1
|
R K Roy A, Noohi F, Morris NA, Ljubenkov P, Heuer H, Fong J, Hall M, Lario Lago A, Rankin KP, Miller BL, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Seeley WW, Perry DC, Yokoyama JS, Lee SE, Sturm VE. Basal parasympathetic deficits in C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion carriers relate to smaller frontoinsula and thalamus volume and lower empathy. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 43:103649. [PMID: 39098187 PMCID: PMC11342757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Diminished basal parasympathetic nervous system activity is a feature of frontotemporal dementia that relates to left frontoinsula dysfunction and empathy impairment. Individuals with a pathogenic expansion of the hexanucleotide repeat in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, provide a unique opportunity to examine whether parasympathetic activity is disrupted in genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia and to investigate when parasympathetic deficits manifest in the pathophysiological cascade. We measured baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a parasympathetic measure of heart rate variability, over two minutes in a sample of 102 participants that included 19 asymptomatic expansion carriers (C9+ asymp), 14 expansion carriers with mild cognitive impairment (C9+ MCI), 16 symptomatic expansion carriers with frontotemporal dementia (C9+ FTD), and 53 expansion-negative healthy controls (C9- HC) who also underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. In follow-up analyses, we compared baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the C9+ FTD group with an independent age-, sex-, and clinical severity-matched group of 26 people with sporadic behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. The Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-modified Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes score was used to quantify behavioral symptom severity, and informant ratings on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index provided measures of participants' current emotional (empathic concern) and cognitive (perspective-taking) empathy. Results indicated that the C9+ FTD group had lower baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia than the C9+ MCI, C9+ asymp, and C9- HC groups, a deficit that was comparable to that of sporadic behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Linear regression analyses indicated that lower baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia was associated with worse behavioral symptom severity and lower empathic concern and perspective-taking across the C9orf72 expansion carrier clinical spectrum. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analyses in participants with C9orf72 pathogenic expansions found that lower baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia correlated with smaller gray matter volume in the left frontoinsula and bilateral thalamus, key structures that support parasympathetic function, and in the bilateral parietal lobes, occipital lobes, and cerebellum, regions that are also vulnerable in individuals with C9orf72 expansions. This study provides novel evidence that basal parasympathetic functioning is diminished in FTD due to C9orf72 expansions and suggests that baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia may be a potential non-invasive biomarker that is sensitive to behavioral symptoms in the early stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlin R K Roy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fate Noohi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter Ljubenkov
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hilary Heuer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jamie Fong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew Hall
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David C Perry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dharmadasa T, Pavey N, Tu S, Menon P, Huynh W, Mahoney CJ, Timmins HC, Higashihara M, van den Bos M, Shibuya K, Kuwabara S, Grosskreutz J, Kiernan MC, Vucic S. Novel approaches to assessing upper motor neuron dysfunction in motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: IFCN handbook chapter. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 163:68-89. [PMID: 38705104 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Identifying upper motor neuron (UMN) dysfunction is fundamental to the diagnosis and understanding of disease pathogenesis in motor neuron disease (MND). The clinical assessment of UMN dysfunction may be difficult, particularly in the setting of severe muscle weakness. From a physiological perspective, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques provide objective biomarkers of UMN dysfunction in MND and may also be useful to interrogate cortical and network function. Single, paired- and triple pulse TMS techniques have yielded novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in MND, and have provided important pathogenic insights, particularly pertaining to site of disease onset. Cortical hyperexcitability, as heralded by reduced short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and increased short interval intracortical facilitation, has been associated with the onset of lower motor neuron degeneration, along with patterns of disease spread, development of specific clinical features such as the split hand phenomenon, and may provide an indication about the rate of disease progression. Additionally, reduction of SICI has emerged as a potential diagnostic aid in MND. The triple stimulation technique (TST) was shown to enhance the diagnostic utility of conventional TMS measures in detecting UMN dysfunction in MND. Separately, sophisticated brain imaging techniques have uncovered novel biomarkers of neurodegeneration that have bene associated with progression. The present review will discuss the utility of TMS and brain neuroimaging derived biomarkers of UMN dysfunction in MND, focusing on recently developed TMS techniques and advanced neuroimaging modalities that interrogate structural and functional integrity of the corticomotoneuronal system, with an emphasis on pathogenic, diagnostic, and prognostic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanuja Dharmadasa
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital City Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Pavey
- Brain and Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sicong Tu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Parvathi Menon
- Brain and Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Huynh
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Colin J Mahoney
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Hannah C Timmins
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Mana Higashihara
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mehdi van den Bos
- Brain and Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Neurology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Neurology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Precision Neurology, Excellence Cluster Precision Medicine in Inflammation, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Brain and Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos-García I, Rodríguez-Cueto C, Villegas P, Piscitelli F, Lauritano A, Shen CKJ, Di Marzo V, Fernández-Ruiz J, de Lago E. Preclinical investigation in FAAH inhibition as a neuroprotective therapy for frontotemporal dementia using TDP-43 transgenic male mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:108. [PMID: 37149645 PMCID: PMC10163746 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of early onset and progressive neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes, which causes deterioration in cognition, personality, social behavior and language. Around 45% of the cases are characterized by the presence of aggregates of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43. METHODS In this study, we have used a murine model of FTD that overexpresses this protein exclusively in the forebrain (under the control of the CaMKIIα promoter) for several biochemical, histological and pharmacological studies focused on the endocannabinoid system. RESULTS These mice exhibited at postnatal day 90 (PND90) important cognitive deficits, signs of emotional impairment and disinhibited social behaviour, which were, in most of cases, maintained during the first year of life of these animals. Motor activity was apparently normal, but FTD mice exhibited higher mortality. Their MRI imaging analysis and their ex-vivo histopathological evaluation proved changes compatible with atrophy (loss of specific groups of pyramidal neurons: Ctip2- and NeuN-positive cells) and inflammatory events (astroglial and microglial reactivities) in both cortical (medial prefrontal cortex) and subcortical (hippocampus) structures at PND90 and also at PND365. The analysis of the endocannabinoid system in these mice proved a decrease in the hydrolysing enzyme FAAH in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, with an increase in the synthesizing enzyme NAPE-PLD only in the hippocampus, responses that were accompanied by modest elevations in anandamide and related N-acylethanolamines. The potentiation of these elevated levels of anandamide after the pharmacological inactivation of FAAH with URB597 resulted in a general improvement in behaviour, in particular in cognitive deterioration, associated with the preservation of pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex and the CA1 layer of the hippocampus, and with the reduction of gliosis in both structures. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirmed the potential of elevating the endocannabinoid tone as a therapy against TDP-43-induced neuropathology in FTD, limiting glial reactivity, preserving neuronal integrity and improving cognitive, emotional and social deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Santos-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cueto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Villegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Che-Kun J Shen
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva de Lago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cannon AE, Zürrer WE, Zejlon C, Kulcsar Z, Lewandowski S, Piehl F, Granberg T, Ineichen BV. Neuroimaging findings in preclinical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models-How well do they mimic the clinical phenotype? A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1135282. [PMID: 37205225 PMCID: PMC10185801 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1135282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Animal models for motor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are commonly used in preclinical research. However, it is insufficiently understood how much findings from these model systems can be translated to humans. Thus, we aimed at systematically assessing the translational value of MND animal models to probe their external validity with regards to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. Methods In a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Embase, we retrieved 201 unique publications of which 34 were deemed eligible for qualitative synthesis including risk of bias assessment. Results ALS animal models can indeed present with human ALS neuroimaging features: Similar to the human paradigm, (regional) brain and spinal cord atrophy as well as signal changes in motor systems are commonly observed in ALS animal models. Blood-brain barrier breakdown seems to be more specific to ALS models, at least in the imaging domain. It is noteworthy that the G93A-SOD1 model, mimicking a rare clinical genotype, was the most frequently used ALS proxy. Conclusions Our systematic review provides high-grade evidence that preclinical ALS models indeed show imaging features highly reminiscent of human ALS assigning them a high external validity in this domain. This opposes the high attrition of drugs during bench-to-bedside translation and thus raises concerns that phenotypic reproducibility does not necessarily render an animal model appropriate for drug development. These findings emphasize a careful application of these model systems for ALS therapy development thereby benefiting refinement of animal experiments. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022373146.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte Zejlon
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Kulcsar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Victor Ineichen
- Center for Reproducible Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McKenna MC, Lope J, Bede P, Tan EL. Thalamic pathology in frontotemporal dementia: Predilection for specific nuclei, phenotype-specific signatures, clinical correlates, and practical relevance. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2881. [PMID: 36609810 PMCID: PMC9927864 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) phenotypes are classically associated with distinctive cortical atrophy patterns and regional hypometabolism. However, the spectrum of cognitive and behavioral manifestations in FTD arises from multisynaptic network dysfunction. The thalamus is a key hub of several corticobasal and corticocortical circuits. The main circuits relayed via the thalamic nuclei include the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit, the anterior cingulate circuit, and the orbitofrontal circuit. METHODS In this paper, we have reviewed evidence for thalamic pathology in FTD based on radiological and postmortem studies. Original research papers were systematically reviewed for preferential involvement of specific thalamic regions, for phenotype-associated thalamic disease burden patterns, characteristic longitudinal changes, and genotype-associated thalamic signatures. Moreover, evidence for presymptomatic thalamic pathology was also reviewed. Identified papers were systematically scrutinized for imaging methods, cohort sizes, clinical profiles, clinicoradiological associations, and main anatomical findings. The findings of individual research papers were amalgamated for consensus observations and their study designs further evaluated for stereotyped shortcomings. Based on the limitations of existing studies and conflicting reports in low-incidence FTD variants, we sought to outline future research directions and pressing research priorities. RESULTS FTD is associated with focal thalamic degeneration. Phenotype-specific thalamic traits mirror established cortical vulnerability patterns. Thalamic nuclei mediating behavioral and language functions are preferentially involved. Given the compelling evidence for considerable thalamic disease burden early in the course of most FTD subtypes, we also reflect on the practical relevance, diagnostic role, prognostic significance, and monitoring potential of thalamic metrics in FTD. CONCLUSIONS Cardinal manifestations of FTD phenotypes are likely to stem from thalamocortical circuitry dysfunction and are not exclusively driven by focal cortical changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clare McKenna
