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Pasternak M, Mirza SS, Luciw N, Mutsaerts HJMM, Petr J, Thomas D, Cash D, Bocchetta M, Tartaglia MC, Mitchell SB, Black SE, Freedman M, Tang-Wai D, Rogaeva E, Russell LL, Bouzigues A, van Swieten JC, Jiskoot LC, Seelaar H, Laforce R, Tiraboschi P, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Graff C, Finger E, Sorbi S, de Mendonça A, Butler C, Gerhard A, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Ducharme S, Levin J, Otto M, Santana I, Strafella AP, MacIntosh BJ, Rohrer JD, Masellis M. Longitudinal cerebral perfusion in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia: GENFI results. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38623902 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective longitudinal biomarkers that track disease progression are needed to characterize the presymptomatic phase of genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We investigate the utility of cerebral perfusion as one such biomarker in presymptomatic FTD mutation carriers. METHODS We investigated longitudinal profiles of cerebral perfusion using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in 42 C9orf72, 70 GRN, and 31 MAPT presymptomatic carriers and 158 non-carrier controls. Linear mixed effects models assessed perfusion up to 5 years after baseline assessment. RESULTS Perfusion decline was evident in all three presymptomatic groups in global gray matter. Each group also featured its own regional pattern of hypoperfusion over time, with the left thalamus common to all groups. Frontal lobe regions featured lower perfusion in those who symptomatically converted versus asymptomatic carriers past their expected age of disease onset. DISCUSSION Cerebral perfusion is a potential biomarker for assessing genetic FTD and its genetic subgroups prior to symptom onset. HIGHLIGHTS Gray matter perfusion declines in at-risk genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Regional perfusion decline differs between at-risk genetic FTD subgroups . Hypoperfusion in the left thalamus is common across all presymptomatic groups. Converters exhibit greater right frontal hypoperfusion than non-converters past their expected conversion date. Cerebral hypoperfusion is a potential early biomarker of genetic FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Pasternak
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Luciw
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henri J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Petr
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Thomas
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Memory Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara B Mitchell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris Freedman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Tang-Wai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, CHU de Québec, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Division of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Psychology Communication and Human Neuroscience, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Klinikum Hochsauerland GmbH, Arnsberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital Gipuzkoa Building, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program & Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit, Toronto Western Hospital UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Samra K, MacDougall AM, Bouzigues A, Bocchetta M, Cash DM, Greaves CV, Convery RS, van Swieten JC, Jiskoot L, Seelaar H, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Tiraboschi P, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Otto M, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD, Russell LL. Prodromal language impairment in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120711. [PMID: 37348248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether language impairment exists presymptomatically in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and if so, the key differences between the main genetic mutation groups. METHODS 682 participants from the international multicentre Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) study were recruited: 290 asymptomatic and 82 prodromal mutation carriers (with C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutations) as well as 310 mutation-negative controls. Language was assessed using items from the Progressive Aphasia Severity Scale, as well as the Boston Naming Test (BNT), modified Camel and Cactus Test (mCCT) and a category fluency task. Participants also underwent a 3 T volumetric T1-weighted MRI from which regional brain volumes within the language network were derived and compared between the groups. RESULTS 3% of asymptomatic (4% C9orf72, 4% GRN, 2% MAPT) and 48% of prodromal (46% C9orf72, 42% GRN, 64% MAPT) mutation carriers had impairment in at least one language symptom compared with 13% of controls. In prodromal mutation carriers significantly impaired word retrieval was seen in all three genetic groups whilst significantly impaired grammar/syntax and decreased fluency was seen only in C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers, and impaired articulation only in the C9orf72 group. Prodromal MAPT mutation carriers had significant impairment on the category fluency task and the BNT whilst prodromal C9orf72 mutation carriers were impaired on the category fluency task only. Atrophy in the dominant perisylvian language regions differed between groups, with earlier, more widespread volume loss in C9orf72, and later focal atrophy in the temporal lobe in MAPT mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS Language deficits exist in the prodromal but not asymptomatic stages of genetic FTD across all three genetic groups. Improved understanding of the language phenotype prior to phenoconversion to fully symptomatic FTD will help develop outcome measures for future presymptomatic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Samra
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amy M MacDougall
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Lize Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia Universitary Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences rares ou Précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND)
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, France; Inserm 1172, Lille, France; CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Foster PH, Russell LL, Peakman G, Convery RS, Bouzigues A, Greaves CV, Bocchetta M, Cash DM, van Swieten JC, Jiskoot LC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD. Examining empathy deficits across familial forms of frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. Cortex 2022; 150:12-28. [PMID: 35325762 PMCID: PMC9067453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced empathy is a common symptom in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Although empathy deficits have been extensively researched in sporadic cases, few studies have explored the differences in familial forms of FTD. METHODS Empathy was examined using a modified version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (mIRI) in 676 participants from the Genetic FTD Initiative: 216 mutation-negative controls, 192 C9orf72 expansion carriers, 193 GRN mutation carriers and 75 MAPT mutation carriers. Using global scores from the CDR® plus NACC FTLD, mutation carriers were divided into three groups, asymptomatic (0), very mildly symptomatic/prodromal (.5), or fully symptomatic (1 or more). The mIRI Total score, as well as the subscores of Empathic Concern (EC) and Perspective Taking (PT) were assessed. Linear regression models with bootstrapping were used to assess empathy ratings across genetic groups, as well as across phenotypes in the symptomatic carriers. Neural correlates of empathy deficits were examined using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. RESULTS All fully symptomatic groups scored lower on the mIRI Total, EC, and PT when compared to controls and their asymptomatic or prodromal counterparts (all p < .001). Prodromal C9orf72 expansion carriers also scored significantly lower than controls on the mIRI Total score (p = .046). In the phenotype analysis, all groups (behavioural variant FTD, primary progressive aphasia and FTD with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) scored significantly lower than controls (all p < .007). VBM revealed an overlapping neural correlate of the mIRI Total score across genetic groups in the orbitofrontal lobe but with additional involvement in the temporal lobe, insula and basal ganglia in both the GRN and MAPT groups, and uniquely more posterior regions such as the parietal lobe and thalamus in the GRN group, and medial temporal structures in the MAPT group. CONCLUSIONS Significant empathy deficits present in genetic FTD, particularly in symptomatic individuals and those with a bvFTD phenotype, while prodromal deficits are only seen using the mIRI in C9orf72 expansion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe H Foster
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia Universitary Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- University of Cambridge Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and University of Cambridge Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND)
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, France; Inserm 1172, Lille, France; CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Shafiei G, Bazinet V, Dadar M, Manera AL, Collins DL, Dagher A, Borroni B, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Butler C, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Sorbi S, Jiskoot LC, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD, Misic B, Ducharme S. Network structure and transcriptomic vulnerability shape atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2022; 146:321-336. [PMID: 35188955 PMCID: PMC9825569 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Connections among brain regions allow pathological perturbations to spread from a single source region to multiple regions. Patterns of neurodegeneration in multiple diseases, including behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), resemble the large-scale functional systems, but how bvFTD-related atrophy patterns relate to structural network organization remains unknown. Here we investigate whether neurodegeneration patterns in sporadic and genetic bvFTD are conditioned by connectome architecture. Regional atrophy patterns were estimated in both genetic bvFTD (75 patients, 247 controls) and sporadic bvFTD (70 patients, 123 controls). First, we identified distributed atrophy patterns in bvFTD, mainly targeting areas associated with the limbic intrinsic network and insular cytoarchitectonic class. Regional atrophy was significantly correlated with atrophy of structurally- and functionally-connected neighbours, demonstrating that network structure shapes atrophy patterns. The anterior insula was identified as the predominant group epicentre of brain atrophy using data-driven and simulation-based methods, with some secondary regions in frontal ventromedial and antero-medial temporal areas. We found that FTD-related genes, namely C9orf72 and TARDBP, confer local transcriptomic vulnerability to the disease, modulating the propagation of pathology through the connectome. Collectively, our results demonstrate that atrophy patterns in sporadic and genetic bvFTD are jointly shaped by global connectome architecture and local transcriptomic vulnerability, providing an explanation as to how heterogenous pathological entities can lead to the same clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahsa Dadar
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ana L Manera
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain,Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden,Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg and Essen, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,Clinical Research Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Bratislav Misic
- Correspondence to: Bratislav Misic 3801 Rue University Webster 211, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada E-mail:
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5
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McCarthy J, Borroni B, Sanchez‐Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Butler C, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni G, Ghidoni R, Sorbi S, Jiskoot LC, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD, Iturria‐Medina Y, Ducharme S. Data-driven staging of genetic frontotemporal dementia using multi-modal MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:1821-1835. [PMID: 35118777 PMCID: PMC8933323 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia in genetic forms is highly heterogeneous and begins many years to prior symptom onset, complicating disease understanding and treatment development. Unifying methods to stage the disease during both the presymptomatic and symptomatic phases are needed for the development of clinical trials outcomes. Here we used the contrastive trajectory inference (cTI), an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that analyzes temporal patterns in high‐dimensional large‐scale population datasets to obtain individual scores of disease stage. We used cross‐sectional MRI data (gray matter density, T1/T2 ratio as a proxy for myelin content, resting‐state functional amplitude, gray matter fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity) from 383 gene carriers (269 presymptomatic and 115 symptomatic) and a control group of 253 noncarriers in the Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative. We compared the cTI‐obtained disease scores to the estimated years to onset (age—mean age of onset in relatives), clinical, and neuropsychological test scores. The cTI based disease scores were correlated with all clinical and neuropsychological tests (measuring behavioral symptoms, attention, memory, language, and executive functions), with the highest contribution coming from mean diffusivity. Mean cTI scores were higher in the presymptomatic carriers than controls, indicating that the method may capture subtle pre‐dementia cerebral changes, although this change was not replicated in a subset of subjects with complete data. This study provides a proof of concept that cTI can identify data‐driven disease stages in a heterogeneous sample combining different mutations and disease stages of genetic FTD using only MRI metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian McCarthy
