.15) and NAA (F(2,32) = 5.01, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.07) levels were increased after alcohol injection. There were no sex or time × sex interaction effects observed. NAA levels were positively correlated with BAAC at 90 min (r(13) = 0.77, p = 0.01). There were no associations between neurometabolite levels and BAC. CONCLUSIONS Both Glx and NAA levels in the MCC increased in response to the administration of moderate concentrations of alcohol. Given positive associations between NAA levels and BAAC and the hypothetical glutamate release via dopamine pathways, the effects of drinking on the MCC in the acute phase may be ascribed to acetaldehyde metabolized from alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Ueno
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunji Oshima
- Sustainable Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Moriya, Japan
| | - Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kapoor R, Khowal S, Panda BP, Wajid S. Comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis strains to study the biochemical and molecular attributes of nattokinases. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:485-502. [PMID: 35099650 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research work explores the Nattokinase (NK) producing capacity of five Bacillus subtilis strains (MTCC 2616, MTCC 2756, MTCC 2451, MTCC 1427, and MTCC 7164) using soybean varieties as substrate under solid-state fermentation conditions. Subsequently, the biochemical attributes of NKs were analyzed. Soybean variety didn't affect the production of NK to a significant extent; however, the five strains differed substantially for their NK producing capacity. NK produced by MTCC 2451 (R3) showed a low Kmvalue implying its higher specificity for fibrin but this strain (MTCC 2451) didn't produce NK in sufficient quantity. The low Km of MTCC 2451 NK implicates its potential candidature for treating blood clots in cardiovascular patients. The NK produced by MTCC 2616 (R1) was produced in sufficient quantity and showed good fibrin dissolving potential. The aprN of MTCC 2616 substantially varied from the other four strains. The aprN of MTCC 2756 (R2), MTCC 2451 (R3), MTCC 1427 (R4), and MTCC 7164 (R5) shared > 99% sequence identity, but the encoded NKs had significant variations in their Km values. The biochemical-molecular analyses indicate the co-presence of three critical residues (Thr130, Asp140, and Tyr217) as a quintessential attribute in determining the low Km of NK enzymes, and the absence of any one of the three critical residues may affect (highly increase) the Km.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapoor
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nutt D, Hayes A, Fonville L, Zafar R, Palmer EO, Paterson L, Lingford-Hughes A. Alcohol and the Brain. Nutrients 2021; 13:3938. [PMID: 34836193 PMCID: PMC8625009 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol works on the brain to produce its desired effects, e.g., sociability and intoxication, and hence the brain is an important organ for exploring subsequent harms. These come in many different forms such as the consequences of damage during intoxication, e.g., from falls and fights, damage from withdrawal, damage from the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites and altered brain structure and function with implications for behavioral processes such as craving and addiction. On top of that are peripheral factors that compound brain damage such as poor diet, vitamin deficiencies leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Prenatal alcohol exposure can also have a profound impact on brain development and lead to irremediable changes of fetal alcohol syndrome. This chapter briefly reviews aspects of these with a particular focus on recent brain imaging results. Cardiovascular effects of alcohol that lead to brain pathology are not covered as they are dealt with elsewhere in the volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK; (A.H.); (L.F.); (R.Z.); (E.O.C.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.-H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cardilin T, Almquist J, Jirstrand M, Zimmermann A, Lignet F, El Bawab S, Gabrielsson J. Exposure-response modeling improves selection of radiation and radiosensitizer combinations. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 49:167-178. [PMID: 34623558 PMCID: PMC8940791 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A central question in drug discovery is how to select drug candidates from a large number of available compounds. This analysis presents a model-based approach for comparing and ranking combinations of radiation and radiosensitizers. The approach is quantitative and based on the previously-derived Tumor Static Exposure (TSE) concept. Combinations of radiation and radiosensitizers are evaluated based on their ability to induce tumor regression relative to toxicity and other potential costs. The approach is presented in the form of a case study where the objective is to find the most promising candidate out of three radiosensitizing agents. Data from a xenograft study is described using a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach and a previously-published tumor model for radiation and radiosensitizing agents. First, the most promising candidate is chosen under the assumption that all compounds are equally toxic. The impact of toxicity in compound selection is then illustrated by assuming that one compound is more toxic than the others, leading to a different choice of candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Cardilin
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Joachim Almquist
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Zimmermann
- Translation Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salling MC, Grassetti A, Ferrera VP, Martinez D, Foltin RW. Negative allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 attenuates alcohol self-administration in baboons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 208:173227. [PMID: 34224733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many of the behavioral symptoms that define alcohol use disorder (AUD) are thought to be mediated by amplified glutamatergic activity. As a result, previous preclinical studies have investigated glutamate receptor inhibition as a potential pharmacotherapy for AUD, particularly the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5). In rodents, mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have been shown to decrease alcohol self-administration. However, their effect on non-human primates has not previously been explored. To bridge this gap, the effects of mGlu5 NAM pretreatment on sweetened alcohol (8% w/v in diluted KoolAid) self-administration in female baboons were evaluated. Two different mGlu5 NAMs were tested: 1) 3-2((-Methyl-4-thiazolyl) ethynyl) pyridine (MTEP) which was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg IM; and 2) auglurant (N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-5-yloxy)picolinamide), a newly developed NAM, which was tested under two different routes (0.001, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mg/kg IM and 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg PO). MTEP decreased both fixed ratio and progressive ratio responding for sweetened alcohol. Auglurant, administered IM, decreased alcohol self-administration at doses that did not affect self-administration of an alcohol-free sweet liquid reward (0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg). Oral administration of auglurant was not effective in decreasing alcohol self-administration. Our results extend positive findings from rodent studies on mGlu5 regulation of alcohol drinking to female baboons and further strengthen the rationale for targeting mGlu5 in clinical trials for AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Salling