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jasmin Lope
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ee Ling Tan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Poos JM, Grandpierre LDM, van der Ende EL, Panman JL, Papma JM, Seelaar H, van den Berg E, van 't Klooster R, Bron E, Steketee R, Vernooij MW, Pijnenburg YAL, Rombouts SARB, van Swieten J, Jiskoot LC. Longitudinal Brain Atrophy Rates in Presymptomatic Carriers of Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurology 2022; 99:e2661-e2671. [PMID: 36288997 PMCID: PMC9757869 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is important to identify at what age brain atrophy rates in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) start to accelerate and deviate from normal aging effects to find the optimal starting point for treatment. We investigated longitudinal brain atrophy rates in the presymptomatic stage of genetic FTD using normative brain volumetry software. METHODS Presymptomatic GRN, MAPT, and C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers underwent longitudinal volumetric T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain as part of a prospective cohort study. Images were automatically analyzed with Quantib® ND, which consisted of volume measurements (CSF and sum of gray and white matter) of lobes, cerebellum, and hippocampus. All volumes were compared with reference centile curves based on a large population-derived sample of nondemented individuals (n = 4,951). Mixed-effects models were fitted to analyze atrophy rates of the different gene groups as a function of age. RESULTS Thirty-four GRN, 8 MAPT, and 14 C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers were included (mean age = 52.1, standard deviation = 7.2; 66% female). The mean follow-up duration of the study was 64 ± 33 months (median = 52; range 13-108). GRN pathogenic variant carriers showed a faster decline than the reference centile curves for all brain areas, though relative volumes remained between the 5th and 75th percentiles between the ages of 45 and 70 years. In MAPT pathogenic variant carriers, frontal lobe volume was already at the 5th percentile at age 45 years and showed a further decline between the ages 50 and 60 years. Temporal lobe volume started in the 50th percentile at age 45 years but showed fastest decline over time compared with other brain structures. Frontal, temporal, parietal, and cerebellar volume already started below the 5th percentile compared with the reference centile curves at age 45 years for C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers, but there was minimal decline over time until the age of 60 years. DISCUSSION We provide evidence for longitudinal brain atrophy in the presymptomatic stage of genetic FTD. The affected brain areas and the age after which atrophy rates start to accelerate and diverge from normal aging slopes differed between gene groups. These results highlight the value of normative volumetry software for disease tracking and staging biomarkers in genetic FTD. These techniques could help in identifying the optimal time window for starting treatment and monitoring treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Poos
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie D M Grandpierre
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L van der Ende
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Panman
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janne M Papma
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther van den Berg
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald van 't Klooster
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Bron
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Steketee
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- From the Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (Jackie M. Poos, L.D.M.G., E.L.E., J.L.P., Janne M. Papma, H.S., Esther van den Berg, J.S., L.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Quantib B.V. (R.K.), Rotterdam; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Esther Bron, R.S., M.W.V.) and Epidemiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Radiology (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University Medical Center; Institute of Psychology (S.A.R.B.R.) and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (S.A.R.B.R.), Leiden University, The Netherlands; and Dementia Research Centre (L.C.J.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beeraka NM, Nikolenko VN, Khaidarovich ZF, Valikovna OM, Aliagayevna RN, Arturovna ZL, Alexandrovich KA, Mikhaleva LM, Sinelnikov MY. Recent Investigations on the Functional Role of Cerebellar Neural Networks in Motor Functions & Nonmotor Functions -Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1865-1878. [PMID: 35272590 PMCID: PMC9886798 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a well-established primary brain center in charge of controlling sensorimotor functions and non-motor functions. Recent reports depicted the significance of cerebellum in higher-order cognitive functions, including emotion-processing, language, reward-related behavior, working memory, and social behavior. As it can influence diverse behavioral patterns, any defects in cerebellar functions could invoke neuropsychiatric diseases as indicated by the incidence of alexithymia and induce alterations in emotional and behavioral patterns. Furthermore, its defects can trigger motor diseases, such as ataxia and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we have extensively discussed the role of cerebellum in motor and non-motor functions and how the cerebellum malfunctions in relation to the neural circuit wiring as it could impact brain function and behavioral outcomes in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. Relevant data regarding cerebellar non-motor functions have been vividly described, along with anatomy and physiology of these functions. In addition to the defects in basal ganglia, the lack of activity in motor related regions of the cerebellum could be associated with the severity of motor symptoms. All together, this review delineates the importance of cerebellar involvement in patients with PD and unravels a crucial link for various clinical aspects of PD with specific cerebellar sub-regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N. Nikolenko
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikhail Y. Sinelnikov
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zejlon C, Nakhostin D, Winklhofer S, Pangalu A, Kulcsar Z, Lewandowski S, Finnsson J, Piehl F, Ingre C, Granberg T, Ineichen BV. Structural magnetic resonance imaging findings and histopathological correlations in motor neuron diseases—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:947347. [PMID: 36110394 PMCID: PMC9468579 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.947347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThe lack of systematic evidence on neuroimaging findings in motor neuron diseases (MND) hampers the diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, we aimed at performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of MRI features in MND including their histopathological correlation.MethodsIn a comprehensive literature search, out of 5941 unique publications, 223 records assessing brain and spinal cord MRI findings in MND were eligible for a qualitative synthesis. 21 records were included in a random effect model meta-analysis.ResultsOur meta-analysis shows that both T2-hyperintensities along the corticospinal tracts (CST) and motor cortex T2*-hypointensitites, also called “motor band sign”, are more prevalent in ALS patients compared to controls [OR 2.21 (95%-CI: 1.40–3.49) and 10.85 (95%-CI: 3.74–31.44), respectively]. These two imaging findings correlate to focal axonal degeneration/myelin pallor or glial iron deposition on histopathology, respectively. Additionally, certain clinical MND phenotypes such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) seem to present with distinct CNS atrophy patterns.ConclusionsAlthough CST T2-hyperintensities and the “motor band sign” are non-specific imaging features, they can be leveraged for diagnostic workup of suspected MND cases, together with certain brain atrophy patterns. Collectively, this study provides high-grade evidence for the usefulness of MRI in the diagnostic workup of suspected MND cases.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42020182682.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Zejlon
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Nakhostin
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Winklhofer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Pangalu
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Kulcsar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Finnsson
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Victor Ineichen
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Victor Ineichen
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pickles S, Gendron TF, Koike Y, Yue M, Song Y, Kachergus JM, Shi J, DeTure M, Thompson EA, Oskarsson B, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Wszolek ZK, Josephs KA, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Cook CN, Prudencio M. Evidence of cerebellar TDP-43 loss of function in FTLD-TDP. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:107. [PMID: 35879741 PMCID: PMC9310392 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the frontal and/or temporal cortices. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the cerebellum contributes to biochemical, cognitive, and behavioral changes in FTLD-TDP. To evaluate cerebellar TDP-43 expression and function in FTLD-TDP, we analyzed TDP-43 protein levels and the splicing of a TDP-43 target, STMN2, in the cerebellum of 95 FTLD-TDP cases and 25 non-neurological disease controls. Soluble TDP-43 was decreased in the cerebellum of FTLD-TDP cases but a concomitant increase in insoluble TDP-43 was not seen. Truncated STMN2 transcripts, an indicator of TDP-43 dysfunction, were elevated in the cerebellum of FTLD-TDP cases and inversely associated with TDP-43 levels. Additionally, lower cerebellar TDP-43 associated with a younger age at disease onset. We provide evidence of TDP-43 loss of function in the cerebellum in FTLD-TDP, supporting further investigation into this understudied brain region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pickles
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yuka Koike
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mei Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yuping Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - J Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Casey N Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poos JM, MacDougall A, van den Berg E, Jiskoot LC, Papma JM, van der Ende EL, Seelaar H, Russell LL, Peakman G, Convery R, Pijnenburg YAL, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Doré MC, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Mendonça A, Tiraboschi P, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Le Ber I, Pasquier F, van Swieten J, Rohrer JD. Longitudinal Cognitive Changes in Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Within the GENFI Cohort. Neurology 2022; 99:e281-e295. [PMID: 35483895 PMCID: PMC9302936 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disease-modifying therapeutic trials for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are underway, but sensitive cognitive outcome measures are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify such cognitive tests in early stage FTD by investigating cognitive decline in a large cohort of genetic FTD pathogenic variant carriers and by investigating whether gene-specific differences are moderated by disease stage (asymptomatic, prodromal, and symptomatic). METHODS C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT pathogenic variant carriers as well as controls underwent a yearly neuropsychological assessment covering 8 cognitive domains as part of the Genetic FTD Initiative, a prospective multicenter cohort study. Pathogenic variant carriers were stratified according to disease stage using the global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) FTLD score (0, 0.5, or ≥1). Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate differences between genetic groups and disease stages as well as the 3-way interaction between time, genetic group, and disease stage. RESULTS A total of 207 C9orf72, 206 GRN, and 86 MAPT pathogenic variant carriers and 255 controls were included. C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers performed lower on attention, executive function, and verbal fluency from CDR plus NACC FTLD 0 onwards, with relatively minimal decline over time regardless of the CDR plus NACC FTLD score (i.e., disease progression). The cognitive profile in MAPT pathogenic variant carriers was characterized by lower memory performance at CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5, with decline over time in language from the CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5 stage onwards, and executive dysfunction rapidly developing at CDR plus NACC FTLD ≥1. GRN pathogenic variant carriers declined on verbal fluency and visuoconstruction in the CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5 stage, with progressive decline in other cognitive domains starting at CDR plus NACC FTLD ≥1. DISCUSSION We confirmed cognitive decline in the asymptomatic and prodromal stage of genetic FTD. Specifically, tests for attention, executive function, language, and memory showed clear differences between genetic groups and controls at baseline, but the speed of change over time differed depending on genetic group and disease stage. This confirms the value of neuropsychological assessment in tracking clinical onset and progression and could inform clinical trials in selecting sensitive end points for measuring treatment effects as well as characterizing the best time window for starting treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Poos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Amy MacDougall