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Raquel Sanchez‐Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I SunyerUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyDonostia University HospitalSan SebastianGipuzkoaSpain
- Neuroscience AreaBiodonostia Health Research InstituteSan SebastianGipuzkoaSpain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de MédecineUniversité LavalQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric MedicineKarolinska University Hospital‐HuddingeStockholmSweden
- Unit for Hereditary DementiasTheme Aging, Karolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of NeurologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoNeurodegenerative Diseases UnitMilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental SciencesUniversity of Milan, Dino Ferrari CenterMilanItaly
| | - James B. Rowe
- University of Cambridge Department of Clinical NeurosciencesCambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, and RC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitCambridgeUK
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western HospitalTanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative DiseaseTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological SciencesUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Neurology ServiceUniversity Hospitals LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology DepartmentCentro Hospitalar e Universitário de CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonUK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Biology, and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear MedicineEssen University HospitalEssenGermany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- LANE ‐ Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and EpidemiologyIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE‐Laboratory of Neuroimaging of AgingUniversity Hospitals and University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers LaboratoryIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of NeurofarbaUniversity of FlorenceItaly
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo GnocchiFlorenceItaly
| | - Lize C. Jiskoot
- Department of NeurologyErasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of NeurologyErasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | - John C. van Swieten
- Department of NeurologyErasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Yasser Iturria‐Medina
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental HealthMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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6
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Peakman G, Russell LL, Convery RS, Nicholas JM, Van Swieten JC, Jiskoot LC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD. Comparison of clinical rating scales in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:158-168. [PMID: 34353857 PMCID: PMC8785074 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic trials are now underway in genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) but clinical outcome measures are limited. The two most commonly used measures, the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)+National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) and the FTD Rating Scale (FRS), have yet to be compared in detail in the genetic forms of FTD. METHODS The CDR+NACC FTLD and FRS were assessed cross-sectionally in 725 consecutively recruited participants from the Genetic FTD Initiative: 457 mutation carriers (77 microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), 187 GRN, 193 C9orf72) and 268 family members without mutations (non-carrier control group). 231 mutation carriers (51 MAPT, 92 GRN, 88 C9orf72) and 145 non-carriers had available longitudinal data at a follow-up time point. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, the mean FRS score was lower in all genetic groups compared with controls: GRN mutation carriers mean 83.4 (SD 27.0), MAPT mutation carriers 78.2 (28.8), C9orf72 mutation carriers 71.0 (34.0), controls 96.2 (7.7), p<0.001 for all comparisons, while the mean CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes was significantly higher in all genetic groups: GRN mutation carriers mean 2.6 (5.2), MAPT mutation carriers 3.2 (5.6), C9orf72 mutation carriers 4.2 (6.2), controls 0.2 (0.6), p<0.001 for all comparisons. Mean FRS score decreased and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes increased with increasing disease severity within each individual genetic group. FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes scores were strongly negatively correlated across all mutation carriers (rs=-0.77, p<0.001) and within each genetic group (rs=-0.67 to -0.81, p<0.001 in each group). Nonetheless, discrepancies in disease staging were seen between the scales, and with each scale and clinician-judged symptomatic status. Longitudinally, annualised change in both FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes scores initially increased with disease severity level before decreasing in those with the most severe disease: controls -0.1 (6.0) for FRS, -0.1 (0.4) for CDR+NACC FTLD Sum of Boxes, asymptomatic mutation carriers -0.5 (8.2), 0.2 (0.9), prodromal disease -2.3 (9.9), 0.6 (2.7), mild disease -10.2 (18.6), 3.0 (4.1), moderate disease -9.6 (16.6), 4.4 (4.0), severe disease -2.7 (8.3), 1.7 (3.3). Sample sizes were calculated for a trial of prodromal mutation carriers: over 180 participants per arm would be needed to detect a moderate sized effect (30%) for both outcome measures, with sample sizes lower for the FRS. CONCLUSIONS Both the FRS and CDR+NACC FTLD measure disease severity in genetic FTD mutation carriers throughout the timeline of their disease, although the FRS may be preferable as an outcome measure. However, neither address a number of key symptoms in the FTD spectrum, for example, motor and neuropsychiatric deficits, which future scales will need to incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Peakman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John C Van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-san Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Dept. of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tubingen, Germany.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurology Service, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, University of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- University of Lille, Lille, France.,CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm 1172, Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munchen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
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7
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Langheinrich T, Kobylecki C, Jones M, Thompson JC, Snowden JS, Hinz R, Pickering-Brown S, Mann D, Roncaroli F, Herholz K, Gerhard A. Amyloid-PET-Positive Patient With bvFTD: Wrong Diagnosis, False Positive Scan, or Copathology? Neurol Clin Pract 2022; 11:e952-e955. [PMID: 34992994 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 65-year-old man was referred to a local memory clinic with memory complaints but clinical assessment found no abnormalities. When he presented two years later to our clinic social disinhibition, reduced empathy, poor judgment and hoarding had become obvious. He showed no insight. He had ischemic heart disease and was on preventive treatment. His mother died aged 97 suffering from dementia. Neurological examination was normal. During neuropsychological examination he exhibited verbal and behavioral disinhibition, inattention, emotional blunting and unconcern. He had prominent difficulties in abstraction, set shifting and sequencing with significant impact on memory tests (table1). A clinical diagnosis of behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) was made. MRI (figure A) showed right more than left-sided temporal atrophy, bilateral frontal and milder parietal atrophy. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET (figure B) demonstrated fronto-temporal hypometabolism. Metabolism in the posterior cingulate was normal. He was homozygous for the APOE ε4 allele and negative for the C9orf72 expansion and mutations in MAPT, GRN, PSEN1, and APP. [18F]-Florbetapir PET (figure C) revealed increased tracer binding in all cortical regions corresponding to a centiloid value of 74%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langheinrich
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Matthew Jones
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - David Mann
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Herholz
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Cerebral Function Unit (TL, MJ, JCT, JSS), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (TL, CK, MJ, JCT, JSS, RH, SP-B, DM, FR, KH, AG), School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Neurology (CK), Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (AG), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Young AL, Bocchetta M, Russell LL, Convery RS, Peakman G, Todd E, Cash DM, Greaves CV, van Swieten J, Jiskoot L, Seelaar H, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Williams SCR, Alexander DC, Rohrer JD. Characterizing the Clinical Features and Atrophy Patterns of MAPT-Related Frontotemporal Dementia With Disease Progression Modeling. Neurology 2021; 97:e941-e952. [PMID: 34158384 PMCID: PMC8408507 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mutations in the MAPT gene cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Most previous studies investigating the neuroanatomical signature of MAPT mutations have grouped all different mutations together and shown an association with focal atrophy of the temporal lobe. The variability in atrophy patterns between each particular MAPT mutation is less well-characterized. We aimed to investigate whether there were distinct groups of MAPT mutation carriers based on their neuroanatomical signature. METHODS We applied Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn), an unsupervised machine learning technique that identifies groups of individuals with distinct progression patterns, to characterize patterns of regional atrophy in MAPT-associated FTD within the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) cohort study. RESULTS Eighty-two MAPT mutation carriers were analyzed, the majority of whom had P301L, IVS10+16, or R406W mutations, along with 48 healthy noncarriers. SuStaIn identified 2 groups of MAPT mutation carriers with distinct atrophy patterns: a temporal subtype, in which atrophy was most prominent in the hippocampus, amygdala, temporal cortex, and insula; and a frontotemporal subtype, in which atrophy was more localized to the lateral temporal lobe and anterior insula, as well as the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. There was one-to-one mapping between IVS10+16 and R406W mutations and the temporal subtype and near one-to-one mapping between P301L mutations and the frontotemporal subtype. There were differences in clinical symptoms and neuropsychological test scores between subtypes: the temporal subtype was associated with amnestic symptoms, whereas the frontotemporal subtype was associated with executive dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that different MAPT mutations give rise to distinct atrophy patterns and clinical phenotype, providing insights into the underlying disease biology and potential utility for patient stratification in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Young
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Lucy L Russell
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Rhian S Convery
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Georgia Peakman
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Emily Todd
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - David M Cash
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Fermin Moreno
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Simon Ducharme
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Chris Butler
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Alex Gerhard
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Markus Otto
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Steven C R Williams
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the Department of Neuroimaging (A.L.Y., S.C.R.W.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Departments of Computer Science (A.L.Y., D.C.A.) and Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (D.M.C.), Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London; Dementia Research Centre (M.B., L.L.R., R.S.C., G.P., E.T., D.M.C., C.V.G., L.J., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (J.v.S., L.J., H.S.), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital; Neuroscience Area (F.M.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Unit (B.B.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute (M.M.), and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Fondazione Ca'Granda (D.G.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico; University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (R.V.), and Leuven Brain Institute (R.V.), KU Leuven; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.d.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service (I.S.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (I.S.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre (S.D.), and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (S.D.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B.), Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), University of Duisburg-Essen; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.); Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Munich; Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Don Gnocchi (S.S.), Florence, Italy.