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Lousiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Alexander Grassetti
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Foltin
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mervin LH, Mitricheva E, Logothetis NK, Bifone A, Bender A, Noori HR. Neurochemical underpinning of hemodynamic response to neuropsychiatric drugs: A meta- and cluster analysis of preclinical studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:874-885. [PMID: 32281457 PMCID: PMC7983335 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20916003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an extensively used method for the investigation of normal and pathological brain function. In particular, fMRI has been used to characterize spatiotemporal hemodynamic response to pharmacological challenges as a non-invasive readout of neuronal activity. However, the mechanisms underlying regional signal changes are yet unclear. In this study, we use a meta-analytic approach to converge data from microdialysis experiments with relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes following acute administration of neuropsychiatric drugs in adult male rats. At whole-brain level, the functional response patterns show very weak correlation with neurochemical alterations, while for numerous brain areas a strong positive correlation with noradrenaline release exists. At a local scale of individual brain regions, the rCBV response to neurotransmitters is anatomically heterogeneous and, importantly, based on a complex interplay of different neurotransmitters that often exert opposing effects, thus providing a mechanism for regulating and fine tuning hemodynamic responses in specific regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Mervin
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ekaterina Mitricheva
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of ketogenic diet and ketone monoester supplement on acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:833-844. [PMID: 33410985 PMCID: PMC7914216 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE After alcohol ingestion, the brain partly switches from consumption of glucose to consumption of the alcohol metabolite acetate. In heavy drinkers, the switch persists after abrupt abstinence, leading to the hypothesis that the resting brain may be "starved" when acetate levels suddenly drop during abstinence, despite normal blood glucose, contributing to withdrawal symptoms. We hypothesized that ketone bodies, like acetate, could act as alternative fuels in the brain and alleviate withdrawal symptoms. OBJECTIVES We previously reported that a ketogenic diet during alcohol exposure reduced acute withdrawal symptoms in rats. Here, our goals were to test whether (1) we could reproduce our findings, in mice and with longer alcohol exposure; (2) ketone bodies alone are sufficient to reduce withdrawal symptoms (clarifying mechanism); (3) introduction of ketogenic diets at abstinence (a clinically more practical implementation) would also be effective. METHODS Male C57BL/6NTac mice had intermittent alcohol exposure for 3 weeks using liquid diet. Somatic alcohol withdrawal symptoms were measured as handling-induced convulsions; anxiety-like behavior was measured using the light-dark transition test. We tested a ketogenic diet, and a ketone monoester supplement with a regular carbohydrate-containing diet. RESULTS The regular diet with ketone monoester was sufficient to reduce handling-induced convulsions and anxiety-like behaviors in early withdrawal. Only the ketone monoester reduced handling-induced convulsions when given during abstinence, consistent with faster elevation of blood ketones, relative to ketogenic diet. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the potential utility of therapeutic ketosis as an adjunctive treatment in early detoxification in alcohol-dependent patients seeking to become abstinent. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov NCT03878225, NCT03255031.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wiers CE, Cunningham SI, Tomasi DG, Ernst T, Chang L, Shokri-Kojori E, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Elevated thalamic glutamate levels and reduced water diffusivity in alcohol use disorder: Association with impulsivity. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 305:111185. [PMID: 32957041 PMCID: PMC9347183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol induces neuroinflammation but its role in cognitive impairment and impulsivity in alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been poorly investigated. We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure brain glutamate (Glu) levels and diffusion-weighted imaging to measure functional anisotropy (FA) in the thalamus and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) in 15 recently detoxified patients with AUD and 14 matched controls. Compared to controls, AUD patients showed higher Glu levels (p = 0.04) and lower FA in the thalamus (p = 0.04) but not in the vACC. In AUD, thalamic Glu levels (r = 0.62, p = 0.019) and FA (r=-0.55, p = 0.034) were associated with severity of drinking (drinks/week). Compared to controls, AUD patients showed higher scores on Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale for impulsivity (p = 0.03), which correlated with glutamate levels in the thalamus (r = 0.58, p = 0.03) and vACC (r = 0.55, p = 0.036). In a second cohort of AUD patients (n = 32), Glu in dorsal ACC (dACC) also correlated with Barrett Impulsiveness Scale total score (r = 0.43, p = 0.014). We interpret the elevated thalamic Glu levels and the parallel reduction in FA in AUD-which correlated with drinking severity-as possible evidence of neurotoxicity from neuroinflammation. The association of Glu with impulsivity suggests that neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol exposure in the thalamus and dACC may contribute to impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Dardo G Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. USA; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vena AA, Zandy SL, Cofresí RU, Gonzales RA. Behavioral, neurobiological, and neurochemical mechanisms of ethanol self-administration: A translational review. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107573. [PMID: 32437827 PMCID: PMC7580704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder has multiple characteristics including excessive ethanol consumption, impaired control over drinking behaviors, craving and withdrawal symptoms, compulsive seeking behaviors, and is considered a chronic condition. Relapse is common. Determining the neurobiological targets of ethanol and the adaptations induced by chronic ethanol exposure is critical to understanding the clinical manifestation of alcohol use disorders, the mechanisms underlying the various features of the disorder, and for informing medication development. In the present review, we discuss ethanol's interactions with a variety of neurotransmitter systems, summarizing findings from preclinical and translational studies to highlight recent progress in the field. We then describe animal models of ethanol self-administration, emphasizing the value, limitations, and validity of commonly used models. Lastly, we summarize the behavioral changes induced by chronic ethanol self-administration, with an emphasis on cue-elicited behavior, the role of ethanol-related memories, and the emergence of habitual ethanol seeking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Vena
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, United States of America
| | | | - Roberto U Cofresí
- Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rueben A Gonzales
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mesenchymal stem cells as new perspective for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Gene Ther 2020; 27:471-473. [PMID: 32107474 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Egenrieder L, Mitricheva E, Spanagel R, Noori HR. No basal or drug‐induced sex differences in striatal dopaminergic levels: a cluster and meta‐analysis of rat microdialysis studies. J Neurochem 2019; 152:482-492. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisamon Egenrieder
- Institute of Psychopharmacology Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hansson AC, Gründer G, Hirth N, Noori HR, Spanagel R, Sommer WH. Dopamine and opioid systems adaptation in alcoholism revisited: Convergent evidence from positron emission tomography and postmortem studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:141-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Sleep and Microdialysis: An Experiment and a Systematic Review of Histamine and Several Amino Acids. J Circadian Rhythms 2019; 17:7. [PMID: 31303885 PMCID: PMC6611484 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep seems essential to proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The role of different neurotransmitters has been studied, mainly the catecholamines and serotonin. Less attention has been paid to the amino acid transmitters and histamine. Here, we focus on the activity of these molecules in the PFC during sleep and sleep deprivation (SD). We determined extracellular concentrations of histamine and 8 amino acids in the medial PFC before, during and after SD. Additionally, we systematically reviewed the literature on studies reporting microdialysis measurements relating to sleep throughout the brain. In our experiment, median concentrations of glutamate were higher during SD than during baseline (p = 0.013) and higher during the dark-active than during the resting phase (p = 0.003). Glutamine was higher during post-SD recovery than during baseline (p = 0.010). For other compounds, no differences were observed between light and dark circadian phase, and between sleep deprivation, recovery and baseline. We retrieved 13 papers reporting on one or more of the molecules of interest during naturally occurring sleep, 2 during sleep deprivation and 2 during both. Only two studies targeted PFC. Histamine was low during sleep, but high during sleep deprivation and wakefulness, irrespective of brain area. Glu (k = 11) and GABA (k = 8) concentrations in different brain areas were reported to peak during sleep or wakefulness or to lack state-dependency. Aspartate, glycine, asparagine and taurine were less often studied (1-2 times), but peaked exclusively during sleep. Sleep deprivation increased glutamate and GABA exclusively in the cortex. Further studies are needed for drawing solid conclusions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fritz M, Klawonn AM, Zahr NM. Neuroimaging in alcohol use disorder: From mouse to man. J Neurosci Res 2019; 100:1140-1158. [PMID: 31006907 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent advances in understanding the effects of alcohol use disorders (AUD) on the brain from the perspective of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research in preclinical models and clinical studies. As a noninvasive investigational tool permitting assessment of morphological, metabolic, and hemodynamic changes over time, MRI offers insight into the dynamic course of alcoholism beginning with initial exposure through periods of binge drinking and escalation, sobriety, and relapse and has been useful in differential diagnosis of neurological diseases associated with AUD. Structural MRI has revealed acute and chronic effects of alcohol on both white and gray matter volumes. MR Spectroscopy, able to quantify brain metabolites in vivo, has shed light on biochemical alterations associated with alcoholism. Diffusion tensor imaging permits microstructural characterization of white matter fiber tracts. Functional MRI has allowed for elucidation of hemodynamic responses at rest and during task engagement. Positron emission tomography, a non-MRI imaging tool, has led to a deeper understanding of alcohol-induced receptor and neurotransmitter changes during various stages of drinking and abstinence. Together, such in vivo imaging tools have expanded our understanding of the dynamic course of alcoholism including evidence for regional specificity of the effects of AUD, hints at mechanisms underlying the shift from casual to compulsive use of alcohol, and profound recovery with sustained abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anna M Klawonn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oberhofer J, Noori HR. Quantitative evaluation of cue-induced reinstatement model for evidence-based experimental optimization. Addict Biol 2019; 24:218-227. [PMID: 29239088 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cue-induced reinstatement is a widely used model for investigating relapse of reward-seeking behavior with high face validity in relation to clinical observations. Yet, face validity is not sufficient to evaluate an animal model, and quantitative, evidence-based analysis is required to estimate the ultimate applicability of this paradigm. Furthermore, such analysis would allow an accurate and reproducible design of future experiments. Here, we conducted meta-analysis and cluster analysis to characterize the impact of cue type (visual, auditory, olfactory or combinations thereof), intensity (e.g. light frequency, sound volume and odor concentration), reward type (e.g. different drugs of abuse, sucrose and food pellets) and model parameters (e.g. housing condition, age, gender and strain of animals) on reinstatement levels. We selected 184 publications for meta-analysis based on inclusion criteria with a total number of 3889 rats. Our analysis suggested that the exact level of reinstatement depends on neither cue type, nor intensity nor on the type of reward. While all cues induced reinstatement to reward-seeking behavior, it is the model parameters, in particular, the housing conditions, age and strain, that defined the final reinstatement levels. In particular, single-housed, adolescent, Wistar or Lister Hooded rats showed significantly higher reinstatement than adult, Sparague-Dawley rats housed in groups. Our findings suggest that model parameters (for example, single housing) evoke stress-induced behaviors that affect reinstatement more than cue/reward factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oberhofer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