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Esther van den Berg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Janne M Papma
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Emma L van der Ende
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Lucy L Russell
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Georgia Peakman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Rhian Convery
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Fermin Moreno
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Claire Doré
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - James B Rowe
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Mendonça
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Simon Ducharme
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Christopher Butler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Markus Otto
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Xing H, Ernst AF, Liu C, Maugee C, Yokoi F, Lakshmana M, Li Y. Hyperactivity of Purkinje cell and motor deficits in C9orf72 knockout mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103756. [PMID: 35843530 PMCID: PMC10369482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9ORF72 gene is the most frequently reported genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The cerebellum has not traditionally been thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of C9ORF72-associated ALS/FTD, but recent evidence suggested a potential role. C9ORF72 is highly expressed in the cerebellum. Decreased C9ORF72 transcript and protein levels were detected in the postmortem cerebellum, suggesting a loss-of-function effect of C9ORF72 mutation. This study investigated the role of loss of C9ORF72 function using a C9orf72 knockout mouse line. C9orf72 deficiency led to motor impairment in rotarod, beam-walking, paw-print, open-field, and grip-strength tests. Purkinje cells are the sole output neurons in the cerebellum, and we next determined their involvement in the motor phenotypes. We found hyperactivity of Purkinje cells in the C9orf72 knockout mouse accompanied by a significant increase of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) protein in the cerebellum. The link between BK and Purkinje cell firing was demonstrated by the acute application of the BK activator that increased the firing frequency of the Purkinje cells ex vivo. In vivo chemogenetic activation of Purkinje cells in wild-type mice led to similar motor deficits in rotarod and beam-walking tests. Our results highlight that C9ORF72 loss alters the activity of the Purkinje cell and potentially the pathogenesis of the disease. Manipulating the Purkinje cell firing or cerebellar output may contribute to C9ORF72-associated ALS/FTD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis F Ernst
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Canna Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christian Maugee
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Madepalli Lakshmana
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McKenna MC, Li Hi Shing S, Murad A, Lope J, Hardiman O, Hutchinson S, Bede P. Focal thalamus pathology in frontotemporal dementia: Phenotype-associated thalamic profiles. J Neurol Sci 2022; 436:120221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang S, Shen L, Jiao B. Cognitive Dysfunction in Repeat Expansion Diseases: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:841711. [PMID: 35478698 PMCID: PMC9036481 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.841711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of the sequencing technique, more than 40 repeat expansion diseases (REDs) have been identified during the past two decades. Moreover, the clinical features of these diseases show some commonality, and the nervous system, especially the cognitive function was affected in part by these diseases. However, the specific cognitive domains impaired in different diseases were inconsistent. Here, we survey literature on the cognitive consequences of the following disorders presenting cognitive dysfunction and summarizing the pathogenic genes, epidemiology, and different domains affected by these diseases. We found that the cognitive domains affected in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) were widespread including the executive function, memory, information processing speed, attention, visuospatial function, and language. Patients with C9ORF72-frontotemporal dementia (FTD) showed impairment in executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial function. While in Huntington's disease (HD), the executive function, memory, and information processing speed were affected, in the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), executive function, memory, information processing speed, and attention were impaired. Moreover, the spinocerebellar ataxias showed broad damage in almost all the cognitive domains except for the relatively intact language ability. Some other diseases with relatively rare clinical data also indicated cognitive dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), Huntington disease like-2 (HDL2), and cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). We drew a cognitive function landscape of the related REDs that might provide an aspect for differential diagnosis through cognitive domains and effective non-specific interventions for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Jiao
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Poos JM, Moore KM, Nicholas J, Russell LL, Peakman G, Convery RS, Jiskoot LC, van der Ende E, van den Berg E, Papma JM, Seelaar H, Pijnenburg YAL, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tiraboschi P, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Le Ber I, Pasquier F, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD. Cognitive composites for genetic frontotemporal dementia: GENFI-Cog. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:10. [PMID: 35045872 PMCID: PMC8772227 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-00958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical endpoints for upcoming therapeutic trials in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are increasingly urgent. Cognitive composite scores are often used as endpoints but are lacking in genetic FTD. We aimed to create cognitive composite scores for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as well as recommendations for recruitment and duration in clinical trial design. Methods A standardized neuropsychological test battery covering six cognitive domains was completed by 69 C9orf72, 41 GRN, and 28 MAPT mutation carriers with CDR® plus NACC-FTLD ≥ 0.5 and 275 controls. Logistic regression was used to identify the combination of tests that distinguished best between each mutation carrier group and controls. The composite scores were calculated from the weighted averages of test scores in the models based on the regression coefficients. Sample size estimates were calculated for individual cognitive tests and composites in a theoretical trial aimed at preventing progression from a prodromal stage (CDR® plus NACC-FTLD 0.5) to a fully symptomatic stage (CDR® plus NACC-FTLD ≥ 1). Time-to-event analysis was performed to determine how quickly mutation carriers progressed from CDR® plus NACC-FTLD = 0.5 to ≥ 1 (and therefore how long a trial would need to be). Results The results from the logistic regression analyses resulted in different composite scores for each mutation carrier group (i.e. C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT). The estimated sample size to detect a treatment effect was lower for composite scores than for most individual tests. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that after 3 years, ~ 50% of individuals had converted from CDR® plus NACC-FTLD 0.5 to ≥ 1, which means that the estimated effect size needs to be halved in sample size calculations as only half of the mutation carriers would be expected to progress from CDR® plus NACC FTLD 0.5 to ≥ 1 without treatment over that time period. Discussion We created gene-specific cognitive composite scores for C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutation carriers, which resulted in substantially lower estimated sample sizes to detect a treatment effect than the individual cognitive tests. The GENFI-Cog composites have potential as cognitive endpoints for upcoming clinical trials. The results from this study provide recommendations for estimating sample size and trial duration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-00958-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Poos
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emma van der Ende
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabel Le Ber
- Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- University of Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm 1172, Lille, France.,CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walia N, Eratne D, Loi SM, Li QX, Varghese S, Malpas CB, Walterfang M, Evans AH, Parker S, Collins SJ, Masters CL, Velakoulis D. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light predicts the rate of executive function decline in younger-onset dementia. J Neurol Sci 2022; 432:120088. [PMID: 34922179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining disease severity and predicting prognosis in younger onset-dementia (YOD) remains challenging. Whether CSF biomarkers neurofilament light (NfL), tau and amyloidβ 42 (Aβ42) can help provide such information has been underexplored. METHODS Patients with YOD and CSF analysis were identified. We compared baseline NfL, tau and Aβ42 concentrations with contemporaneous Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool (NUCOG) scores to assess their association with severity of cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline, as measured by longitudinal NUCOG assessment, was correlated against baseline biomarker levels to assess their utility in predicting the rate of cognitive decline. RESULTS 78 patients with YOD (mean age = 56 years, SD = 8) and CSF analysis were identified. Dementia types included Alzheimer's disease, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, dementia not-otherwise-specified and other. Tau was associated with contemporaneous memory dysfunction (r = -0.556, 95% CI:[-0.702,-0.393], p < .001). 21 patients had longitudinal cognitive assessment up to 82 months from CSF sampling. NfL was associated with the rate of executive function decline (r = 0.755, 95% CI:[0.259,0.937], p < .001). Aβ42 was associated with the rate of memory decline (r = -0.582, 95% CI:[-0.855,-0.274], p = .007) and rate of total NUCOG decline (r = -0.515, 95% CI: [-0.809, -0.227], p = .017). CONCLUSION CSF tau is related to contemporaneous memory impairment in YOD. NfL and Aβ42 levels are associated with the rate of executive function and memory decline, respectively, and may have a role in prognostication in YOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Walia
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - D Eratne
- Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre & Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S M Loi
- Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre & Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Q-X Li
- National Dementia and Diagnostics Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Varghese
- National Dementia and Diagnostics Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - C B Malpas
- Clinical Outcomes Research Unit (CORe), Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Walterfang
- Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre & Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - A H Evans
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Parker
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S J Collins
- National Dementia and Diagnostics Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - C L Masters
- National Dementia and Diagnostics Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - D Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre & Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Querin G, Grazia Biferi M, Pradat PF. Biomarkers for C9orf7-ALS in Symptomatic and Pre-symptomatic Patients: State-of-the-art in the New Era of Clinical Trials. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 9:25-37. [PMID: 34864683 PMCID: PMC8842771 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of new possible treatments for C9orf72-related ALS and the possibility of early identification of subjects genetically at risk of developing the disease is creating a critical need for biomarkers to track neurodegeneration that could be used as outcome measures in clinical trials. Current candidate biomarkers in C9orf72-ALS include neuropsychology tests, imaging, electrophysiology as well as different circulating biomarkers. Neuropsychology tests show early executive and verbal function involvement both in symptomatic and asymptomatic mutation carriers. At brain MRI, C9orf72-ALS patients present diffuse white and grey matter degeneration, which are already identified up to 20 years before symptom onset and that seem to be slowly progressive over time, while regions of altered connectivity at fMRI and of hypometabolism at [18F]FDG PET have been described as well. At the same time, spinal cord MRI has also shown progressive decrease of FA in the cortico-spinal tract over time. On the side of wet biomarkers, neurofilament proteins are increased both in the CSF and serum just before symptom onset and tend to slowly increase over time, while poly(GP) protein can be detected in the CSF and probably used as target engagement marker in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Querin