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Franklin HD, Russell LL, Peakman G, Greaves CV, Bocchetta M, Nicholas J, Poos J, Convery RS, Cash DM, van Swieten J, Jiskoot L, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Le Ber I, Pasquier F, Rohrer JD. The Revised Self-Monitoring Scale detects early impairment of social cognition in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:127. [PMID: 34253227 PMCID: PMC8276486 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although social cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), it has been poorly studied in familial forms. A key goal of studies is to detect early cognitive impairment using validated measures in large patient cohorts. METHODS We used the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale (RSMS) as a measure of socioemotional sensitivity in 730 participants from the genetic FTD initiative (GENFI) observational study: 269 mutation-negative healthy controls, 193 C9orf72 expansion carriers, 193 GRN mutation carriers and 75 MAPT mutation carriers. All participants underwent the standardised GENFI clinical assessment including the 'CDR® plus NACC FTLD' scale and RSMS. The RSMS total score and its two subscores, socioemotional expressiveness (EX score) and modification of self-presentation (SP score) were measured. Volumetric T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was available from 377 mutation carriers for voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. RESULTS The RSMS was decreased in symptomatic mutation carriers in all genetic groups but at a prodromal stage only in the C9orf72 (for the total score and both subscores) and GRN (for the modification of self-presentation subscore) groups. RSMS score correlated with disease severity in all groups. The VBM analysis implicated an overlapping network of regions including the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, temporal pole, medial temporal lobe and striatum. CONCLUSIONS The RSMS indexes socioemotional impairment at an early stage of genetic FTD and may be a suitable outcome measure in forthcoming trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Franklin
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jackie Poos
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm 1172, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Poos JM, Russell LL, Peakman G, Bocchetta M, Greaves CV, Jiskoot LC, van der Ende EL, Seelaar H, Papma JM, van den Berg E, Pijnenburg YA, Borroni B, Sanchez‐Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Medonça A, Tagliavini F, Butler CR, Santana I, Ber IL, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Pasquier F, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD. Impairment of episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia: A GENFI study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021; 13:e12185. [PMID: 34027016 PMCID: PMC8116844 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to assess episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). METHODS The FCSRT was administered in 417 presymptomatic and symptomatic mutation carriers (181 chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 [C9orf72], 163 progranulin [GRN], and 73 microtubule-associated protein tau [MAPT]) and 290 controls. Group differences and correlations with other neuropsychological tests were examined. We performed voxel-based morphometry to investigate the underlying neural substrates of the FCSRT. RESULTS All symptomatic mutation carrier groups and presymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers performed significantly worse on all FCSRT scores compared to controls. In the presymptomatic C9orf72 group, deficits were found on all scores except for the delayed total recall task, while no deficits were found in presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers. Performance on the FCSRT correlated with executive function, particularly in C9orf72 mutation carriers, but also with memory and naming tasks in the MAPT group. FCSRT performance also correlated with gray matter volumes of frontal, temporal, and subcortical regions in C9orf72 and GRN, but mainly temporal areas in MAPT mutation carriers. DISCUSSION The FCSRT detects presymptomatic deficits in C9orf72- and MAPT-associated FTD and provides important insight into the underlying cause of memory impairment in different forms of FTD.
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Manera AL, Dadar M, Van Swieten JC, Borroni B, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonca A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni G, Ghidoni R, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD, Ducharme S, Collins DL. MRI data-driven algorithm for the diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:jnnp-2020-324106. [PMID: 33722819 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structural brain imaging is paramount for the diagnosis of behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), but it has low sensitivity leading to erroneous or late diagnosis. METHODS A total of 515 subjects from two different bvFTD cohorts (training and independent validation cohorts) were used to perform voxel-wise morphometric analysis to identify regions with significant differences between bvFTD and controls. A random forest classifier was used to individually predict bvFTD from deformation-based morphometry differences in isolation and together with semantic fluency. Tenfold cross validation was used to assess the performance of the classifier within the training cohort. A second held-out cohort of genetically confirmed bvFTD cases was used for additional validation. RESULTS Average 10-fold cross-validation accuracy was 89% (82% sensitivity, 93% specificity) using only MRI and 94% (89% sensitivity, 98% specificity) with the addition of semantic fluency. In the separate validation cohort of definite bvFTD, accuracy was 88% (81% sensitivity, 92% specificity) with MRI and 91% (79% sensitivity, 96% specificity) with added semantic fluency scores. CONCLUSION Our results show that structural MRI and semantic fluency can accurately predict bvFTD at the individual subject level within a completely independent validation cohort coming from a different and independent database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Manera
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- LANE - Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - James Benedict Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Neurology and Neuropathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Alex Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- LANE - Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Shribman S, Heller C, Burrows M, Heslegrave A, Swift I, Foiani MS, Gillett GT, Tsochatzis EA, Rowe JB, Gerhard A, Butler CR, Masellis M, Bremner F, Martin A, Jung L, Cook P, Zetterberg H, Bandmann O, Rohrer JD, Warner TT. Plasma Neurofilament Light as a Biomarker of Neurological Involvement in Wilson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:503-508. [PMID: 33078859 PMCID: PMC8436757 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes are unpredictable for neurological presentations of Wilson's disease (WD). Dosing regimens for chelation therapy vary and monitoring depends on copper indices, which do not reflect end-organ damage. OBJECTIVE To identify a biomarker for neurological involvement in WD. METHODS Neuronal and glial-specific proteins were measured in plasma samples from 40 patients and 38 age-matched controls. Patients were divided into neurological or hepatic presentations and those with recent neurological presentations or deterioration associated with non-adherence were subcategorized as having active neurological disease. Unified WD Rating Scale scores and copper indices were recorded. RESULTS Unlike copper indices, neurofilament light (NfL) concentrations were higher in neurological than hepatic presentations. They were also higher in those with active neurological disease when controlling for severity and correlated with neurological examination subscores in stable patients. CONCLUSION NfL is a biomarker of neurological involvement with potential use in guiding chelation therapy and clinical trials for novel treatments. © 2020 University College London. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shribman
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesReta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Maggie Burrows
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesReta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Imogen Swift
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Martha S. Foiani
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Godfrey T. Gillett
- Department of Clinical ChemistryNorthern General HospitalSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthRoyal Free Hospital and UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenDuisburgGermany
| | - Chris R. Butler
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mario Masellis
- Departamento de NeurologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreSunnybrook Research Institute, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Fion Bremner
- Neuro‐OphthalmologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison Martin
- Department of Clinical ChemistryNorthern General HospitalSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Lynne Jung
- Department of Clinical BiochemistrySouthampton General HospitalSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Cook
- Department of Clinical BiochemistrySouthampton General HospitalSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas T. Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesReta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
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Borrego-Écija S, Sala-Llonch R, van Swieten J, Borroni B, Moreno F, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Graff C, Galimberti D, Laforce R, Rowe JB, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, Tagliavini F, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Synofzik M, Ducharme S, Levin J, Danek A, Gerhard A, Otto M, Butler C, Frisoni G, Sorbi S, Heller C, Bocchetta M, Cash DM, Convery RS, Moore KM, Rohrer JD, Sanchez-Valle R. Disease-related cortical thinning in presymptomatic granulin mutation carriers. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 29:102540. [PMID: 33418170 PMCID: PMC7804836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
No differences in cortical thickness were found between presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers at the group-wise comparison. Presymptomatic GRN mutations carriers present distinct age-related CTh loss in frontal areas. We do not fount influence of the TMEM106B genotype in the age-related CTh of GRN carriers.
Mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) cause familial frontotemporal dementia. Understanding the structural brain changes in presymptomatic GRN carriers would enforce the use of neuroimaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring. We studied 100 presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and 94 noncarriers from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia initiative (GENFI), with MRI structural images. We analyzed 3T MRI structural images using the FreeSurfer pipeline to calculate the whole brain cortical thickness (CTh) for each subject. We also perform a vertex-wise general linear model to assess differences between groups in the relationship between CTh and diverse covariables as gender, age, the estimated years to onset and education. We also explored differences according to TMEM106B genotype, a possible disease modifier. Whole brain CTh did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Both groups showed age-related cortical thinning. The group-by-age interaction analysis showed that this age-related cortical thinning was significantly greater in GRN carriers in the left superior frontal cortex. TMEM106B did not significantly influence the age-related cortical thinning. Our results validate and expand previous findings suggesting an increased CTh loss associated with age and estimated proximity to symptoms onset in GRN carriers, even before the disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Borrego-Écija
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Mario Masellis
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institut, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany; SyNergy,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biomedicina, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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14
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Convery RS, Bocchetta M, Greaves CV, Moore KM, Cash DM, Van Swieten J, Moreno F, Sánchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonca A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Warren JD, Rohrer JD. Abnormal pain perception is associated with thalamo-cortico-striatal atrophy in C9orf72 expansion carriers in the GENFI cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1325-1328. [PMID: 32759310 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is typically associated with changes in behaviour, language and movement. However, recent studies have shown that patients can also develop an abnormal response to pain, either heightened or diminished. We aimed to investigate this symptom in mutation carriers within the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI). METHODS Abnormal responsiveness to pain was measured in 462 GENFI participants: 281 mutation carriers and 181 mutation-negative controls. Changes in responsiveness to pain were scored as absent (0), questionable or very mild (0.5), mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3). Mutation carriers were classified into C9orf72 (104), GRN (128) and MAPT (49) groups, and into presymptomatic and symptomatic stages. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to compare groups, adjusting for age and sex. Voxel-based morphometry was performed to identify neuroanatomical correlates of abnormal pain perception. RESULTS Altered responsiveness to pain was present to a significantly greater extent in symptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers than in controls: mean score 0.40 (SD 0.71) vs 0.00 (0.04), reported in 29% vs 1%. No significant differences were seen between the other symptomatic groups and controls, or any of the presymptomatic mutation carriers and controls. Neural correlates of altered pain perception in C9orf72 expansion carriers were the bilateral thalamus and striatum as well as a predominantly right-sided network of regions involving the orbitofrontal cortex, inferomedial temporal lobe and cerebellum. CONCLUSION Changes in pain perception are a feature of C9orf72 expansion carriers, likely representing a disruption in somatosensory, homeostatic and semantic processing, underpinned by atrophy in a thalamo-cortico-striatal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital Gipuzkoa Building, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME), Département des Sciences Neurologiques du CHU de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- La Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.,Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandre de Mendonca
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Site Munich, Munchen, Germany.,Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Russell LL, Greaves CV, Bocchetta M, Nicholas J, Convery RS, Moore K, Cash DM, van Swieten J, Jiskoot L, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Rotondo E, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Warren JD, Rohrer JD. Social cognition impairment in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. Cortex 2020; 133:384-398. [PMID: 33221702 PMCID: PMC7754789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key symptom of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is difficulty interacting socially with others. Social cognition problems in FTD include impaired emotion processing and theory of mind difficulties, and whilst these have been studied extensively in sporadic FTD, few studies have investigated them in familial FTD. Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) and Faux Pas (FP) recognition tests were used to study social cognition within the Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative (GENFI), a large familial FTD cohort of C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutation carriers. 627 participants undertook at least one of the tasks, and were separated into mutation-negative healthy controls, presymptomatic mutation carriers (split into early and late groups) and symptomatic mutation carriers. Groups were compared using a linear regression model with bootstrapping, adjusting for age, sex, education, and for the FP recognition test, language. Neural correlates of social cognition deficits were explored using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study. All three of the symptomatic genetic groups were impaired on both tasks with no significant difference between them. However, prior to onset, only the late presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers on the FER test were impaired compared to the control group, with a subanalysis showing differences particularly in fear and sadness. The VBM analysis revealed that impaired social cognition was mainly associated with a left hemisphere predominant network of regions involving particularly the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and insula, and to a lesser extent the inferomedial temporal lobe and other areas of the frontal lobe. In conclusion, theory of mind and emotion processing abilities are impaired in familial FTD, with early changes occurring prior to symptom onset in C9orf72 presymptomatic mutation carriers. Future work should investigate how performance changes over time, in order to gain a clearer insight into social cognitive impairment over the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute of Prion Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - Katrina Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg- Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK.