- Neuronal Convergence Group; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics; Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brain Microdialysate Monoamines in Relation to Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Sleep Deprivation - a Systematic Review, Network Meta-analysis, and New Primary Data. J Circadian Rhythms 2019; 17:1. [PMID: 30671123 PMCID: PMC6337052 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the monoaminergic system, e.g. by sleep deprivation (SD), seems to promote certain diseases. Assessment of monoamine levels over the circadian cycle, during different sleep stages and during SD is instrumental to understand the molecular dynamics during and after SD. To provide a complete overview of all available evidence, we performed a systematic review. A comprehensive search was performed for microdialysis and certain monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline), certain monoamine metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) and a precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)) in PubMed and EMBASE. After screening of the search results by two independent reviewers, 94 publications were included. All results were tabulated and described qualitatively. Network-meta analyses (NMAs) were performed to compare noradrenaline and serotonin concentrations between sleep stages. We further present experimental monoamine data from the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC). Monoamine levels varied with brain region and circadian cycle. During sleep, monoamine levels generally decreased compared to wake. These qualitative observations were supported by the NMAs: noradrenaline and serotonin levels decreased from wakefulness to slow wave sleep and decreased further during Rapid Eye Movement sleep. In contrast, monoamine levels generally increased during SD, and sometimes remained high even during subsequent recovery. Decreases during or after SD were only reported for serotonin. In our experiment, SD did not affect any of the mPFC monoamine levels. Concluding, monoamine levels vary over the light-dark cycle and between sleep stages. SD modifies the patterns, with effects sometimes lasting beyond the SD period.
Collapse
|
17
|
Noori HR, Mervin LH, Bokharaie V, Durmus Ö, Egenrieder L, Fritze S, Gruhlke B, Reinhardt G, Schabel HH, Staudenmaier S, Logothetis NK, Bender A, Spanagel R. Systemic neurotransmitter responses to clinically approved and experimental neuropsychiatric drugs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4699. [PMID: 30410047 PMCID: PMC6224407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are the third leading cause of global disease burden. Current pharmacological treatment for these disorders is inadequate, with often insufficient efficacy and undesirable side effects. One reason for this is that the links between molecular drug action and neurobehavioral drug effects are elusive. We use a big data approach from the neurotransmitter response patterns of 258 different neuropsychiatric drugs in rats to address this question. Data from experiments comprising 110,674 rats are presented in the Syphad database [ www.syphad.org ]. Chemoinformatics analyses of the neurotransmitter responses suggest a mismatch between the current classification of neuropsychiatric drugs and spatiotemporal neurostransmitter response patterns at the systems level. In contrast, predicted drug-target interactions reflect more appropriately brain region related neurotransmitter response. In conclusion the neurobiological mechanism of neuropsychiatric drugs are not well reflected by their current classification or their chemical similarity, but can be better captured by molecular drug-target interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
- Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lewis H Mervin
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Vahid Bokharaie
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Özlem Durmus
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lisamon Egenrieder
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Fritze
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Britta Gruhlke
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Giulia Reinhardt
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Hendrik Schabel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Staudenmaier
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Systematic Search and Mapping Review of Studies on Intracerebral Microdialysis of Amino Acids, and Systematized Review of Studies on Circadian Rhythms. J Circadian Rhythms 2018; 16:12. [PMID: 30483349 PMCID: PMC6196574 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Microdialysis can be used to measure amino acids in the extracellular space in vivo, based on the principle of diffusion. Variations in experimental set-up result in variations in baseline levels of the compounds measured. Variations may also be due to circadian rhythms. Method: We systematically searched and mapped the literature on all studies reporting baseline microdialysis measurements of histamine and the amino acids asparagine, aspartate, GABA, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline and taurine. We fully reviewed the studies describing circadian rhythms for histamine and the selected amino acids. Results: We retrieved 2331 papers describing baseline measurements of one or more of the compounds of interest. We provide a numerical summary and lists of the publications by compound. We retrieved 11 references describing studies on the circadian rhythms of the compounds of interest. Aspartate, glutamate and histamine are generally higher during the dark than during the light phase in nocturnal rodents. For glutamine, no rhythmicity was observed. For GABA, the results were too inconsistent to generalise. For asparagine, glycine, proline and taurine, insufficient data are available. Conclusion: The literature on intracerebral microdialysis measurements of the amino acids is vast, but certain primary studies are still warranted. Future systematic reviews on the individual compounds can shed light on the effects of experimental variations on baseline concentrations.