- Institut de Myologie, I-Motion Adult ClinicalTrials Platform, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Centre de référence desmaladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile de France, HôpitalPitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria Grazia Biferi
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS974, Centre of Research in Myology (CRM), Institut de Myologie, GH PitiéSalpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Francois Pradat
- APHP, Département de Neurologie, Centre Référent SLA, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute Ulster University, C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sharpe JL, Harper NS, Garner DR, West RJH. Modeling C9orf72-Related Frontotemporal Dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:770937. [PMID: 34744635 PMCID: PMC8566814 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.770937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An intronic hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the decade following its discovery, much progress has been made in enhancing our understanding of how it precipitates disease. Both loss of function caused by reduced C9orf72 transcript levels, and gain of function mechanisms, triggered by the production of repetitive sense and antisense RNA and dipeptide repeat proteins, are thought to contribute to the toxicity. Drosophila models, with their unrivaled genetic tractability and short lifespan, have played a key role in developing our understanding of C9orf72-related FTD/ALS. There is no C9orf72 homolog in fly, and although this precludes investigations into loss of function toxicity, it is useful for elucidating mechanisms underpinning gain of function toxicity. To date there are a range of Drosophila C9orf72 models, encompassing different aspects of gain of function toxicity. In addition to pure repeat transgenes, which produce both repeat RNA and dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs), RNA only models and DPR models have been generated to unpick the individual contributions of RNA and each dipeptide repeat protein to C9orf72 toxicity. In this review, we discuss how Drosophila models have shaped our understanding of C9orf72 gain of function toxicity, and address opportunities to utilize these models for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Sharpe
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki S. Harper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan R. Garner
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J. H. West
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Spinelli EG, Ghirelli A, Basaia S, Cividini C, Riva N, Canu E, Castelnovo V, Domi T, Magnani G, Caso F, Caroppo P, Prioni S, Rossi G, Tremolizzo L, Appollonio I, Silani V, Carrera P, Filippi M, Agosta F. Structural MRI Signatures in Genetic Presentations of the Frontotemporal Dementia/Motor Neuron Disease Spectrum. Neurology 2021; 97:e1594-e1607. [PMID: 34544819 PMCID: PMC8548958 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To assess cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar gray matter (GM) atrophy using MRI in patients with disorders of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum with known genetic mutations. METHODS Sixty-six patients carrying FTLD-related mutations were enrolled, including 44 with pure motor neuron disease (MND) and 22 with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Sixty-one patients with sporadic FTLD (sFTLD) matched for age, sex, and disease severity with genetic FTLD (gFTLD) were also included, as well as 52 healthy controls. A whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed. GM volumes of subcortical and cerebellar structures were obtained. RESULTS Compared with controls, GM atrophy on VBM was greater and more diffuse in genetic FTD, followed by sporadic FTD and genetic MND cases, whereas patients with sporadic MND (sMND) showed focal motor cortical atrophy. Patients carrying C9orf72 and GRN mutations showed the most widespread cortical volume loss, in contrast with GM sparing in SOD1 and TARDBP. Globally, patients with gFTLD showed greater atrophy of parietal cortices and thalami compared with sFTLD. In volumetric analysis, patients with gFTLD showed volume loss compared with sFTLD in the caudate nuclei and thalami, in particular comparing C9-MND with sMND cases. In the cerebellum, patients with gFTLD showed greater atrophy of the right lobule VIIb than sFTLD. Thalamic volumes of patients with gFTLD with a C9orf72 mutation showed an inverse correlation with Frontal Behavioral Inventory scores. DISCUSSION Measures of deep GM and cerebellar structural involvement may be useful markers of gFTLD, particularly C9orf72-related disorders, regardless of the clinical presentation within the FTLD spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Gioele Spinelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alma Ghirelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Basaia
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Cividini
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Canu
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Castelnovo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teuta Domi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caso
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Caroppo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Prioni
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Carrera
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chua JP, De Calbiac H, Kabashi E, Barmada SJ. Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autophagy 2021; 18:254-282. [PMID: 34057020 PMCID: PMC8942428 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1926656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of protein homeostasis are crucial for overseeing the clearance of misfolded and toxic proteins over the lifetime of an organism, thereby ensuring the health of neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. The highly conserved pathway of autophagy is particularly necessary for preventing and counteracting pathogenic insults that may lead to neurodegeneration. In line with this, mutations in genes that encode essential autophagy factors result in impaired autophagy and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanistic details underlying the neuroprotective role of autophagy, neuronal resistance to autophagy induction, and the neuron-specific effects of autophagy-impairing mutations remain incompletely defined. Further, the manner and extent to which non-cell autonomous effects of autophagy dysfunction contribute to ALS pathogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and ALS pathogenesis by providing an overview of critical steps in the autophagy pathway, with special focus on pivotal factors impaired by ALS-causing mutations, their physiologic effects on autophagy in disease models, and the cell type-specific mechanisms regulating autophagy in non-neuronal cells which, when impaired, can contribute to neurodegeneration. This review thereby provides a framework not only to guide further investigations of neuronal autophagy but also to refine therapeutic strategies for ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Atg: autophagy-related; CHMP2B: charged multivesicular body protein 2B; DPR: dipeptide repeat; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RNP: ribonuclear protein; sALS: sporadic ALS; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VCP: valosin containing protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Chua
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hortense De Calbiac
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poos JM, Russell LL, Peakman G, Bocchetta M, Greaves CV, Jiskoot LC, van der Ende EL, Seelaar H, Papma JM, van den Berg E, Pijnenburg YA, Borroni B, Sanchez‐Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Medonça A, Tagliavini F, Butler CR, Santana I, Ber IL, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Pasquier F, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD. Impairment of episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia: A GENFI study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12185. [PMID: 34027016 PMCID: PMC8116844 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to assess episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). METHODS The FCSRT was administered in 417 presymptomatic and symptomatic mutation carriers (181 chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 [C9orf72], 163 progranulin [GRN], and 73 microtubule-associated protein tau [MAPT]) and 290 controls. Group differences and correlations with other neuropsychological tests were examined. We performed voxel-based morphometry to investigate the underlying neural substrates of the FCSRT. RESULTS All symptomatic mutation carrier groups and presymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers performed significantly worse on all FCSRT scores compared to controls. In the presymptomatic C9orf72 group, deficits were found on all scores except for the delayed total recall task, while no deficits were found in presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers. Performance on the FCSRT correlated with executive function, particularly in C9orf72 mutation carriers, but also with memory and naming tasks in the MAPT group. FCSRT performance also correlated with gray matter volumes of frontal, temporal, and subcortical regions in C9orf72 and GRN, but mainly temporal areas in MAPT mutation carriers. DISCUSSION The FCSRT detects presymptomatic deficits in C9orf72- and MAPT-associated FTD and provides important insight into the underlying cause of memory impairment in different forms of FTD.
Collapse
|
21
|
Is there a “g-neuron”? Establishing a systematic link between general intelligence (g) and the von Economo neuron. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Mahoney CJ, Ahmed RM, Huynh W, Tu S, Rohrer JD, Bedlack RS, Hardiman O, Kiernan MC. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Non-motor Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:483-505. [PMID: 33993457 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease typically presenting with bulbar or limb weakness. There is increasing evidence that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a multisystem disease with early and frequent impacts on cognition, behaviour, sleep, pain and fatigue. Dysfunction of normal physiological and metabolic processes also appears common. Evidence from pre-symptomatic studies and large epidemiological cohorts examining risk factors for the future development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have reported a high prevalence of changes in behaviour and mental health before the emergence of motor weakness. This suggests that changes beyond the motor system are underway at an early stage with dysfunction across brain networks regulating a variety of cognitive, behavioural and other homeostatic processes. The full impact of non-motor dysfunction continues to be established but there is now sufficient evidence that the presence of non-motor symptoms impacts overall survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and with up to 80% reporting non-motor symptoms, there is an urgent need to develop more robust therapeutic approaches. This review provides a contemporary overview of the pathobiology of non-motor dysfunction, offering readers a practical approach with regard to assessment and management. We review the current evidence for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of non-motor dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and highlight the need to further integrate non-motor dysfunction as an important outcome measure for future clinical trial design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Mahoney
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - William Huynh
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sicong Tu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Richard S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barker MS, Manoochehri M, Rizer SJ, Appleby BS, Brushaber D, Dev SI, Devick KL, Dickerson BC, Fields JA, Foroud TM, Forsberg LK, Galasko DR, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Hsiung GY, Kornak J, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Mendez MF, Pascual B, Rankin KP, Rascovsky K, Staffaroni AM, Tartaglia MC, Weintraub S, Wong B, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Goldman J, Huey ED, Cosentino S. Recognition memory and divergent cognitive profiles in prodromal genetic frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 2021; 139:99-115. [PMID: 33857770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although executive dysfunction is the characteristic cognitive marker of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), episodic memory deficits are relatively common, and may be present even during the prodromal disease phase. In a cohort of mutation carriers with mild behavioral and/or cognitive symptoms consistent with prodromal bvFTD, we aimed to investigate patterns of performance on an abbreviated list learning task, with a particular focus on recognition memory. We further aimed to characterize the cognitive prodromes associated with the three major genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia, as emerging evidence suggests there may be subtle differences in cognitive profiles among carriers of different genetic mutations. Participants included 57 carriers of a pathogenic mutation in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT, N = 23), or progranulin (GRN, N = 15), or a or a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72, N = 19), with mild cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms consistent with prodromal bvFTD. Familial non-carriers were included as controls (N = 143). All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, including an abbreviated list learning test assessing episodic memory recall and recognition. MAPT mutation carriers performed worse than non-carriers in terms of list recall, and had difficulty discriminating targets from distractors on the recognition memory task, primarily due to the endorsement of distractors as targets. MAPT mutation carriers also showed nonverbal episodic memory and semantic memory dysfunction (object naming). GRN mutation carriers were variable in performance and overall the most dysexecutive. Slowed psychomotor speed was evident in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers. Identifying the earliest cognitive indicators of bvFTD is of critical clinical and research importance. List learning may be a sensitive cognitive marker for incipient dementia in MAPT and potentially a subset of GRN carriers. Our results highlight that distinct cognitive profiles may be evident in carriers of the three disease-causing genes during the prodromal disease stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Barker