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16
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Altmann A, Cash DM, Bocchetta M, Heller C, Reynolds R, Moore K, Convery RS, Thomas DL, van Swieten JC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Frisoni G, Ghidoni R, Sorbi S, Otto M, Ryten M, Rohrer JD. Analysis of brain atrophy and local gene expression in genetic frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2020; 2. [PMID: 33210084 PMCID: PMC7667525 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss in the frontal and temporal lobes. Despite progress in understanding which genes are associated with the aetiology of frontotemporal dementia, the biological basis of how mutations in these genes lead to cell loss in specific cortical regions remains unclear. In this work we combined gene expression data for 16,772 genes from the Allen Institute for Brain Science atlas with brain maps of gray matter atrophy in symptomatic C9orf72, GRN and MAPT mutation carriers obtained from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative study. No significant association was seen between C9orf72, GRN and MAPT expression and the atrophy patterns in the respective genetic groups. After adjusting for spatial autocorrelation, between 1,000 and 5,000 genes showed a negative or positive association with the atrophy pattern within each individual genetic group, with the most significantly associated genes being TREM2, SSBP3 and GPR158 (negative association in C9orf72, GRN and MAPT respectively) and RELN, MXRA8 and LPA (positive association in C9orf72, GRN and MAPT respectively). An overrepresentation analysis identified a negative association with genes involved in mitochondrial function, and a positive association with genes involved in vascular and glial cell function in each of the genetic groups. A set of 423 and 700 genes showed significant positive and negative association, respectively, with atrophy patterns in all three maps. The gene set with increased expression in spared cortical regions was enriched for neuronal and microglial genes, while the gene set with increased expression in atrophied regions was enriched for astrocyte and endothelial cell genes. Our analysis suggests that these cell types may play a more active role in the onset of neurodegeneration in frontotemporal dementia than previously assumed, and in the case of the positively-associated cell marker genes, potentially through emergence of neurotoxic astrocytes and alteration in the blood-brain barrier respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Altmann
- Centre of Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Centre of Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics, University College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Regina Reynolds
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Katrina Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David L Thomas
- Neuroimaging Analysis Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Instituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm
| | - Mina Ryten
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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17
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van der Ende EL, Xiao M, Xu D, Poos JM, Panman JL, Jiskoot LC, Meeter LH, Dopper EG, Papma JM, Heller C, Convery R, Moore K, Bocchetta M, Neason M, Peakman G, Cash DM, Teunissen CE, Graff C, Synofzik M, Moreno F, Finger E, Sánchez-Valle R, Vandenberghe R, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Butler CR, Ducharme S, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Pijnenburg YA, Otto M, Borroni B, Tagliavini F, de Mendonca A, Santana I, Galimberti D, Seelaar H, Rohrer JD, Worley PF, van Swieten JC. Neuronal pentraxin 2: a synapse-derived CSF biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:612-621. [PMID: 32273328 PMCID: PMC7279197 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synapse dysfunction is emerging as an early pathological event in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), however biomarkers are lacking. We aimed to investigate the value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuronal pentraxins (NPTXs), a family of proteins involved in homeostatic synapse plasticity, as novel biomarkers in genetic FTD. METHODS We included 106 presymptomatic and 54 symptomatic carriers of a pathogenic mutation in GRN, C9orf72 or MAPT, and 70 healthy non-carriers participating in the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI), all of whom had at least one CSF sample. We measured CSF concentrations of NPTX2 using an in-house ELISA, and NPTX1 and NPTX receptor (NPTXR) by Western blot. We correlated NPTX2 with corresponding clinical and neuroimaging datasets as well as with CSF neurofilament light chain (NfL) using linear regression analyses. RESULTS Symptomatic mutation carriers had lower NPTX2 concentrations (median 643 pg/mL, IQR (301-872)) than presymptomatic carriers (1003 pg/mL (624-1358), p<0.001) and non-carriers (990 pg/mL (597-1373), p<0.001) (corrected for age). Similar results were found for NPTX1 and NPTXR. Among mutation carriers, NPTX2 concentration correlated with several clinical disease severity measures, NfL and grey matter volume of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, insula and whole brain. NPTX2 predicted subsequent decline in phonemic verbal fluency and Clinical Dementia Rating scale plus FTD modules. In longitudinal CSF samples, available in 13 subjects, NPTX2 decreased around symptom onset and in the symptomatic stage. DISCUSSION We conclude that NPTX2 is a promising synapse-derived disease progression biomarker in genetic FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meifang Xiao
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Desheng Xu
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jackie M Poos
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jessica L Panman
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lieke H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elise Gp Dopper
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mollie Neason
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Bioclinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Hereditary Dementia, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire du CHU de Québec, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge University Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Ducharme
- Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Divison of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Yolande Al Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F Worley
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Le Blanc G, Jetté Pomerleau V, McCarthy J, Borroni B, Swieten J, Galimberti D, Sanchez‐Valle R, LaForce R, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Vandenberghe R, Finger E, Tagliavini F, Mendonça A, Santana I, Butler C, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni G, Sorbi S, Rohrer JD, Ducharme S, Almeida MR, Anderl‐Straub S, Andersson C, Antonell A, Arighi A, Balasa M, Barandiaran M, Bargalló N, Bartha R, Bender B, Benussi L, Binetti G, Black S, Bocchetta M, Borrego S, Bras J, Bruffaerts R, Caroppo P, Cash D, Castelo‐Branco M, Convery R, Cope T, Arriba M, Di Fede G, Díaz Z, Dick KM, Duro D, Fenoglio C, Ferreira C, Ferreira CB, Flanagan T, Fox N, Freedman M, Fumagalli G, Gabilondo A, Gauthier S, Ghidoni R, Giaccone G, Gorostidi A, Greaves C, Guerreiro R, Heller C, Hoegen T, Indakoetxea B, Jelic V, Jiskoot L, Karnath H, Keren R, Leitão MJ, Lladó A, Lombardi G, Loosli S, Maruta C, Mead S, Meeter L, Miltenberger G, Minkelen R, Mitchell S, Nacmias B, Neason M, Nicholas J, Öijerstedt L, Olives J, Panman J, Papma J, Patzig M, Pievani M, Pijnenburg Y, Prioni S, Prix C, Rademakers R, Redaelli V, Rittman T, Rogaeva E, Rosa‐Neto P, Rossi G, Rossor M, Santiago B, Scarpini E, Semler E, Shafei R, Shoesmith C, Tábuas‐Pereira M, Tainta M, Tang‐Wai D, Thomas DL, Thonberg H, Timberlake C, Tiraboschi P, Vandamme P, Vandenbulcke M, Veldsman M, Verdelho A, Villanua J, Warren J, Wilke C, Zetterberg H, Zulaica M. Faster Cortical Thinning and Surface Area Loss in Presymptomatic and Symptomatic
C9orf72
Repeat Expansion Adult Carriers. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:113-122. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Jetté Pomerleau
- Department of Psychiatry McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jillian McCarthy
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - John Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez‐Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Robert LaForce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Department of Neurology Hospital Universitario Donostia San Sebastian Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research Tübingen Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Maria C. Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Withington Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Munich Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Ulm Ulm Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE‐Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health University of Florence Florence Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Florence Italy
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre University College London Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal Quebec Canada
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19
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Heller C, Foiani MS, Moore K, Convery R, Bocchetta M, Neason M, Cash DM, Thomas D, Greaves CV, Woollacott IO, Shafei R, Van Swieten JC, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonca A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Frisoni G, Sorbi S, Otto M, Heslegrave AJ, Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is raised in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:263-270. [PMID: 31937580 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few validated fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a measure of astrogliosis, a known pathological process of FTD, but has yet to be explored as potential biomarker. METHODS Plasma GFAP and neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentration were measured in 469 individuals enrolled in the Genetic FTD Initiative: 114 C9orf72 expansion carriers (74 presymptomatic, 40 symptomatic), 119 GRN mutation carriers (88 presymptomatic, 31 symptomatic), 53 MAPT mutation carriers (34 presymptomatic, 19 symptomatic) and 183 non-carrier controls. Biomarker measures were compared between groups using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex with family membership included as random effect. Participants underwent standardised clinical assessments including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-Clinical Dementia Rating scale and MRI. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship of plasma GFAP to clinical and imaging measures. RESULTS Plasma GFAP concentration was significantly increased in symptomatic GRN mutation carriers (adjusted mean difference from controls 192.3 pg/mL, 95% CI 126.5 to 445.6), but not in those with C9orf72 expansions (9.0, -61.3 to 54.6), MAPT mutations (12.7, -33.3 to 90.4) or the presymptomatic groups. GFAP concentration was significantly positively correlated with age in both controls and the majority of the disease groups, as well as with NfL concentration. In the presymptomatic period, higher GFAP concentrations were correlated with a lower cognitive score (MMSE) and lower brain volume, while in the symptomatic period, higher concentrations were associated with faster rates of atrophy in the temporal lobe. CONCLUSIONS Raised GFAP concentrations appear to be unique to GRN-related FTD, with levels potentially increasing just prior to symptom onset, suggesting that GFAP may be an important marker of proximity to onset, and helpful for forthcoming therapeutic prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Heller
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martha S Foiani
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katrina Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mollie Neason
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Thomas
- Neuradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ione Oc Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rachelle Shafei
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John C Van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, País Vasco, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire du CHU de Québec, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Amanda J Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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20