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Mierden S, Savelyev SA, IntHout J, de Vries RBM, Leenaars CHC. Intracerebral microdialysis of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate - a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of baseline concentrations. J Neurochem 2018; 147:58-70. [PMID: 30025168 PMCID: PMC6220825 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a method to study the extracellular space in vivo, based on the principle of diffusion. It can be used to measure various small molecules including the neuroregulator adenosine. Baseline levels of the compounds measured with microdialysis vary over studies. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the full range of reported baseline concentrations of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate in microdialysates. We performed a meta‐regression analysis to study the influence of flow rate, probe membrane surface area, species, brain area and anaesthesia versus freely behaving, on the adenosine concentration. Baseline adenosine concentrations in microdialysates ranged from 0.8 to 2100 nM. There was limited evidence on baseline adenosine monophosphate concentrations in microdialysates. Across studies, we found effects of flow rate and anaesthesia versus freely behaving on dialysate adenosine concentrations (p ≤ 0.001), but not of probe membrane surface, species, or brain area (p ≥ 0.14). With increasing flow rate, adenosine concentrations decreased. With anaesthesia, adenosine concentrations increased. The effect of other predictor variables on baseline adenosine concentrations, for example, post‐surgical recovery time, could not be analysed because of a lack of reported data. This study shows that meta‐regression can be used as an alternative to new animal experiments to answer research questions in the field of neurochemistry. However, current levels of reporting of primary studies are insufficient to reach the full potential of this approach; 63 out of 133 studies could not be included in the analysis because of insufficient reporting, and several potentially relevant factors had to be excluded from the analyses. The level of reporting of experimental detail needs to improve. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stevie van der Mierden
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sergey A Savelyev
- Medical Biological Research & Development Centre 'Cytomed', St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Joanna IntHout
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Animals in Science and Society - Human-Animal Relationship, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheng H, Kellar D, Lake A, Finn P, Rebec GV, Dharmadhikari S, Dydak U, Newman S. Effects of Alcohol Cues on MRS Glutamate Levels in the Anterior Cingulate. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:209-215. [PMID: 29329417 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission plays a critical role in alcohol addiction. Cue-induced change of glutamate has been observed in animal studies but never been investigated in humans. This work investigates cue-induced change in forebrain glutamate in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). A total of 35 subjects (17 individuals with AUD and 18 healthy controls) participated in this study. The glutamate concentration was measured with single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy at the dorsal anterior cingulate. Two MRS sessions were performed in succession, the first to establish basal glutamate levels and the second to measure the change in response to alcohol cues. The changes in glutamate were quantified for both AUD subjects and controls. A mixed model ANOVA and t-tests were performed for statistical analysis. ANOVA revealed a main effect of cue-induced decrease of glutamate level in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). A significant interaction revealed that only AUD subjects showed significant decrease of glutamate in the ACC. There were no significant group differences in the level of basal glutamate. However, a negative correlation was found between the basal glutamate level and the number of drinking days in the past 2 weeks for the AUD subjects. Collectively, our results indicate that glutamate in key areas of the forebrain reward circuit is modulated by alcohol cues in early alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Derek Kellar
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Allison Lake
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Peter Finn
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - George V Rebec
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Shalmali Dharmadhikari
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharlene Newman
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Angelovski G, Tóth É. Strategies for sensing neurotransmitters with responsive MRI contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:324-336. [PMID: 28059423 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of research involving multidisciplinary approaches is currently dedicated to the understanding of brain function. The complexity of physiological processes that underlie neural activity is the greatest hurdle to faster advances. Among imaging techniques, MRI has great potential to enable mapping of neural events with excellent specificity, spatiotemporal resolution and unlimited tissue penetration depth. To this end, molecular imaging approaches using neurotransmitter-sensitive MRI agents have appeared recently to study neuronal activity, along with the first successful in vivo MRI studies. Here, we review the pioneering steps in the development of molecular MRI methods that could allow functional imaging of the brain by sensing the neurotransmitter activity directly. We provide a brief overview of other imaging and analytical methods to detect neurotransmitter activity, and describe the approaches to sense neurotransmitters by means of molecular MRI agents. Based on these initial steps, further progress in probe chemistry and the emergence of innovative imaging methods to directly monitor neurotransmitters can be envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Angelovski
- MR Neuroimaging Agents, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Éva Tóth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cuzon Carlson VC. GABA and Glutamate Synaptic Coadaptations to Chronic Ethanol in the Striatum. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:79-112. [PMID: 29460153 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) is a widely used and abused drug with approximately 90% of adults over the age of 18 consuming alcohol at some point in their lifetime. Alcohol exerts its actions through multiple neurotransmitter systems within the brain, most notably the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Alcohol's actions on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been suggested to underlie the acute behavioral effects of ethanol. The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor and reward systems. The effect of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission within striatal circuitry has been thought to underlie ethanol taking, seeking, withdrawal and relapse. This chapter reviews the effects of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, highlighting the dynamic changes in striatal circuitry from acute to chronic exposure and withdrawal.