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra J Rizer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sheena I Dev
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina L Devick
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Division of Neurocognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jill Goldman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Hi Shing S, McKenna MC, Siah WF, Chipika RH, Hardiman O, Bede P. The imaging signature of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions: implications for clinical trials and therapy development. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2693-2719. [PMID: 33398779 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While C9orf72-specific imaging signatures have been proposed by both ALS and FTD research groups and considerable presymptomatic alterations have also been confirmed in young mutation carriers, considerable inconsistencies exist in the literature. Accordingly, a systematic review of C9orf72-imaging studies has been performed to identify consensus findings, stereotyped shortcomings, and unique contributions to outline future directions. A formal literature review was conducted according to the STROBE guidelines. All identified papers were individually reviewed for sample size, choice of controls, study design, imaging modalities, statistical models, clinical profiling, and identified genotype-associated pathological patterns. A total of 74 imaging papers were systematically reviewed. ALS patients with GGGGCC repeat expansions exhibit relatively limited motor cortex involvement and widespread extra-motor pathology. C9orf72 positive FTD patients often show preferential posterior involvement. Reports of thalamic involvement are relatively consistent across the various phenotypes. Asymptomatic hexanucleotide repeat carriers often exhibit structural and functional changes decades prior to symptom onset. Common shortcomings included sample size limitations, lack of disease-controls, limited clinical profiling, lack of genetic testing in healthy controls, and absence of post mortem validation. There is a striking paucity of longitudinal studies and existing presymptomatic studies have not evaluated the predictive value of radiological changes with regard to age of onset and phenoconversion. With the advent of antisense oligonucleotide therapies, the meticulous characterisation of C9orf72-associated changes has gained practical relevance. Neuroimaging offers non-invasive biomarkers for future clinical trials, presymptomatic ascertainment, diagnostic and prognostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Li Hi Shing
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clare McKenna
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - We Fong Siah
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rangariroyashe H Chipika
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smallwood Shoukry RF, Clark MG, Floeter MK. Resting State Functional Connectivity Is Decreased Globally Across the C9orf72 Mutation Spectrum. Front Neurol 2020; 11:598474. [PMID: 33329355 PMCID: PMC7710968 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.598474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A repeat expansion mutation in the C9orf72 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or symptoms of both, and has been associated with gray and white matter changes in brain MRI scans. We used graph theory to examine the network properties of brain function at rest in a population of mixed-phenotype C9orf72 mutation carriers (C9+). Twenty-five C9+ subjects (pre-symptomatic, or diagnosed with ALS, behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), or both ALS and FTD) and twenty-six healthy controls underwent resting state fMRI. When comparing all C9+ subjects with healthy controls, both global and connection-specific decreases in resting state connectivity were observed, with no substantial reorganization of network hubs. However, when analyzing subgroups of the symptomatic C9+ patients, those with bvFTD (with and without comorbid ALS) show remarkable reorganization of hubs compared to patients with ALS alone (without bvFTD), indicating that subcortical regions become more connected in the network relative to other regions. Additionally, network connectivity measures of the right hippocampus and bilateral thalami increased with increasing scores on the Frontal Behavioral Inventory, indicative of worsening behavioral impairment. These results indicate that while C9orf72 mutation carriers across the ALS-FTD spectrum have global decreased resting state brain connectivity, phenotype-specific effects can also be observed at more local network levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Kay Floeter
- Motor Neuron Disease Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Iazzolino B, Peotta L, Zucchetti JP, Canosa A, Manera U, Vasta R, Grassano M, Palumbo F, Brunetti M, Barberis M, Sbaiz L, Moglia C, Calvo A, Chiò A. Differential Neuropsychological Profile of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With and Without C9orf72 Mutation. Neurology 2020; 96:e141-e152. [PMID: 33106391 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the neuropsychological profiles of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with (ALSC9+) and without (ALSC9-) C9orf72 expansion are different, we administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to 741 patients with ALS (68 ALSC9+ and 673 ALSC9-) and 129 controls. METHODS The study population includes 741 patients with ALS who were consecutively diagnosed at the Turin ALS expert center in the 2010-2018 period and who underwent both cognitive/behavioral and genetic testing. Patients' neuropsychological patterns were compared (1) at the same degree of cognitive and behavioral deficit according to the revised ALS-Frontotemporal Dementia Consensus Criteria and (2) at the same level of motor impairment according to the King staging system. RESULTS Despite being about 7 years younger, ALSC9+ patients had significantly lower scores in tests exploring executive function and verbal memory both when classified as cognitively normal and when diagnosed in the intermediate cognitive categories. Considering the clinical perspective, ALSC9+ patients showed significantly lower scores compared to ALSC9- patients at King stage 1 and 3 in almost all the examined neuropsychological domains; at King stage 2, ALSC9+ patients were more severely affected only in the verbal memory domain. Behavioral function was comparably impaired in the 2 cohorts. CONCLUSIONS ALSC9+ patients show a different neuropsychological profile compared to ALSC9- patients, being more impaired in executive functions and verbal memory domains at all King stages. Verbal memory emerged as a particularly vulnerable function in ALSC9+, with worse performances even when patients were still classified as cognitively normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Iazzolino
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Peotta
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean Pierre Zucchetti
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Canosa
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Manera
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Vasta
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Grassano
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Palumbo
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Brunetti
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Barberis
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Sbaiz
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Moglia
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- From the ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (B.I., L.P., J.P.Z., A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., M.G., F.P., M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), University of Torino; Medical Genetic Unit (M. Barberis, L.S.) and Neurology 1 (A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, C.M., A. Calvo, A. Chiò), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, Turin; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Chiò), National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Häkkinen S, Chu SA, Lee SE. Neuroimaging in genetic frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105063. [PMID: 32890771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have a strong clinical, genetic and pathological overlap. This review focuses on the current understanding of structural, functional and molecular neuroimaging signatures of genetic FTD and ALS. We overview quantitative neuroimaging studies on the most common genes associated with FTD (MAPT, GRN), ALS (SOD1), and both (C9orf72), and summarize visual observations of images reported in the rarer genes (CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS, OPTN, VCP, UBQLN2, SQSTM1, TREM2, CHCHD10, TBK1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Häkkinen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
"Switchboard" malfunction in motor neuron diseases: Selective pathology of thalamic nuclei in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102300. [PMID: 32554322 PMCID: PMC7303672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is a key cerebral hub relaying a multitude of corticoefferent and corticoafferent connections and mediating distinct extrapyramidal, sensory, cognitive and behavioural functions. While the thalamus consists of dozens of anatomically well-defined nuclei with distinctive physiological roles, existing imaging studies in motor neuron diseases typically evaluate the thalamus as a single structure. Based on the unique cortical signatures observed in ALS and PLS, we hypothesised that similarly focal thalamic involvement may be observed if the nuclei are individually evaluated. A prospective imaging study was undertaken with 100 patients with ALS, 33 patients with PLS and 117 healthy controls to characterise the integrity of thalamic nuclei. ALS patients were further stratified for the presence of GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72. The thalamus was segmented into individual nuclei to examine their volumetric profile. Additionally, thalamic shape deformations were evaluated by vertex analyses and focal density alterations were examined by region-of-interest morphometry. Our data indicate that C9orf72 negative ALS patients and PLS patients exhibit ventral lateral and ventral anterior involvement, consistent with the ‘motor’ thalamus. Degeneration of the sensory nuclei was also detected in C9orf72 negative ALS and PLS. Both ALS groups and the PLS cohort showed focal changes in the mediodorsal-paratenial-reuniens nuclei, which mediate memory and executive functions. PLS patients exhibited distinctive thalamic changes with marked pulvinar and lateral geniculate atrophy compared to both controls and C9orf72 negative ALS. The considerable ventral lateral and ventral anterior pathology detected in both ALS and PLS support the emerging literature of extrapyramidal dysfunction in MND. The involvement of sensory nuclei is consistent with sporadic reports of sensory impairment in MND. The unique thalamic signature of PLS is in line with the distinctive clinical features of the phenotype. Our data confirm phenotype-specific patterns of thalamus involvement in motor neuron diseases with the preferential involvement of nuclei mediating motor and cognitive functions. Given the selective involvement of thalamic nuclei in ALS and PLS, future biomarker and natural history studies in MND should evaluate individual thalamic regions instead overall thalamic changes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Young PNE, Estarellas M, Coomans E, Srikrishna M, Beaumont H, Maass A, Venkataraman AV, Lissaman R, Jiménez D, Betts MJ, McGlinchey E, Berron D, O'Connor A, Fox NC, Pereira JB, Jagust W, Carter SF, Paterson RW, Schöll M. Imaging biomarkers in neurodegeneration: current and future practices. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:49. [PMID: 32340618 PMCID: PMC7187531 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing role for biological markers (biomarkers) in the understanding and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. The application of imaging biomarkers specifically for the in vivo investigation of neurodegenerative disorders has increased substantially over the past decades and continues to provide further benefits both to the diagnosis and understanding of these diseases. This review forms part of a series of articles which stem from the University College London/University of Gothenburg course "Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases". In this review, we focus on neuroimaging, specifically positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), giving an overview of the current established practices clinically and in research as well as new techniques being developed. We will also discuss the use of machine learning (ML) techniques within these fields to provide additional insights to early diagnosis and multimodal analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N E Young
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mar Estarellas
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Computer Science & Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Coomans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meera Srikrishna
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Beaumont
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Maass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ashwin V Venkataraman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rikki Lissaman