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Moore K, Convery R, Bocchetta M, Neason M, Cash DM, Greaves C, Russell LL, Clarke MTM, Peakman G, van Swieten J, Jiskoot L, Moreno F, Barandiaran M, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Doré MC, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Karnath HO, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Maruta C, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Warren JD, Rohrer JD. A modified Camel and Cactus Test detects presymptomatic semantic impairment in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2020; 29:112-119. [PMID: 32024404 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1716357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired semantic knowledge is a characteristic feature of some forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), particularly the sporadic disorder semantic dementia. Less is known about semantic cognition in the genetic forms of FTD caused by mutations in the genes MAPT, C9orf72, and GRN. We developed a modified version of the Camel and Cactus Test (mCCT) to investigate the presence of semantic difficulties in a large genetic FTD cohort from the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) study. Six-hundred-forty-four participants were tested with the mCCT including 67 MAPT mutation carriers (15 symptomatic, and 52 in the presymptomatic period), 165 GRN mutation carriers (33 symptomatic, 132 presymptomatic), and 164 C9orf72 mutation carriers (56 symptomatic, 108 presymptomatic) and 248 mutation-negative members of FTD families who acted as a control group. The presymptomatic mutation carriers were further split into those early and late in the presymptomatic period (more than vs. within 10 years of expected symptom onset). Groups were compared using a linear regression model, adjusting for age and education, with bootstrapping. Performance on the mCCT had a weak negative correlation with age (rho = -0.20) and a weak positive correlation with education (rho = 0.13), with an overall abnormal score (below the 5th percentile of the control population) being below 27 out of a total of 32. All three of the symptomatic mutation groups scored significantly lower than controls: MAPT mean 22.3 (standard deviation 8.0), GRN 24.4 (7.2), C9orf72 23.6 (6.5) and controls 30.2 (1.6). However, in the presymptomatic groups, only the late MAPT and late C9orf72 mutation groups scored lower than controls (28.8 (2.2) and 28.9 (2.5) respectively). Performance on the mCCT correlated strongly with temporal lobe volume in the symptomatic MAPT mutation group (rho > 0.80). In the C9orf72 group, mCCT score correlated with both bilateral temporal lobe volume (rho > 0.31) and bilateral frontal lobe volume (rho > 0.29), whilst in the GRN group mCCT score correlated only with left frontal lobe volume (rho = 0.48). This study provides evidence for presymptomatic impaired semantic knowledge in genetic FTD. The different neuroanatomical associations of the mCCT score may represent distinct cognitive processes causing deficits in different groups: loss of core semantic knowledge associated with temporal lobe atrophy (particularly in the MAPT group), and impaired executive control of semantic information associated with frontal lobe atrophy. Further studies will be helpful to address the longitudinal change in mCCT performance and the exact time at which presymptomatic impairment occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian Convery
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mollie Neason
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline Greaves
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mica T M Clarke
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Myriam Barandiaran
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Doré
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, IT
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Karnath
- Division of Neuropsychology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Carolina Maruta
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Language Research, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason D Warren
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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21
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van der Ende EL, Meeter LH, Poos JM, Panman JL, Jiskoot LC, Dopper EGP, Papma JM, de Jong FJ, Verberk IMW, Teunissen C, Rizopoulos D, Heller C, Convery RS, Moore KM, Bocchetta M, Neason M, Cash DM, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Graff C, Masellis M, Carmela Tartaglia M, Rowe JB, Vandenberghe R, Finger E, Tagliavini F, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Butler C, Ducharme S, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni GB, Cappa S, Pijnenburg YAL, Rohrer JD, van Swieten JC, Warren JD, Fox NC, Woollacott IO, Shafei R, Greaves C, Guerreiro R, Bras J, Thomas DL, Nicholas J, Mead S, van Minkelen R, Barandiaran M, Indakoetxea B, Gabilondo A, Tainta M, de Arriba M, Gorostidi A, Zulaica M, Villanua J, Diaz Z, Borrego-Ecija S, Olives J, Lladó A, Balasa M, Antonell A, Bargallo N, Premi E, Cosseddu M, Gazzina S, Padovani A, Gasparotti R, Archetti S, Black S, Mitchell S, Rogaeva E, Freedman M, Keren R, Tang-Wai D, Öijerstedt L, Andersson C, Jelic V, Thonberg H, Arighi A, Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Fumagalli G, Cope T, Timberlake C, Rittman T, Shoesmith C, Bartha R, Rademakers R, Wilke C, Karnath HO, Bender B, Bruffaerts R, Vandamme P, Vandenbulcke M, Ferreira CB, Miltenberger G, Maruta C, Verdelho A, Afonso S, Taipa R, Caroppo P, Di Fede G, Giaccone G, Prioni S, Redaelli V, Rossi G, Tiraboschi P, Duro D, Rosario Almeida M, Castelo-Branco M, João Leitão M, Tabuas-Pereira M, Santiago B, Gauthier S, Schonecker S, Semler E, Anderl-Straub S, Benussi L, Binetti G, Ghidoni R, Pievani M, Lombardi G, Nacmias B, Ferrari C, Bessi V. Serum neurofilament light chain in genetic frontotemporal dementia: a longitudinal, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:1103-1111. [PMID: 31701893 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising blood biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia, with elevated concentrations in symptomatic carriers of mutations in GRN, C9orf72, and MAPT. A better understanding of NfL dynamics is essential for upcoming therapeutic trials. We aimed to study longitudinal NfL trajectories in people with presymptomatic and symptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia. METHODS We recruited participants from 14 centres collaborating in the Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative (GENFI), which is a multicentre cohort study of families with genetic frontotemporal dementia done across Europe and Canada. Eligible participants (aged ≥18 years) either had frontotemporal dementia due to a pathogenic mutation in GRN, C9orf72, or MAPT (symptomatic mutation carriers) or were healthy at-risk first-degree relatives (either presymptomatic mutation carriers or non-carriers), and had at least two serum samples with a time interval of 6 months or more. Participants were excluded if they had neurological comorbidities that were likely to affect NfL, including cerebrovascular events. We measured NfL longitudinally in serum samples collected between June 8, 2012, and Dec 8, 2017, through follow-up visits annually or every 2 years, which also included MRI and neuropsychological assessments. Using mixed-effects models, we analysed NfL changes over time and correlated them with longitudinal imaging and clinical parameters, controlling for age, sex, and study site. The primary outcome was the course of NfL over time in the various stages of genetic frontotemporal dementia. FINDINGS We included 59 symptomatic carriers and 149 presymptomatic carriers of a mutation in GRN, C9orf72, or MAPT, and 127 non-carriers. Nine presymptomatic carriers became symptomatic during follow-up (so-called converters). Baseline NfL was elevated in symptomatic carriers (median 52 pg/mL [IQR 24-69]) compared with presymptomatic carriers (9 pg/mL [6-13]; p<0·0001) and non-carriers (8 pg/mL [6-11]; p<0·0001), and was higher in converters than in non-converting carriers (19 pg/mL [17-28] vs 8 pg/mL [6-11]; p=0·0007; adjusted for age). During follow-up, NfL increased in converters (b=0·097 [SE 0·018]; p<0·0001). In symptomatic mutation carriers overall, NfL did not change during follow-up (b=0·017 [SE 0·010]; p=0·101) and remained elevated. Rates of NfL change over time were associated with rate of decline in Mini Mental State Examination (b=-94·7 [SE 33·9]; p=0·003) and atrophy rate in several grey matter regions, but not with change in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-Clinical Dementia Rating scale score (b=-3·46 [SE 46·3]; p=0·941). INTERPRETATION Our findings show the value of blood NfL as a disease progression biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia and suggest that longitudinal NfL measurements could identify mutation carriers approaching symptom onset and capture rates of brain atrophy. The characterisation of NfL over the course of disease provides valuable information for its use as a treatment effect marker. FUNDING ZonMw and the Bluefield project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jackie M Poos
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jessica L Panman
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elise G P Dopper
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Jan de Jong
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inge M W Verberk
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitris Rizopoulos
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mollie Neason
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fermin Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Hereditary Dementia, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cappa
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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22
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Sudre CH, Bocchetta M, Heller C, Convery R, Neason M, Moore KM, Cash DM, Thomas DL, Woollacott IOC, Foiani M, Heslegrave A, Shafei R, Greaves C, van Swieten J, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Frisoni GB, Sorbi S, Otto M, Zetterberg H, Ourselin S, Cardoso MJ, Rohrer JD. White matter hyperintensities in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia: A longitudinal GENFI study. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102077. [PMID: 31835286 PMCID: PMC6911860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with both sporadic and genetic forms. Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a common cause of genetic FTD, causing either a behavioural presentation or, less commonly, language impairment. Presence on T2-weighted images of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) has been previously shown to be more commonly associated with GRN mutations rather than other forms of FTD. The aim of the current study was to investigate the longitudinal change in WMH and the associations of WMH burden with grey matter (GM) loss, markers of neurodegeneration and cognitive function in GRN mutation carriers. 336 participants in the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) study were included in the analysis: 101 presymptomatic and 32 symptomatic GRN mutation carriers, as well as 203 mutation-negative controls. 39 presymptomatic and 12 symptomatic carriers, and 73 controls also had longitudinal data available. Participants underwent MR imaging acquisition including isotropic 1 mm T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences. WMH were automatically segmented and locally subdivided to enable a more detailed representation of the pathology distribution. Log-transformed WMH volumes were investigated in terms of their global and regional associations with imaging measures (grey matter volumes), biomarker concentrations (plasma neurofilament light chain, NfL, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), genetic status (TMEM106B risk genotype) and cognition (tests of executive function). Analyses revealed that WMH load was higher in both symptomatic and presymptomatic groups compared with controls and this load increased over time. In particular, lesions were seen periventricularly in frontal and occipital lobes, progressing to medial layers over time. However, there was variability in the WMH load across GRN mutation carriers – in the symptomatic group 25.0% had none/mild load, 37.5% had medium and 37.5% had a severe load – a difference not fully explained by disease duration. GM atrophy was strongly associated with WMH load both globally and in separate lobes, and increased WMH burden in the frontal, periventricular and medial regions was associated with worse executive function. Furthermore, plasma NfL and to a lesser extent GFAP concentrations were seen to be associated with increased lesion burden. Lastly, the presence of the homozygous TMEM106B rs1990622 TT risk genotypic status was associated with an increased accrual of WMH per year. In summary, WMH occur in GRN mutation carriers and accumulate over time, but are variable in their severity. They are associated with increased GM atrophy and executive dysfunction. Furthermore, their presence is associated with markers of WM damage (NfL) and astrocytosis (GFAP), whilst their accrual is modified by TMEM106B genetic status. WMH load may represent a target marker for trials of disease modifying therapies in individual patients but the variability across the GRN population would prevent use of such markers as a global outcome measure across all participants in a trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole H Sudre
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rhian Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mollie Neason
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - David L Thomas
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ione O C Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Martha Foiani
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rachelle Shafei
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Caroline Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Instituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - M Jorge Cardoso
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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23