Collapse
|
23
|
GABA Uptake Inhibition Reduces In Vivo Extraction Fraction in the Ventral Tegmental Area of Long Evans Rats Measured by Quantitative Microdialysis Under Transient Conditions. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:306-315. [PMID: 29127598 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in the mechanism of action for many drugs of abuse. Although drugs of abuse have been shown to alter extracellular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in the VTA, knowledge on how uptake mechanisms are regulated in vivo is limited. Quantitative (no-net-flux) microdialysis is commonly used to examine the extracellular concentration and clearance of monoamine neurotransmitters, however it is unclear whether this method is sensitive to changes in clearance for amino acid neurotransmitters such as GABA. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in GABA uptake are reflected by in vivo extraction fraction within the VTA. Using quantitative (no-net-flux) microdialysis adapted for transient conditions, we examined the effects of local perfusion with the GABA uptake inhibitor, nipecotic acid, in the VTA of Long Evans rats. Basal extracellular GABA concentration and in vivo extraction fraction were 44.4 ± 1.9 nM (x-intercepts from 4 baseline regressions using a total of 24 rats) and 0.19 ± 0.01 (slopes from 4 baseline regressions using a total of 24 rats), respectively. Nipecotic acid (50 μM) significantly increased extracellular GABA concentration to 170 ± 4 nM and reduced in vivo extraction fraction to 0.112 ± 0.003. Extraction fraction returned to baseline following removal of nipecotic acid from the perfusate. Conventional microdialysis substantially underestimated the increase of extracellular GABA concentration due to nipecotic acid perfusion compared with that obtained from the quantitative analysis. Together, these results show that inhibiting GABA uptake mechanisms within the VTA alters in vivo extraction fraction measured using microdialysis and that in vivo extraction fraction may be an indirect measure of GABA clearance.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fritze S, Spanagel R, Noori HR. Adaptive dynamics of the 5-HT systems following chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis. J Neurochem 2017; 142:747-755. [PMID: 28653748 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most frequently prescribed antidepressants. However, a major concern is their delayed onset of action, which is hypothesized to be associated with the time required for serotonin (5-HT) autoreceptors to desensitize, which should be reflected by actual neurochemical changes. Numerous in vivo microdialysis studies have been published that report on 5-HT levels in different brain sites following SSRI administration. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on dynamic changes of 5-HT neurotransmission during the course of chronic SSRI treatment. We conducted a meta-analysis on research articles of 5-HT neurotransmission measured by in vivo microdialysis in rat brain after subchronic and chronic SSRI administrations. In total, data from 42 microdialysis studies (798 rats) were analyzed. Within the first week of SSRI treatment, extracellular 5-HT concentrations drop in frontal cortex. Over the next 2 weeks of treatment, a linear increase in extracellular 5-HT levels up to 350% of prior treatment baseline is evident (n = 269). However, in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area we found increased 5-HT levels within the first 3 days of SSRI administration. The time course of 5-HT dynamics in frontal cortex is in line with the hypothesis that 5-HT autoreceptors desensitize over 2-3 weeks of SSRI treatment and thereby enhanced extracellular 5-HT levels ensue. Yet, in other regions we did not find evidence supporting the traditional autoreceptor-mediated feedback loops hypothesis and thus other neurobiological adaptation mechanisms may also play a role in the delayed onset of SSRI action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fritze
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zandy SL, Doherty JM, Wibisono ND, Gonzales RA. High sensitivity HPLC method for analysis of in vivo extracellular GABA using optimized fluorescence parameters for o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)/sulfite derivatives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:1-7. [PMID: 28433865 PMCID: PMC5536952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase HPLC with derivatization using o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and sulfite allows electrochemical detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in microdialysis samples. However, OPA/sulfite derivatives have been reported to produce lower fluorescent yield than OPA derivatives using organic thiols as the nucleophile. To overcome this limitation we examined excitation and emission spectra, reaction time, pH, and concentration of reagents in the derivatization solution. Optimal detection parameters were determined as λex=220nm and λem=385nm for maximal fluorescence. The derivatization reaction occurred immediately and the product was stable up to 24 h [corrected]. A pH of 10.4 for the borate buffer used in the derivatization solution was significantly better than lower pH. Increasing the amount of sulfite combined with diluting the derivatization solution in borate buffer resulted in complete separation of the GABA peak from contaminants without any loss in signal. Controlling the temperature of the detector at 15°C significantly improved sensitivity with a detection limit of approximately 1nM. To validate this assay, we performed microdialysis in the dorsal striatum and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adult Long Evans rats. GABA concentrations in dialysates were determined using external standards and standard additions, in order to further confirm interfering peaks were not present in biological samples. Within the dorsal striatum (n=4), basal GABA concentrations were 12.9±2.2 and 14.5±2.2nM (external and additions, respectively). Respective basal GABA concentrations in the VTA (n=3) were 4.6±1.1 and 5.1±0.6nM. Thus, we have developed a novel, sensitive fluorescence method to determine GABA in microdialysates using HPLC of an OPA/sulfite derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Zandy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James M Doherty
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nathan D Wibisono
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rueben A Gonzales