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel Jiménez
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthew J Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - David Berron
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antoinette O'Connor
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joana B Pereira
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen F Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, MAHSC, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Poos JM, Jiskoot LC, Leijdesdorff SMJ, Seelaar H, Panman JL, van der Ende EL, Mol MO, Meeter LHH, Pijnenburg YAL, Donker Kaat L, de Jong FJ, van Swieten JC, Papma JM, van den Berg E. Cognitive profiles discriminate between genetic variants of behavioral frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol 2020; 267:1603-1612. [PMID: 32052166 PMCID: PMC7293665 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Trials to test disease-modifying treatments for frontotemporal dementia are eagerly awaited and sensitive instruments to assess potential treatment effects are increasingly urgent, yet lacking thus far. We aimed to identify gene-specific instruments assessing clinical onset and disease progression by comparing cognitive functioning between bvFTD patients across genetic mutations. Methods We examined differences in 7 cognitive domains between bvFTD patients with GRN (n = 20), MAPT (n = 29) or C9orf72 (n = 31) mutations, and non-carriers (n = 24), and described longitudinal (M = 22.6 months, SD = 16.6) data in a subsample (n = 27). Results Patients showed overall cognitive impairment, except memory recall, working memory and visuoconstruction. GRN patients performed lower on executive function (mean difference − 2.1; 95%CI − 4.1 to − 0.5) compared to MAPT and lower on attention compared to MAPT (mean difference − 2.5; 95%CI − 4.7 to − 0.3) and C9orf72 (mean difference − 2.4; 95%CI − 4.5 to − 0.3). Only MAPT patients were impaired on delayed recall (mean difference − 1.4; 95%CI − 2.1 to − 0.7). GRN patients declined rapidly on attention and memory, MAPT declined in confrontation naming, whereas C9orf72 patients were globally impaired but remained relatively stable over time on all cognitive domains. Discussion This study shows gene-specific cognitive profiles in bvFTD, which underlines the value of neuropsychological tests as outcome measures in upcoming trials for genetic bvFTD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00415-020-09738-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Poos
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - L C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dementia Research Center, University College London, London, UK
| | - S M J Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J L Panman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M O Mol
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L H H Meeter
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y A L Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Donker Kaat
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J de Jong
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Papma
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Boxer AL. Tracking disease progression in familial and sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Recent findings from ARTFL and LEFFTDS. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:71-78. [PMID: 31914219 PMCID: PMC6953606 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD) due to autosomal dominant mutations is an important entity for developing treatments for FTLD. The Advancing Research and Treatment for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS) longitudinal studies were designed to describe the natural history of f-FTLD. METHODS We summarized recent publications from the ARTFL and LEFFTDS studies, along with other recent publications describing the natural history of f-FTLD. RESULTS Published and emerging studies are producing data on all phases of f-FTLD, including the asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of disease, as well as the transitional phase when symptoms are just beginning to develop. These data indicate that rates of change increase along with disease severity, which is consistent with commonly cited models of neurodegeneration, and that measurement of biomarkers may predict onset of symptoms. DISCUSSION Data from large multisite studies are producing important data on the natural history of f-FTLD that will be critical for planning intervention trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Rosen
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | - Adam L. Boxer
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Korhonen VE, Remes AM, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Suhonen NM, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Koivisto AM, Leinonen V. Prevalence of C9ORF72 Expansion in a Large Series of Patients with Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2019; 47:91-103. [PMID: 30861516 DOI: 10.1159/000497306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The C9ORF72 expansion is known to cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We aim to identify the prevalence of the C9ORF72 expansion in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). METHODS We analysed the C9ORF72 expansion in a large cohort of patients with possible iNPH (n = 487) and cognitively intact elderly controls (n = 432; age > 65 years). RESULTS While the C9ORF72 expansion was detected in 1.6% (n = 8/487) of cases with possible iNPH, no control subject was found to carry the mutation. The mean age at onset of symptoms of C9ORF72 expansion carriers was 59 years (range: 52-67 years), 11 years less than non-carriers (p = 0.0002). The most frequent initial/main symptom pertained to gait difficulties. Despite identified mutation, only 3 of the patients fulfilled the criteria for the FTLD-ALS spectrum. Clinically significant shunt response was detected in 6 out of 7 shunted C9ORF72 expansion carriers. CONCLUSION This is the first study cohort identifying the underlying C9ORF72 expansion in patients with iNPH providing evidence for the potential comorbidity between iNPH and the FTLD-ALS spectrum. Analysis of the C9ORF72 expansion should be considered for patients with probable iNPH presenting with frontal atrophy and personality changes or other severe psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville E Korhonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Sutela
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora-Maria Suhonen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mutsaerts HJMM, Mirza SS, Petr J, Thomas DL, Cash DM, Bocchetta M, de Vita E, Metcalfe AWS, Shirzadi Z, Robertson AD, Tartaglia MC, Mitchell SB, Black SE, Freedman M, Tang-Wai D, Keren R, Rogaeva E, van Swieten J, Laforce R, Tagliavini F, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Graff C, Frisoni GB, Finger E, Sorbi S, de Mendonça A, Rohrer JD, MacIntosh BJ, Masellis M. Cerebral perfusion changes in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia: a GENFI study. Brain 2019; 142:1108-1120. [PMID: 30847466 PMCID: PMC6439322 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia are most commonly due to mutations in three genes, C9orf72, GRN or MAPT, with presymptomatic carriers from families representing those at risk. While cerebral blood flow shows differences between frontotemporal dementia and other forms of dementia, there is limited evidence of its utility in presymptomatic stages of frontotemporal dementia. This study aimed to delineate the cerebral blood flow signature of presymptomatic, genetic frontotemporal dementia using a voxel-based approach. In the multicentre GENetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI) study, we investigated cross-sectional differences in arterial spin labelling MRI-based cerebral blood flow between presymptomatic C9orf72, GRN or MAPT mutation carriers (n = 107) and non-carriers (n = 113), using general linear mixed-effects models and voxel-based analyses. Cerebral blood flow within regions of interest derived from this model was then explored to identify differences between individual gene carrier groups and to estimate a timeframe for the expression of these differences. The voxel-based analysis revealed a significant inverse association between cerebral blood flow and the expected age of symptom onset in carriers, but not non-carriers. Regions included the bilateral insulae/orbitofrontal cortices, anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri, and inferior parietal cortices, as well as the left middle temporal gyrus. For all bilateral regions, associations were greater on the right side. After correction for partial volume effects in a region of interest analysis, the results were found to be largely driven by the C9orf72 genetic subgroup. These cerebral blood flow differences first appeared approximately 12.5 years before the expected symptom onset determined on an individual basis. Cerebral blood flow was lower in presymptomatic mutation carriers closer to and beyond their expected age of symptom onset in key frontotemporal dementia signature regions. These results suggest that arterial spin labelling MRI may be a promising non-invasive imaging biomarker for the presymptomatic stages of genetic frontotemporal dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri J M M Mutsaerts
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jan Petr
- PET Center, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - David L Thomas
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Enrico de Vita
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arron W S Metcalfe
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zahra Shirzadi
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew D Robertson
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Memory Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara B Mitchell
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Morris Freedman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Tang-Wai
- Memory Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ron Keren
- Memory Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Medical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tavares TP, Mitchell DGV, Coleman K, Shoesmith C, Bartha R, Cash DM, Moore KM, van Swieten J, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Tartaglia MC, Rowe J, Graff C, Tagliavini F, Frisoni G, Cappa S, Laforce R, de Mendonça A, Sorbi S, Wallstrom G, Masellis M, Rohrer JD, Finger EC. Ventricular volume expansion in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2019; 93:e1699-e1706. [PMID: 31578297 PMCID: PMC6946476 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize the time course of ventricular volume expansion in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and identify the onset time and rates of ventricular expansion in presymptomatic FTD mutation carriers. Methods Participants included patients with a mutation in MAPT, PGRN, or C9orf72, or first-degree relatives of mutation carriers from the GENFI study with MRI scans at study baseline and at 1 year follow-up. Ventricular volumes were obtained from MRI scans using FreeSurfer, with manual editing of segmentation and comparison to fully automated segmentation to establish reliability. Linear mixed models were used to identify differences in ventricular volume and in expansion rates as a function of time to expected disease onset between presymptomatic carriers and noncarriers. Results A total of 123 participants met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (18 symptomatic carriers, 46 presymptomatic mutation carriers, and 56 noncarriers). Ventricular volume differences were observed 4 years prior to symptom disease onset for presymptomatic carriers compared to noncarriers. Annualized rates of ventricular volume expansion were greater in presymptomatic carriers relative to noncarriers. Importantly, time-intensive manually edited and fully automated ventricular volume resulted in similar findings. Conclusions Ventricular volume differences are detectable in presymptomatic genetic FTD. Concordance of results from time-intensive manual editing and fully automatic segmentation approaches support its value as a measure of disease onset and progression in future studies in both presymptomatic and symptomatic genetic FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara P Tavares
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek G V Mitchell
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristy Coleman
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christen Shoesmith
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - David M Cash
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katrina M Moore
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Rowe
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefano Cappa
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Finger