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Gazzina S, Grassi M, Premi E, Cosseddu M, Alberici A, Archetti S, Gasparotti R, Van Swieten J, Galimberti D, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce RJ, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Vandenberghe R, Finger E, Tagliavini F, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Butler CR, Ducharme S, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni G, Sorbi S, Padovani A, Rohrer JD, Borroni B. Education modulates brain maintenance in presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:1124-1130. [PMID: 31182509 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitively engaging lifestyles have been associated with reduced risk of conversion to dementia. Multiple mechanisms have been advocated, including increased brain volumes (ie, brain reserve) and reduced disease progression (ie, brain maintenance). In cross-sectional studies of presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), higher education has been related to increased grey matter volume. Here, we examine the effect of education on grey matter loss over time. METHODS Two-hundred twenty-nine subjects at-risk of carrying a pathogenic mutation leading to FTD underwent longitudinal cognitive assessment and T1-weighted MRI at baseline and at 1 year follow-up. The first principal component score of the graph-Laplacian Principal Component Analysis on 112 grey matter region-of-interest volumes was used to summarise the grey matter volume (GMV). The effects of education on cognitive performances and GMV at baseline and on the change between 1 year follow-up and baseline (slope) were tested by Structural Equation Modelling. RESULTS Highly educated at-risk subjects had better cognition and higher grey matter volume at baseline; moreover, higher educational attainment was associated with slower loss of grey matter over time in mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study demonstrates that even in presence of ongoing pathological processes, education may facilitate both brain reserve and brain maintenance in the presymptomatic phase of genetic FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gazzina
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Premi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Alberici
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvana Archetti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - John Van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Jr Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Don Gnocchi", Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Premi E, Calhoun VD, Diano M, Gazzina S, Cosseddu M, Alberici A, Archetti S, Paternicò D, Gasparotti R, van Swieten J, Galimberti D, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe J, Vandenberghe R, Finger E, Tagliavini F, de Mendonça A, Santana I, Butler C, Ducharme S, Gerhard A, Danek A, Levin J, Otto M, Frisoni G, Cappa S, Sorbi S, Padovani A, Rohrer JD, Borroni B. The inner fluctuations of the brain in presymptomatic Frontotemporal Dementia: The chronnectome fingerprint. Neuroimage 2019; 189:645-654. [PMID: 30716457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is preceded by a long period of subtle brain changes, occurring in the absence of overt cognitive symptoms, that need to be still fully characterized. Dynamic network analysis based on resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a potentially powerful tool for the study of preclinical FTD. In the present study, we employed a "chronnectome" approach (recurring, time-varying patterns of connectivity) to evaluate measures of dynamic connectivity in 472 at-risk FTD subjects from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia research Initiative (GENFI) cohort. We considered 249 subjects with FTD-related pathogenetic mutations and 223 mutation non-carriers (HC). Dynamic connectivity was evaluated using independent component analysis and sliding-time window correlation to rs-fMRI data, and meta-state measures of global brain flexibility were extracted. Results show that presymptomatic FTD exhibits diminished dynamic fluidity, visiting less meta-states, shifting less often across them, and travelling through a narrowed meta-state distance, as compared to HC. Dynamic connectivity changes characterize preclinical FTD, arguing for the desynchronization of the inner fluctuations of the brain. These changes antedate clinical symptoms, and might represent an early signature of FTD to be used as a biomarker in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Premi
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Stroke Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Cosseddu
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Alberici
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvana Archetti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donata Paternicò
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Center for Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogenetics, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Cappa
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Don Gnocchi", Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Herholz K, Haense C, Gerhard A, Jones M, Anton-Rodriguez J, Segobin S, Snowden JS, Thompson JC, Kobylecki C. Metabolic regional and network changes in Alzheimer's disease subtypes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1796-1806. [PMID: 28675110 PMCID: PMC6168902 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17718436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include the common amnestic subtype as well as subtypes characterised by leading visual processing impairments or by multimodal neurocognitive deficits. We investigated regional metabolic patterns and networks between AD subtypes. The study comprised 9 age-matched controls and 25 patients with mild to moderate AD. Methods included clinical and neuropsychological assessment, high-resolution FDG PET and T1-weighted 3D MR imaging with PET-MR coregistration, grey matter segmentation, atlas-based regions-of-interest, linear mixed effects and regional correlation analysis. Regional metabolic patterns differed significantly between groups, but significant hypometabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was common to all subtypes. The most distinctive regional abnormality was occipital hypometabolism in the visual subtype. In controls, two large clusters of positive regional metabolic correlations were observed. The most pronounced breakdown of the normal correlation pattern was found in amnestic patients who, in contrast, showed the least regional focal metabolic deficits. The normal positive correlation between PCC and hippocampus was lost in all subtypes. In conclusion, PCC hypometabolism and metabolic correlation breakdown between PCC and hippocampus are the common functional core of all AD subtypes. Network alterations exceed focal regional impairment and are most prominent in the amnestic subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Herholz
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and
Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre,
Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cathleen Haense
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and
Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre,
Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and
Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre,
Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
Salford, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and
Lehrstuhl für Geriatrie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthew Jones
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
Salford, UK
| | - José Anton-Rodriguez
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and
Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre,
Manchester, UK
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and
Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre,
Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
Salford, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
Salford, UK
| | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
Salford, UK
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26
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Well L, Rausch V, Gerhard A, Henes O, Bannas P. Transiente schwere Atemartefakte bei Dinatriumgadoxetat-gestützter MRT: Inzidenz und Risikoevaluation an einer europäischen Klinik. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1600326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Well
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Hamburg
| | - V Rausch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Hamburg
| | - A Gerhard
- Klinik und Poliklinik für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Hamburg
| | - O Henes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Hamburg
| | - P Bannas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Hamburg
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27
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Holmes SE, Hinz R, Drake RJ, Gregory CJ, Conen S, Matthews JC, Anton-Rodriguez JM, Gerhard A, Talbot PS. In vivo imaging of brain microglial activity in antipsychotic-free and medicated schizophrenia: a [ 11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1672-1679. [PMID: 27698434 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has been used to investigate whether microglial activation, an indication of neuroinflammation, is evident in the brain of adults with schizophrenia. Interpretation of these studies is confounded by potential modulatory effects of antipsychotic medication on microglial activity. In the first such study in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia, we have used [11C](R)-PK11195 PET to compare TSPO availability in a predominantly antipsychotic-naive group of moderate-to-severely symptomatic unmedicated patients (n=8), similarly symptomatic medicated patients with schizophrenia taking risperidone or paliperidone by regular intramuscular injection (n=8), and healthy comparison subjects (n=16). We found no evidence for increased TSPO availability in antipsychotic-free patients compared with healthy controls (mean difference 4%, P=0.981). However, TSPO availability was significantly elevated in medicated patients (mean increase 88%, P=0.032) across prefrontal (dorsolateral, ventrolateral, orbital), anterior cingulate and parietal cortical regions. In the patients, TSPO availability was also strongly correlated with negative symptoms measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale across all the brain regions investigated (r=0.651-0.741). We conclude that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is not associated with microglial activation in the 2-6 year period following diagnosis. The elevation in the medicated patients may be a direct effect of the antipsychotic, although this study cannot exclude treatment resistance and/or longer illness duration as potential explanations. It also remains to be determined whether it is present only in a subset of patients, represents a pro- or anti-inflammatory state, its association with primary negative symptoms, and whether there are significant differences between antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Holmes
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R J Drake
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C J Gregory
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Conen
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J C Matthews
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J M Anton-Rodriguez
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P S Talbot
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Trender-Gerhard I, McDonald K, Talbot P, Craufurd D, Gerhard A. D27 Neuroinflammation and changes in serotonin metabolism in presymptomatic HD gene carriers: a dual tracer positron emission tomography (PET) study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314597.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Hunter H, Hinz R, Gerhard A, Talbot P, Su Z, Holland G, Hopkins S, Griffiths C, Kleyn C. Brain inflammation and psoriasis: a [11C]-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1082-1084. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H.J.A. Hunter
- The Dermatology Centre; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester U.K
| | - R. Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | - A. Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | - P.S. Talbot
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | - Z. Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | - G. Holland
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | - S.J. Hopkins
- The Stroke & Vascular Centre; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester U.K
| | - C.E.M. Griffiths
- The Dermatology Centre; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester U.K
| | - C.E. Kleyn
- The Dermatology Centre; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; The University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester U.K
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30
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Kording F, Tavares de Sousa M, Yamamura J, Kladeck M, Gerhard A, Ruprecht C, Schoennagel B. Funktionelle fetale kardiale MRT Bildgebung basierend auf Doppler-Ultraschall: Erste Erfahrungen. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1581387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Kording F, Kladeck M, Schoennagel B, Yamamura J, Gerhard A, Ruprecht C, Maderwald S, Kraff O. Doppler-Ultraschall zur Triggerung der MRT-Herzbildgebung bei 7T: Erste Erfahrungen. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1581373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Davidson YS, Robinson AC, Hu Q, Mishra M, Baborie A, Jaros E, Perry RH, Cairns NJ, Richardson A, Gerhard A, Neary D, Snowden JS, Bigio EH, Mann DMA. Nuclear carrier and RNA-binding proteins in frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with fused in sarcoma (FUS) pathological changes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 39:157-65. [PMID: 22497712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the role of the nuclear carrier and binding proteins, transportin 1 (TRN1) and transportin 2 (TRN2), TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 (TAF15) and Ewing's sarcoma protein (EWS) in inclusion body formation in cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) associated with fused in sarcoma protein (FTLD-FUS). METHODS Eight cases of FTLD-FUS (five cases of atypical FTLD-U, two of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion body disease and one of basophilic inclusion body disease) were immunostained for FUS, TRN1, TRN2, TAF15 and EWS. Ten cases of FTLD associated with TDP-43 inclusions served as reference cases. RESULTS The inclusion bodies in FTLD-FUS contained TRN1 and TAF15 and, to a lesser extent, EWS, but not TRN2. The patterns of immunostaining for TRN1 and TAF15 were very similar to that of FUS. None of these proteins was associated with tau or TDP-43 aggregations in FTLD. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that FUS, TRN1 and TAF15 may participate in a functional pathway in an interdependent way, and imply that the function of TDP-43 may not necessarily be in parallel with, or complementary to, that of FUS, despite each protein sharing many similar structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Davidson