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seidemann T, Spies C, Morgenstern R, Wernecke KD, Netzhammer N. Influence of Volatile Anesthesia on the Release of Glutamate and other Amino Acids in the Nucleus Accumbens in a Rat Model of Alcohol Withdrawal: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169017. [PMID: 28045949 PMCID: PMC5207639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition, which can occur when patients with alcohol use disorders undergo general anesthesia. Excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, act as neurotransmitters and are known to play a key role in alcohol withdrawal syndrome. To understand this process better, we investigated the influence of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane anesthesia on the profile of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of alcohol-withdrawn rats (AWR). Methods Eighty Wistar rats were randomized into two groups of 40, pair-fed with alcoholic or non-alcoholic nutrition. Nutrition was withdrawn and microdialysis was performed to measure the activity of amino acids in the NAcc. The onset time of the withdrawal syndrome was first determined in an experiment with 20 rats. Sixty rats then received isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane anesthesia for three hours during the withdrawal period, followed by one hour of elimination. Amino acid concentrations were measured using chromatography and results were compared to baseline levels measured prior to induction of anesthesia. Results Glutamate release increased in the alcohol group at five hours after the last alcohol intake (p = 0.002). After 140 min, desflurane anesthesia led to a lower release of glutamate (p < 0.001) and aspartate (p = 0.0007) in AWR compared to controls. GABA release under and after desflurane anesthesia was also significantly lower in AWR than controls (p = 0.023). Over the course of isoflurane anesthesia, arginine release decreased in AWR compared to controls (p < 0.001), and aspartate release increased after induction relative to controls (p20min = 0.015 and p40min = 0.006). However, amino acid levels did not differ between the groups as a result of sevoflurane anesthesia. Conclusions Each of three volatile anesthetics we studied showed different effects on excitatory and inhibitory amino acid concentrations. Under desflurane anesthesia, both glutamate and aspartate showed a tendency to be lower in AWR than controls over the whole timecourse. The inhibitory amino acid arginine increased in AWR compared to controls, whereas GABA levels decreased. However, there were no significant differences in amino acid concentrations under or after sevoflurane anesthesia. Under isoflurane, aspartate release increased in AWR following induction, and from 40 min to 140 min arginine release in controls was elevated. The precise mechanisms through which each of the volatile anesthetics affected amino acid concentrations are still unclear and further experimental research is required to draw reliable conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seidemann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rudolf Morgenstern
- Institute of Pharmacology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Netzhammer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heilig M, Sommer WH, Spanagel R. The Need for Treatment Responsive Translational Biomarkers in Alcoholism Research. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 28:151-171. [PMID: 27240677 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, major advances have been made in the basic neuroscience of alcohol addiction. However, few of these have been translated into clinically useful treatments, which remain limited. In the past decade, psychiatric drug development in general has been stalled, with many preclinically validated mechanisms failing in clinical development. Despite the existence of appealing preclinical models in the area of addictive disorders, drug development for these conditions has been impacted by the exodus of major pharma from psychiatric neuroscience. Here, we discuss translational biomarker strategies that may help turn this tide. Following an approach patterned on an endophenotype approach to complex behavioral traits, we hypothesize that relatively simple biological measures should be sought that can be obtained both in experimental animals and in humans, and that may be responsive to alcoholism medications. These biomarkers have to be tailored to the specific mechanism targeted by candidate medications and may in fact also help identify biologically more homogeneous subpopulations of patients. We introduce as examples alcohol-induced dopamine (DA) release, measures of central glutamate levels, and network connectivity, and discuss our experience to date with these biomarker strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hillmer AT, Mason GF, Fucito LM, O'Malley SS, Cosgrove KP. How Imaging Glutamate, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Dopamine Can Inform the Clinical Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2268-82. [PMID: 26510169 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have dramatically advanced our understanding of the neurochemical basis of alcohol dependence, a major public health issue. In this paper, we review the research generated from neurochemical specific imaging modalities including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography in studies of alcohol dependence and withdrawal. We focus on studies interrogating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and dopamine, as these are prominent neurotransmitter systems implicated in alcohol dependence. Highlighted findings include diminished dopaminergic functioning and modulation of the GABA system by tobacco smoking during alcohol withdrawal. Then, we consider how these findings impact the clinical treatment of alcohol dependence and discuss directions for future experiments to address existing gaps in the literature, for example, sex differences and smoking comorbidity. These and other considerations provide opportunities to build upon the current neurochemistry imaging literature of alcohol dependence and withdrawal, which may usher in improved therapeutic and relapse prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansel T Hillmer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Departments of Psychiatry and Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa M Fucito
- Departments of Psychiatry and Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Departments of Psychiatry and Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Departments of Psychiatry and Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heilig M, Leggio L. What the alcohol doctor ordered from the neuroscientist: Theragnostic biomarkers for personalized treatments. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:401-18. [PMID: 26822368 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in the neuroscientific understanding of alcohol actions have so far not translated into measurably improved clinical outcomes in alcoholism. Future treatment development should be guided by accumulating insights into a diverse range of biological mechanisms that maintain the pathophysiology of alcoholism in different individuals, but also at different points in time within any given patient. This biological diversity calls for the development and use of biological markers predictive of treatment response in the individual case, at the specific stage of the disease, here called "theragnostics." As novel therapeutic mechanisms and molecules targeting these mechanisms are discovered, the use of theragnostics will be critical for their successful clinical development, as well as their optimal subsequent clinical use. During clinical development, lest theragnostics are utilized, efficacy signals will risk remaining undetected when diluted in study populations that are not appropriately selected. Similarly, for treatments that reach approval, clinical acceptance, and optimal use will require the proper identification of responsive patients. Here, we discuss desirable properties of theragnostic biomarkers in alcohol addiction using two examples: alcohol-induced activation of brain reward circuitry as assessed using positron emission tomography of functional magnetic resonance imaging; and central glutamate tone, as assessed using MR spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Noori