- From the Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Brain and Mind Institute (T.P.T., D.G.V.M., E.C.F.) and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (C.S., E.C.F.) and Medical Biophysics (R.B.), Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; Parkwood Institute (K.C., E.C.F.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (D.M.C., K.M.M., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.M.C.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (B.B.), University of Brescia; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (D.G.), "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy; Toronto Western Hospital (M.C.T.), Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department NVS (C.G.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (G.F., S.C.), Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (G.F.), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques (R.L.), CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and the IRCCS Foundazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy; Statistics & Data Corporation (G.W.), Tempe, AZ; and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (M.M.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bertrand A, Wen J, Rinaldi D, Houot M, Sayah S, Camuzat A, Fournier C, Fontanella S, Routier A, Couratier P, Pasquier F, Habert MO, Hannequin D, Martinaud O, Caroppo P, Levy R, Dubois B, Brice A, Durrleman S, Colliot O, Le Ber I. Early Cognitive, Structural, and Microstructural Changes in Presymptomatic C9orf72 Carriers Younger Than 40 Years. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:236-245. [PMID: 29197216 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Presymptomatic carriers of chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) mutation, the most frequent genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, represent the optimal target population for the development of disease-modifying drugs. Preclinical biomarkers are needed to monitor the effect of therapeutic interventions in this population. Objectives To assess the occurrence of cognitive, structural, and microstructural changes in presymptomatic C9orf72 carriers. Design, Setting, and Participants The PREV-DEMALS study is a prospective, multicenter, observational study of first-degree relatives of individuals carrying the C9orf72 mutation. Eighty-four participants entered the study between October 2015 and April 2017; 80 (95%) were included in cross-sectional analyses of baseline data. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging; 63 (79%) underwent diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Gray matter volumes and diffusion tensor imaging metrics were calculated within regions of interest. Anatomical and microstructural differences between individuals who carried the C9orf72 mutation (C9+) and those who did not carry the C9orf72 mutation (C9-) were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Data were analyzed from October 2015 to April 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Differences in neuropsychological scores, gray matter volume, and white matter integrity between C9+ and C9- individuals. Results Of the 80 included participants, there were 41 C9+ individuals (24 [59%] female; mean [SD] age, 39.8 [11.1] years) and 39 C9- individuals (24 [62%] female; mean [SD] age, 45.2 [13.9] years). Compared with C9- individuals, C9+ individuals had lower mean (SD) praxis scores (163.4 [6.1] vs 165.3 [5.9]; P = .01) and intransitive gesture scores (34.9 [1.6] vs 35.7 [1.5]; P = .004), atrophy in 8 cortical regions of interest and in the right thalamus, and white matter alterations in 8 tracts. When restricting the analyses to participants younger than 40 years, compared with C9- individuals, C9+ individuals had lower praxis scores and intransitive gesture scores, atrophy in 4 cortical regions of interest and in the right thalamus, and white matter alterations in 2 tracts. Conclusions and Relevance Cognitive, structural, and microstructural alterations are detectable in young C9+ individuals. Early and subtle praxis alterations, underpinned by focal atrophy of the left supramarginal gyrus, may represent an early and nonevolving phenotype related to neurodevelopmental effects of C9orf72 mutation. White matter alterations reflect the future phenotype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, while atrophy appears more diffuse. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the preclinical phase of C9orf72 disease and of the respective contribution of magnetic resonance biomarkers. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02590276.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bertrand
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Radiology, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Junhao Wen
- Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Sayah
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Fournier
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Fontanella
- Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Routier
- Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- Department of Neurology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Limoges University, Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et Neurologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fédération de Recherche 3503, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé et Thérapeutiques, Limoges, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Young Onset Dementia, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, INSERM U1171, Lille, France.,Equipe d'accueil 1046, Maladie d'Alzheimer et Pathologies Vasculaires, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, INSERM U1146, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7371, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, INSERM 1245, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Martinaud
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, INSERM 1245, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Paola Caroppo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stanley Durrleman
- Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France.,Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Van Mossevelde S, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Genotype-phenotype links in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 14:363-378. [PMID: 29777184 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) represents a group of neurodegenerative brain diseases with highly heterogeneous clinical, neuropathological and genetic characteristics. This high degree of heterogeneity results from the presence of several different underlying molecular disease processes; consequently, it is unlikely that all patients with FTLD will benefit from a single therapy. Therapeutic strategies for FTLD are currently being explored, and tools are urgently needed that enable the selection of patients who are the most likely to benefit from a particular therapy. Definition of the phenotypic characteristics in patients with different FTLD subtypes that share the same underlying disease processes would assist in the stratification of patients into homogeneous groups. The most common subtype of FTLD is characterized by TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) pathology (FTLD-TDP). In this group, pathogenic mutations have been identified in four genes: C9orf72, GRN, TBK1 and VCP. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the phenotypic characteristics of patients with FTLD-TDP, highlighting shared features and differences among groups of patients who have a pathogenic mutation in one of these four genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Mossevelde
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Institute Born-Bunge, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:123-138. [PMID: 31026486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia diseases is still controversial. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant case-control studies conducted through October 2018. Traditional and net meta-analyses were performed based on 42 studies that tested the diagnostic performance of neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) concentration in CSF and serum/plasma from patients with neurodegenerative dementia. CSF and serum/plasma NfL levels were significantly increased in patients with neurodegenerative dementia diseases. Network meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in CSF NfL levels during mild cognitive impairment, whereas an increase was observed in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve and cluster analysis showed that the NfL concentration in CSF (vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease) and serum/plasma (frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease) ranked first among neurodegenerative dementia diseases. NfL is an important biomarker that can help clinical neurologists make early diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases, so patients can receive prompt treatment.
Collapse
|
40
|
Diehl-Schmid J, Licata A, Goldhardt O, Förstl H, Yakushew I, Otto M, Anderl-Straub S, Beer A, Ludolph AC, Landwehrmeyer GB, Levin J, Danek A, Fliessbach K, Spottke A, Fassbender K, Lyros E, Prudlo J, Krause BJ, Volk A, Edbauer D, Schroeter ML, Drzezga A, Kornhuber J, Lauer M, Grimmer T. FDG-PET underscores the key role of the thalamus in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by C9ORF72 mutations. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:54. [PMID: 30705258 PMCID: PMC6355852 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C9ORF72 mutations are the most common cause of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MRI studies have investigated structural changes in C9ORF72-associated FTLD (C9FTLD) and provided first insights about a prominent involvement of the thalamus and the cerebellum. Our multicenter, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography study of 22 mutation carriers with FTLD, 22 matched non-carriers with FTLD, and 23 cognitively healthy controls provided valuable insights into functional changes in C9FTLD: compared to non-carriers, mutation carriers showed a significant reduction of glucose metabolism in both thalami, underscoring the key role of the thalamus in C9FTLD. Thalamic metabolism did not correlate with disease severity, duration of disease, or the presence of psychotic symptoms. Against our expectations we could not demonstrate a cerebellar hypometabolism in carriers or non-carriers. Future imaging and neuropathological studies in large patient cohorts are required to further elucidate the central role of the thalamus in C9FTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Abigail Licata
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldhardt
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushew
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- grid.410712.1Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ambros Beer
- grid.410712.1Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Levin
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Fliessbach
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Spottke
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDepartment of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Epameinondas Lyros
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDepartment of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johannes Prudlo
- 0000 0000 9737 0454grid.413108.fDepartment of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Joachim Krause
- 0000 0000 9737 0454grid.413108.fDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Volk
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany ,Munich Cluster for System Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Leopold Schroeter
- 0000 0000 8517 9062grid.411339.dClinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,0000 0001 0041 5028grid.419524.fMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ,0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- 0000 0001 2107 3311grid.5330.5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Lauer
- 0000 0001 1378 7891grid.411760.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Timo Grimmer
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second commonest cause of young onset dementia. Our understanding of FTD and its related syndromes has advanced significantly in recent years. Among the most prominent areas of progress is the overlap between FTD, MND, and other neurodegenerative conditions at a clinicopathologic and genetic level. In parallel major advances in neuroimaging techniques, the discovery of new genetic mutations as well as the development of potential biomarkers may serve to further expand knowledge of the biologic processes at play in FTD and may in turn propel research toward identifying curative and preventative pharmacologic therapies. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the clinical, pathologic, and genetic complexities of FTD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Devenney
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Floeter MK, Gendron TF. Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Associated With Hexanucleotide Expansion Mutations in C9orf72. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1063. [PMID: 30568632 PMCID: PMC6289985 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Now that genetic testing can identify persons at risk for developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) many decades before symptoms begin, there is a critical need for biomarkers that signal the onset and progression of degeneration. The search for candidate disease biomarkers in patients with mutations in the gene C9orf72 has included imaging, physiology, and biofluid measurements. In cross-sectional imaging studies, C9+ ALS patients display diffuse reductions of gray and white matter integrity compared to ALS patients without mutations. This structural imaging signature overlaps with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), reflecting the frequent co-occurrence of cognitive impairment, even frank FTD, in C9+ ALS patients. Changes in functional connectivity occur as critical components of the networks associated with cognition and behavior degenerate. In presymptomatic C9+carriers, subtle differences in volumes of subcortical structures and functional connectivity can be detected, often decades before the typical family age of symptom onset. Dipeptide repeat proteins produced by the repeat expansion mutation are also measurable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of presymptomatic gene carriers, possibly throughout their lives. In contrast, a rise in the level of neurofilament proteins in the CSF appears to presage the onset of degeneration in presymptomatic carriers in one longitudinal study. Cross-sectional studies indicate that neurofilament protein levels may provide prognostic information for survival in C9+ ALS patients. Longitudinal studies will be needed to validate the candidate biomarkers discussed here. Understanding how these candidate biomarkers change over time is critical if they are to be used in future therapeutic decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kay Floeter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moszczynski AJ, Hintermayer MA, Strong MJ. Phosphorylation of Threonine 175 Tau in the Induction of Tau Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Frontotemporal Spectrum Disorder (ALS-FTSD). A Review. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:259. [PMID: 29731706 PMCID: PMC5919950 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50–60% of all patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) will develop a deficit of frontotemporal function, ranging from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) to one or more deficits of neuropsychological, speech or language function which are collectively known as the frontotemporal spectrum disorders of ALS (ALS-FTSD). While the neuropathology underlying these disorders is most consistent with a widespread alteration in the metabolism of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in both ALS with cognitive impairment (ALSci) and ALS with FTD (ALS-FTD; also known as MND-FTD) there is evidence for alterations in the metabolism of the microtubule associated protein tau. This alteration in tau metabolism is characterized by pathological phosphorylation at residue Thr175 (pThr175 tau) which in vitro is associated with activation of GSK3β (pTyr216GSK3β), phosphorylation of Thr231tau, and the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions with increased rates of cell death. This putative pathway of pThr175 induction of pThr231 and the formation of pathogenic tau inclusions has been recently shown to span a broad range of tauopathies, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and CTE in association with ALS (CTE-ALS). This pathway can be experimentally triggered through a moderate traumatic brain injury, suggesting that it is a primary neuropathological event and not secondary to a more widespread neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the neuropathological underpinnings of the postulate that ALS is associated with a tauopathy which manifests as a FTSD, and examine possible mechanisms by which phosphorylation at Thr175tau is induced. We hypothesize that this might lead to an unfolding of the hairpin structure of tau, activation of GSK3β and pathological tau fibril formation through the induction of cis-Thr231 tau conformers. A potential role of TDP-43 acting synergistically with pathological tau metabolism is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Moszczynski