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - A C Robinson
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Q Hu
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M Mishra
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - A Baborie
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - E Jaros
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - R H Perry
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - N J Cairns
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - A Richardson
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - A Gerhard
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - D Neary
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J S Snowden
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - E H Bigio
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - D M A Mann
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterCerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, SalfordDepartment of Neuropathology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, LiverpoolNeuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryInstitute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKNorthwestern CNADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Departments ofNeurologyPathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Finelli D, Rollinson S, Harris J, Jones M, Richardson A, Gerhard A, Snowden J, Mann D, Pickering-Brown S. TREM2 analysis and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:546.e9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Miller L, Rollinson S, Callister JB, Young K, Harris J, Gerhard A, Neary D, Richardson A, Snowden J, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. p62/SQSTM1 analysis in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1603.e5-9. [PMID: 25433461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene p62/SQSTM1 have been reported as a relatively rare cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). To establish whether this was the case for cases of FTLD from the United Kingdom, we sequenced the sequenced the entire open reading frame of this gene in a large cohort of patients. We identified 3 novel mutations in p62/SQSTM1 in 4 patients. One of these was a premature stop codon that removed the last 101 amino acids of the protein that presumably has a negative effect on protein function. Another mutation was also found in a case with a repeat expansion mutation in C9orf72 confirmed by Southern blot. These findings confirm a role of p62/SQSTM1 as a cause of FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miller
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Janis Bennion Callister
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate Young
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Harris
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - David Neary
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Anna Richardson
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Julie Snowden
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Ugwu F, Rollinson S, Harris J, Gerhard A, Richardson A, Jones M, Mann D, Snowden J, Pickering-Brown S. UBQLN2 variant of unknown significance in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:546.e15-6. [PMID: 25179229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are considered to be part of a disease spectrum. However, with the exception of C9orf72, genes that cause ALS are rarely found to cause FTD and vice versa. To investigate this further, we have sequenced the ALS gene UBQLN2 in our FTD cohort and have found a single putative mutation. This further supports the concept that ALS genes are a rare cause of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ugwu
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Harris
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Alex Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Anna Richardson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Matt Jones
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - David Mann
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Julie Snowden
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Vardy E, Holt R, Gerhard A, Richardson A, Snowden J, Neary D. History of a suspected delirium is more common in dementia with Lewy bodies than Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:178-81. [PMID: 23722989 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is common and is associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, it is not clear whether delirium confers increased risk of any particular type of dementia. We performed a retrospective study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) to ascertain whether a suspected episode of preceding delirium was more common prior to diagnosis in either type of dementia. METHODS The study was carried out in a tertiary referral unit for the diagnosis of dementia. Clinic letters from the first presentation to the unit of 85 cases with DLB and 95 cases of AD were reviewed for documentation of any previous episodes of suspected delirium. RESULTS In this study, 25% of DLB cases had at least one reported episode of suspected delirium as compared to 7% of AD cases (p = 0.001). For the DLB cases who had a prior suspected delirium, 23% had more than one episode compared with 14% of the AD group. The median time between most recent suspected episode of delirium and diagnosis of dementia in both groups was less than a year CONCLUSIONS A greater proportion of those presenting and diagnosed with DLB had a documentation of a suspected delirium than those diagnosed with AD. Delirium may lead to a higher risk of DLB as opposed to other forms of dementia, or delirium may, at least in some cases, represent the early stages of DLB. These data suggest that a diagnosis of DLB should be specifically considered in those presenting with a delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Vardy
- Department of Older Peoples Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK; Institute of Ageing and Health, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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Kobylecki C, Langheinrich T, Hinz R, Vardy ERLC, Martino M, Richardson AMT, Snowden JS, Anton–Rodriguez J, Neary D, Mann DM, Gerhard A, Herholz K. A POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY STUDY OF [18F]–FLORBETAPIR IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306573.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Birks S, Altinkaya M, Altinkaya A, Pilkington G, Kurian KM, Crosby C, Hopkins K, Williams M, Donovan L, Birks S, Eason A, Bosak V, Pilkington G, Birks S, Holliday J, Corbett I, Pilkington G, Keeling M, Bambrough J, Simpson J, Higgins S, Dogra H, Pilkington G, Kurian KM, Zhang Y, Bradley M, Schmidberger C, Hafizi S, Noorani I, Price S, Dubocq A, Jaunky T, Chatelain C, Evans L, Gaissmaier T, Pilkington GJ, An Q, Hurwitz V, Logan J, Bhangoo R, Ashkan K, Gullan A, Beaney R, Brazil L, Kokkinos S, Blake R, Singleton A, Shaw A, Iyer V, Kurian KM, Jeyapalan JN, Morley IC, Hill AA, Mumin MA, Tatevossian RG, Qaddoumi I, Ellison DW, Sheer D, Frary A, Price S, Jefferies S, Harris F, Burnet N, Jena R, Watts C, Haylock B, Leow-Dyke S, Rathi N, Wong H, Dunn J, Baborie A, Crooks D, Husband D, Shenoy A, Brodbelt A, Walker C, Bahl A, Larsen J, Craven I, Metherall P, McKevitt F, Romanowski C, Hoggard N, Jellinek DA, Bell S, Murray E, Muirhead R, James A, Hanzely Z, Jackson R, Stewart W, O'Brien A, Young A, Bell S, Hanzely Z, Stewart W, Shepherd S, Cavers D, Wallace L, Hacking B, Scott S, Bowyer D, Elmahdi A, Frary AJ, O'Donovan DG, Price SJ, Kia A, Przystal JM, Nianiaris N, Mazarakis ND, Mintz PJ, Hajitou A, Karakoula K, Phipps K, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thompson D, Jacques T, Harding B, Darling J, Warr T, Leow-Dyke S, Rathi N, Haylock B, Crooks D, Jenkinson M, Walker C, Brodbelt A, Zhou L, Ercolano E, Ammoun S, Schmid MC, Barczyk M, Hanemann CO, Rowther F, Dawson T, Ashton K, Darling J, Warr T, Maherally Z, Hatherell KE, Kroese K, Hafizi S, Pilkington GJ, Singh P, McQuaid S, Al-Rashid S, Prise K, Herron B, Healy E, Shoakazemi A, Donnelly M, McConnell R, Harney J, Conkey D, McGrath E, Lunsford L, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Kano H, Hamilton R, Flannery T, Majani Y, Smith S, Grundy R, Rahman R, Saini S, Hall G, Davis C, Rowther F, Lawson T, Ashton K, Potter N, Goessl E, Darling J, Warr T, Brodbelt A, Jenkinson M, Walker C, Leow-Dyke S, Haylock B, Dunn J, Wilkins S, Smith T, Petinou V, Nicholl I, Singh J, Lea R, Welsby P, Spiteri I, Sottoriva A, Marko N, Tavare S, Collins P, Price SJ, Watts C, Su Z, Gerhard A, Hinz R, Roncaroli F, Coope D, Thompson G, Karabatsou K, Sofat A, Leggate J, du Plessis D, Turkheimer F, Jackson A, Brodbelt A, Jenkinson M, Das K, Crooks D, Herholz K, Price SJ, Whittle IR, Ashkan K, Grundy P, Cruickshank G, Berry V, Elder D, Iyer V, Hopkins K, Cohen N, Tavare J, Zilidis G, Tibarewal P, Spinelli L, Leslie NR, Coope DJ, Karabatsou K, Green S, Wall G, Bambrough J, Brennan P, Baily J, Diaz M, Ironside J, Sansom O, Brunton V, Frame M, Young A, Thomas O, Mohsen L, Frary A, Lupson V, McLean M, Price S, Arora M, Shaw L, Lawrence C, Alder J, Dawson T, Hall G, Rada L, Chen K, Shivane A, Ammoun S, Parkinson D, Hanemann C, Pangeni RP, Warr TJ, Morris MR, Mackinnon M, Williamson A, James A, Chalmers A, Beckett V, Joannides A, Brock R, McCarthy K, Price S, Singh A, Karakoula K, Dawson T, Ashton K, Darling J, Warr T, Kardooni H, Morris M, Rowther F, Darling J, Warr T, Watts C, Syed N, Roncaroli F, Janczar K, Singh P, O'Neil K, Nigro CL, Lattanzio L, Coley H, Hatzimichael E, Bomalaski J, Szlosarek P, Crook T, Pullen NA, Anand M, Birks S, Van Meter T, Pullen NA, Anand M, Williams S, Boissinot M, Steele L, Williams S, Chiocca EA, Lawler S, Al Rashid ST, Mashal S, Taggart L, Clarke E, Flannery T, Prise KM. Abstracts from the 2012 BNOS Conference. Neuro Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pickering‐Brown S, Rollinson S, Snowden J, Gerhard A, Neary D, Mann D. O1‐05‐02: FTLD repeat expansions in C9orf72: Evidence for variability in the repeat sequence. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Mann
- Manchester UniversitySalfordUnited Kingdom
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Rollinson S, Halliwell N, Young K, Callister JB, Toulson G, Gibbons L, Davidson YS, Robinson AC, Gerhard A, Richardson A, Neary D, Snowden J, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. Analysis of the hexanucleotide repeat in C9ORF72 in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1846.e5-6. [PMID: 22410647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a highly familial neurodegenerative disease. It has recently been shown that the most common genetic cause of FTLD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72. To investigate whether this expansion was specific to the FTLD/ALS disease spectrum, we genotyped the hexanucleotide repeat region of C9ORF72 in a large cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A normal range of repeats was found in all cases. We conclude that the hexanucleotide repeat expansion is specific to the FTLD/ALS disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rollinson
- Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, Jones M, Gerhard A, Davidson YS, Robinson A, Gibbons L, Hu Q, DuPlessis D, Neary D, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. Brain 2012; 135:693-708. [PMID: 22300873 PMCID: PMC3286329 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene as the cause of chromosome 9-linked frontotemporal dementia and motor neuron disease offers the opportunity for greater understanding of the relationship between these disorders and other clinical forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In this study, we screened a cohort of 398 patients with frontotemporal dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia or mixture of these syndromes for mutations in the C9ORF72 gene. Motor neuron disease was present in 55 patients (14%). We identified 32 patients with C9ORF72 mutations, representing 8% of the cohort. The patients' clinical phenotype at presentation varied: nine patients had frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease, 19 had frontotemporal dementia alone, one had mixed semantic dementia with frontal features and three had progressive non-fluent aphasia. There was, as expected, a significant association between C9ORF72 mutations and presence of motor neuron disease. Nevertheless, 46 patients, including 22 familial, had motor neuron disease but no mutation in C9ORF72. Thirty-eight per cent of the patients with C9ORF72 mutations presented with psychosis, with a further 28% exhibiting paranoid, deluded or irrational thinking, whereas <4% of non-mutation bearers presented similarly. The presence of psychosis dramatically increased the odds that patients carried the mutation. Mutation bearers showed a low incidence of motor stereotypies, and relatively high incidence of complex repetitive behaviours, largely linked to patients' delusions. They also showed a lower incidence of acquired sweet food preference than patients without C9ORF72 mutations. Post-mortem pathology in five patients revealed transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, type A in one patient and type B in three. However, one patient had corticobasal degeneration pathology. The findings indicate that C9ORF72 mutations cause some but not all cases of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease. Other mutations remain to be discovered. C9ORF72 mutations are associated with variable clinical presentations and pathology. Nevertheless, the findings highlight a powerful association between C9ORF72 mutations and psychosis and suggest that the behavioural characteristics of patients with C9ORF72 mutations are qualitatively distinct. Mutations in the C9ORF72 gene may be a major cause not only of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease but also of late onset psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