HR, Helinski S, Spanagel R. Cluster and meta-analyses on factors influencing stress-induced alcohol drinking and relapse in rodents. Addict Biol 2014; 19:225-32. [PMID: 24589296 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have focused on the identification of biological and environmental factors that modulate stress and alcohol interactions. Although there is a good qualitative description of the determinants of alcohol consumption in rodents, the magnitude of the variables influencing stress-induced ethanol intake and its dynamics are still poorly understood. We therefore carried out a clustered meta-analysis on stress-induced alcohol consumption in 1520 rats. Two-step clustering of the literature-derived dataset suggests a strong dependency of the experimental outcome on the method used to measure alcohol intake. Free-choice home cage drinking versus operant self-administration is the most critical determinant of stress-induced increases in alcohol consumption in rats. Stress does not typically result in enhanced alcohol consumption in operant self-administration paradigms, whereas it leads to increased home cage drinking. Stress-induced alcohol consumption is age dependent, with adults being more sensitive than adolescents. In addition, foot shock and forced swim stress enhance alcohol intake, while restraint stress does not. In contrast, a meta-analysis of 327 rats on stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior shows less influence of those modulating factors, and usually foot shock or yohimbine leads to a reinstatement of approximately 300 percent of extinction level responding. Via accurate characterization of the significant factors in the interplay of alcohol consumption, relapse and stress, our quantitative description not only improves the understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also provides an appropriate framework for the optimal experimental design of preclinical studies that more accurately translates to the human condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH); Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sandra Helinski
- Institute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH); Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH); Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Spanagel R, Durstewitz D, Hansson A, Heinz A, Kiefer F, Köhr G, Matthäus F, Nöthen MM, Noori HR, Obermayer K, Rietschel M, Schloss P, Scholz H, Schumann G, Smolka M, Sommer W, Vengeliene V, Walter H, Wurst W, Zimmermann US, Stringer S, Smits Y, Derks EM. A systems medicine research approach for studying alcohol addiction. Addict Biol 2013; 18:883-96. [PMID: 24283978 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about 2 billion people drink alcohol. Excessive alcohol consumption can result in alcohol addiction, which is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases afflicting our society today. Prevention and intervention of alcohol binging in adolescents and treatment of alcoholism are major unmet challenges affecting our health-care system and society alike. Our newly formed German SysMedAlcoholism consortium is using a new systems medicine approach and intends (1) to define individual neurobehavioral risk profiles in adolescents that are predictive of alcohol use disorders later in life and (2) to identify new pharmacological targets and molecules for the treatment of alcoholism. To achieve these goals, we will use omics-information from epigenomics, genetics transcriptomics, neurodynamics, global neurochemical connectomes and neuroimaging (IMAGEN; Schumann et al. ) to feed mathematical prediction modules provided by two Bernstein Centers for Computational Neurosciences (Berlin and Heidelberg/Mannheim), the results of which will subsequently be functionally validated in independent clinical samples and appropriate animal models. This approach will lead to new early intervention strategies and identify innovative molecules for relapse prevention that will be tested in experimental human studies. This research program will ultimately help in consolidating addiction research clusters in Germany that can effectively conduct large clinical trials, implement early intervention strategies and impact political and healthcare decision makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Anita Hansson
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Georg Köhr
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Department of Psychiatry; Charité University Medical Center; Germany
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Institute of Applied Mathematics; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Centre; University of Bonn; Germany
| | - Patrick Schloss
- Neural Information Processing Group; Technical University of Berlin; Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Behavioral Neurogenetics' Zoological Institute; University of Cologne; Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College; UK
| | - Michael Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sommer
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Valentina Vengeliene
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics; Helmholtz Center Munich; Germany
| | - Uli S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Sven Stringer
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Smits
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
RATIONALE An increasingly compelling literature points to a major role for the glutamate system in mediating the effects of alcohol on behavior and the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Preclinical studies indicate that glutamate signaling mediates certain aspects of ethanol's intoxicating and rewarding effects, and undergoes adaptations following chronic alcohol exposure that may contribute to the withdrawal, craving and compulsive drug-seeking that drive alcohol abuse and alcoholism. OBJECTIVES We discuss the potential for targeting the glutamate system as a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach to treating alcohol use disorders, focusing on five major components of the glutamate system: the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and specific NMDA subunits, the glycineB site on the NMDA receptors (NMDAR), L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid ionotropic (AMPA) and kainate (KAR) receptors, metabotropic receptors (mGluR), and glutamate transporters. RESULTS Chronic alcohol abuse produces a hyperglutamatergic state, characterized by elevated extracellular glutamate and altered glutamate receptors and transporters. Pharmacologically manipulating glutamatergic neurotransmission alters alcohol-related behaviors including intoxication, withdrawal, and alcohol-seeking, in rodents and human subjects. Blocking NMDA and AMPA receptors reduces alcohol consumption in rodents, but side-effects may limit this as a therapeutic approach. Selectively targeting NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits (e.g., GluN2B, GluA3), or the NMDAR glycineB site offers an alternative approach. Blocking mGluR5 potently affects various alcohol-related behaviors in rodents, and mGluR2/3 agonism also suppresses alcohol consumption. Finally, glutamate transporter upregulation may mitigate behavioral and neurotoxic sequelae of excess glutamate caused by alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Despite the many challenges that remain, targeting the glutamate system offers genuine promise for developing new treatments for alcoholism.
Collapse
|