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew A Hintermayer
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang Y, Halliday GM, Hodges JR, Tan RH. von Economo Neuron Density and Thalamus Volumes in Behavioral Deficits in Frontotemporal Dementia Cases with and without a C9ORF72 Repeat Expansion. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:701-709. [PMID: 28482638 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early and selective loss of von Economo neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex has been linked to behavioral deficits in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Importantly, whether these neurons are also targeted in patients with the C9ORF72 repeat expansion has yet to be established. This is of particular interest given the recent evidence highlighting the thalamus rather than anterior cingulate cortex as a region of significant degeneration in patients with the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. OBJECTIVE To assess the von Economo neuron density and thalamus volumes in behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) cases with the C9ORF72 repeat expansion, sporadic bvFTD, sporadic ALS, and controls. METHODS Volumetric and quantitative cell counting methods were employed to assess the von Economo neuron density and thalamus volumes in 37 pathologically-confirmed cases comprised of patients with bvFTD (n = 13) cases with the C9ORF72 repeat expansion (62% with psychosis), sporadic bvFTD (n = 8), sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 7) and controls (n = 9). RESULTS von Economo neuron density was significantly reduced in sporadic bvFTD cases only. Thalamus degeneration was identified only in bvFTD cases with the C9ORF72 repeat expansion, and to a similar extent in cases with and without psychosis. No significant difference in von Economo neuron density or thalamus degeneration was seen between bvFTD cases with or without the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. CONCLUSION The present histological findings converge with neuroimaging results to corroborate the anterior cingulate cortex as a core region involved in sporadic bvFTD, and the thalamus as a major region targeted in patients with the C9ORF72 expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel H Tan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cajanus A, Hall A, Koikkalainen J, Solje E, Tolonen A, Urhemaa T, Liu Y, Haanpää RM, Hartikainen P, Helisalmi S, Korhonen V, Rueckert D, Hasselbalch S, Waldemar G, Mecocci P, Vanninen R, van Gils M, Soininen H, Lötjönen J, Remes AM. Automatic MRI Quantifying Methods in Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Diagnosis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018; 8:51-59. [PMID: 29606954 PMCID: PMC5869565 DOI: 10.1159/000486849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We assessed the value of automated MRI quantification methods in the differential diagnosis of behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from Alzheimer disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and subjective memory complaints (SMC). We also examined the role of the C9ORF72-related genetic status in the differentiation sensitivity. Methods The MRI scans of 50 patients with bvFTD (17 C9ORF72 expansion carriers) were analyzed using 6 quantification methods as follows: voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tensor-based morphometry, volumetry (VOL), manifold learning, grading, and white-matter hyperintensities. Each patient was then individually compared to an independent reference group in order to attain diagnostic suggestions. Results Only VBM and VOL showed utility in correctly identifying bvFTD from our set of data. The overall classification sensitivity of bvFTD with VOL + VBM achieved a total sensitivity of 60%. Using VOL + VBM, 32% were misclassified as having LBD. There was a trend of higher values for classification sensitivity of the C9ORF72 expansion carriers than noncarriers. Conclusion VOL, VBM, and their combination are effective in differential diagnostics between bvFTD and AD or SMC. However, MRI atrophy profiles for bvFTD and LBD are too similar for a reliable differentiation with the quantification methods tested in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Cajanus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Tolonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Urhemaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Yawu Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ramona M Haanpää
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Hartikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Korhonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steen Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark van Gils
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive changes in behavior, personality, and language with involvement of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain. About 40% of FTD cases have a positive family history, and about 10% of these cases are inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. These gene defects present with distinct clinical phenotypes. As the diagnosis of FTD becomes more recognizable, it will become increasingly important to keep these gene mutations in mind. In this chapter, we review the genes with known associations to FTD. We discuss protein functions, mutation frequencies, clinical phenotypes, imaging characteristics, and pathology associated with these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Deleon
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Staffaroni AM, Elahi FM, McDermott D, Marton K, Karageorgiou E, Sacco S, Paoletti M, Caverzasi E, Hess CP, Rosen HJ, Geschwind MD. Neuroimaging in Dementia. Semin Neurol 2017; 37:510-537. [PMID: 29207412 PMCID: PMC5823524 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the diagnosis of dementia still is primarily based on clinical criteria, neuroimaging is playing an increasingly important role. This is in large part due to advances in techniques that can assist with discriminating between different syndromes. Magnetic resonance imaging remains at the core of differential diagnosis, with specific patterns of cortical and subcortical changes having diagnostic significance. Recent developments in molecular PET imaging techniques have opened the door for not only antemortem but early, even preclinical, diagnosis of underlying pathology. This is vital, as treatment trials are underway for pharmacological agents with specific molecular targets, and numerous failed trials suggest that earlier treatment is needed. This article provides an overview of classic neuroimaging findings as well as new and cutting-edge research techniques that assist with clinical diagnosis of a range of dementia syndromes, with an emphasis on studies using pathologically proven cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Fanny M. Elahi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Dana McDermott
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Kacey Marton
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Elissaios Karageorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
- Neurological Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Simone Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Paoletti
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christopher P. Hess
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), California
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yousef A, Robinson JL, Irwin DJ, Byrne MD, Kwong LK, Lee EB, Xu Y, Xie SX, Rennert L, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Grossman M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Neuron loss and degeneration in the progression of TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:68. [PMID: 28877758 PMCID: PMC5586052 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) is associated with the accumulation of pathological neuronal and glial intracytoplasmic inclusions as well as accompanying neuron loss. We explored if cortical neurons detected by NeuN decreased with increasing TDP-43 inclusion pathology in the postmortem brains of 63 patients with sporadic and familial FTLD-TDP. Semi-automated quantitative algorithms to quantify histology in tissue sections stained with antibodies specific for pathological or phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) and NeuN were developed and validated in affected (cerebral cortex) and minimally affected (cerebellar cortex) brain regions of FTLD-TDP cases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NeuN and other neuronal markers found numerous neurons lacking reactivity, suggesting NeuN may reflect neuron health rather than neuron loss in FTLD. We found three patterns of NeuN and pTDP-43 reactivity in our sample of cortical tissue representing three intracortical region-specific stages of FTLD-TDP progression: Group 1 showed low levels of pathological pTDP-43 and high levels NeuN, while Group 2 showed increased levels of pTDP-43, and Group 3 tissues were characterized by reduced staining for both pTDP-43 and NeuN. Comparison of non-C9orf72/GRN FTLD-TDP with cases linked to both GRN mutations and C9orf72 expansions showed a significantly increased frequency of Group 3 histopathology in the latter cases, suggesting more advanced cortical disease. Hence, we propose that IHC profiles of pTDP-43 and NeuN reflect the burden of pTDP-43 and its deleterious effects on neuron health.
Collapse
|
49
|
Papma JM, Jiskoot LC, Panman JL, Dopper EG, den Heijer T, Donker Kaat L, Pijnenburg YA, Meeter LH, van Minkelen R, Rombouts SA, van Swieten JC. Cognition and gray and white matter characteristics of presymptomatic C9orf72 repeat expansion. Neurology 2017; 89:1256-1264. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To investigate cognitive function, gray matter volume, and white matter integrity in the presymptomatic stage of chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 repeat expansion (C9orf72RE).Methods:Presymptomatic C9orf72RE carriers (n = 18) and first-degree family members without a pathogenic expansion (healthy controls [HC], n = 15) underwent a standardized protocol of neuropsychological tests, T1-weighted MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging within our cohort study of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We investigated group differences in cognitive function, gray matter volume through voxel-based morphometry, and white matter integrity by means of tract-based spatial statistics. We correlated cognitive change with underlying gray or white matter.Results:Our data demonstrate lower scores on letter fluency, Stroop card I, and Stroop card III, accompanied by white matter integrity loss in tracts connecting the frontal lobe, the thalamic radiation, and tracts associated with motor functioning in presymptomatic C9orf72RE compared with HC. In a subgroup of C9orf72RE carriers above 40 years of age, we found gray matter volume loss in the thalamus, cerebellum, and parietal and temporal cortex. We found no significant relationship between subtle cognitive decline and underlying gray or white matter.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that a decline in cognitive functioning, white matter integrity, and gray matter volumes are present in presymptomatic C9orf72RE carriers. These findings suggest that neuropsychological assessment, T1-weighted MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging might be useful to identify early biomarkers in the presymptomatic stage of FTD or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of dementia following Alzheimer's disease (AD). Between 20 and 50% of cases are familial. Mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 are found in 60% of familial FTD cases. C9orf72 mutations are the most common and account for 25%. Rarer mutations (<5%) occur in other genes such as VPC, CHMP2B, TARDP, FUS, ITM2B, TBK1 and TBP. The diagnosis is often challenging due to symptom overlap with AD and other conditions. We review the genetics, clinical presentations, neuroimaging, neuropathology, animal studies and therapeutic trials in FTD. We describe clinical scenarios including the original family with the tau stem loop mutation (+14) and also the recently discovered 'missing tau' mutation +15 that 'closed the loop' in 2015.
Collapse
|