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Grover VPB, Pavese N, Koh SB, Wylezinska M, Saxby BK, Gerhard A, Forton DM, Brooks DJ, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD. Cerebral microglial activation in patients with hepatitis C: in vivo evidence of neuroinflammation. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:e89-96. [PMID: 22239531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection may exhibit neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive impairment. Post-mortem studies of hepatitis C virus HCV quasispecies and replicative intermediates indicate that the brain might act as a separate compartment for viral replication and microglia may be the locus for infection and subsequent neuroinflammatory activity. We sought to use two independent in vivo imaging techniques to determine evidence of neuroinflammation in patients with histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. Using positron emission tomography (PET) with a ligand for microglial/brain macrophage activation, (11)C-(R)-PK11195 (PK11195) and cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined whether there was evidence of neuroinflammation in a pilot study of 11 patients with biopsy-proven mild chronic hepatitis C, compared to healthy volunteers. Patients were characterized by cognitive testing and the fatigue impact scale to assess for CNS impairment. PK11195 binding potential was significantly increased in the caudate nucleus of patients, compared to normal controls (P = 0.03). The caudate and thalamic binding potential were more significantly increased in six patients with genotype 1 infection (P = 0.007) and positively correlated with viraemia (r = 0.77, P = 0.005). Basal ganglia myo-inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were also significantly elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to normal controls (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.01, respectively). Using PET, we demonstrated evidence of microglial activation, which positively correlated with HCV viraemia and altered cerebral metabolism in the brains of patients with mild hepatitis C. This provides further in vivo evidence for a neurotropic role for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P B Grover
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Foulds P, Yokota O, Thurston A, Davidson Y, Ahmed Z, Holton J, Thompson J, Akiyama H, Arai T, Hasegawa M, Gerhard A, Allsop D, Mann D. Post mortem cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels are raised in multiple system atrophy and distinguish this from the other α-synucleinopathies, Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45:188-95. [PMID: 21856424 PMCID: PMC3657198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating clinically between Parkinson's disease (PD) and the atypical parkinsonian syndromes of Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) is challenging but crucial for patient management and recruitment into clinical trials. Because PD (and the related disorder Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)) and MSA are characterised by the deposition of aggregated forms of α-synuclein protein (α-syn) in the brain, whereas CBS and PSP are tauopathies, we have developed immunoassays to detect levels of total and oligomeric forms of α-syn, and phosphorylated and phosphorylated oligomeric forms of α-syn, within body fluids, in an attempt to find a biomarker that will differentiate between these disorders. Levels of these 4 different forms of α-syn were measured in post mortem samples of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 76 patients with PD, DLB, PSP or MSA, and in 20 healthy controls. Mean CSF levels of total and oligomeric α-syn, and phosphorylated α-syn, did not vary significantly between the diagnostic groups, whereas mean CSF levels of phosphorylated oligomeric α-syn did differ significantly (p<0.001) amongst the different diagnostic groups. Although all 4 measures of α-syn were higher in patients with MSA compared to all other diagnostic groups, these were only significantly raised (p<0.001) in MSA compared to all other diagnostic groups, for phosphorylated oligomeric forms of α-syn. This suggests that this particular assay may have utility in differentiating MSA from control subject and patients with other α-synucleinopathies. However, it does not appear to be of help in distinguishing patients with PD and DLB from those with PSP or from control subjects. Western blots show that the principal form of α-syn within CSF is phosphorylated, and the finding that the phosphorylated oligomeric α-syn immunoassay appears to be the most informative of the 4 assays would be consistent with this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.G. Foulds
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
| | - O. Yokota
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700–8558, Japan
| | - A. Thurston
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Y. Davidson
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Z. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London
| | - J. Holton
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London
| | - J.C. Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hope Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - H. Akiyama
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156–8585, Japan
| | - T. Arai
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156–8585, Japan
| | - M. Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156–8585, Japan
| | - A. Gerhard
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - D. Allsop
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
| | - D.M.A. Mann
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
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Snowden JS, Thompson JC, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, Gerhard A, Neary D, Mann DMA. The clinical diagnosis of early-onset dementias: diagnostic accuracy and clinicopathological relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:2478-92. [PMID: 21840888 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of dementia is increasingly important for therapeutic and scientific investigations. In this study, we examine diagnostic accuracy in a consecutive series of 228 patients referred to a specialist early-onset dementia clinic, whose brains were subsequently examined at post-mortem. Diagnosis was based on structured history, neurological examination and neuropsychological assessment, with emphasis on qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of performance. Neuroimaging provided support for but did not alter the clinical diagnosis. We set out the principles that guided diagnosis: (i) time course of illness; (ii) weighting of physical, behavioural and cognitive symptoms and signs; (iii) 'anterior' versus 'posterior' hemisphere character of cognitive change; and (iv) specificity of deficit, paying attention to the differentiation between syndromes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and focal forms of Alzheimer's disease. Forty-two per cent of the patients had clinical diagnoses of one of the syndromes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, the high proportion reflecting the research interests of the group. Forty-six per cent were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and the remaining patients, dementia with Lewy bodies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, vascular or unclassified dementia. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration was identified with 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity and Alzheimer's disease with 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Patients with other pathologies were accurately identified on clinical grounds. Examination of subsyndromes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration showed a relatively predictable relationship between clinical diagnosis and pathological subtype. Whereas the behavioural disorder of frontotemporal dementia was associated with tau, transactive response DNA binding protein 43 and fused-in-sarcoma pathology, cases of frontotemporal dementia with motoneuron disease, semantic dementia and, with one exception, progressive non-fluent aphasia were associated with transactive response DNA binding protein 43 pathology, distinguished by ubiquitin subtyping (types B, C and A, respectively). Clinical diagnoses of progressive apraxia, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy were, with one exception, associated with Pick, corticobasal and progressive supranuclear palsy subtypes of tau pathology, respectively. Unanticipated findings included Alzheimer pathology in two patients presenting with the behavioural syndrome of frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal pathology in four others with clinical frontotemporal dementia. Notwithstanding such anomalies, which serve as a reminder that there is not an absolute concordance between clinical phenotype and underlying pathology, the findings show that dementias can be distinguished in life with a high level of accuracy. Moreover, careful clinical phenotyping allows prediction of histopathological subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The principles guiding diagnosis provide the foundation for future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
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Yakushev I, Schreckenberger M, Müller MJ, Schermuly I, Cumming P, Stoeter P, Gerhard A, Fellgiebel A. Functional implications of hippocampal degeneration in early Alzheimer's disease: a combined DTI and PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:2219-27. [PMID: 21792570 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypometabolism of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to arise in part due to AD-specific neuronal damage to the hippocampal formation. Here, we explored the association between microstructural alterations within the hippocampus and whole-brain glucose metabolism in subjects with AD, also in relation to episodic memory impairment. METHODS Twenty patients with early AD (Mini-Mental State Examination 25.7 ± 1.7) were studied with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography and diffusion tensor imaging. Episodic memory performance was assessed using the free delayed verbal recall task (DVR). Voxel-wise relative FDG uptake was correlated to diffusivity indices of the hippocampus, followed by extraction of FDG uptake values from significant clusters. Linear regression analysis was performed to test for unique contributions of diffusivity and metabolic indices in the prediction of memory function. RESULTS Diffusivity in the left anterior hippocampus negatively correlated with FDG uptake primarily in the left anterior hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and the PCC (p < 0.005). The same correlation pattern was found for right hippocampal diffusivity (p < 0.05). In linear regression analysis, left anterior hippocampal diffusivity and FDG uptake from the PCC cluster were the only significant predictors for performance on DVR, together explaining 60.6% of the variance. We found an inverse association between anterior hippocampal diffusivity and PCC glucose metabolism, which was in turn strongly related to episodic memory performance in subjects with early AD. CONCLUSION These findings support the diaschisis hypothesis of AD and implicate a dysfunction of structures along the hippocampal output pathways as a significant contributor to the genesis of episodic memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakushev
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Gerhard A. Imaging of Microglial Activation and Amyloid Deposition in Dementia with PET. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1268273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vardy ERLC, Langheinrich T, Hinz R, Snowden JS, Gerhard A, Richardson AMT, Neary D, Anton J, Brown GD, Herholz K. POD14 Amyloid PET using 18F-AV-45 in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: first UK results. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.226340.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Fellgiebel A, Schreckenberger M, Müller MJ, Schermuly I, Stoeter P, Gerhard A, Yakushev I. O2‐04‐05: Relationships between hippocampal microstructural alterations and regional brain metabolism in early Alzheimer's disease: A combined DTI‐PET study. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging CentreManchester United Kingdom
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van Eldik R, Coichev N, Bal Reddy K, Gerhard A. Metal Ion Catalyzed Autoxidation of Sulfur(IV)-Oxides: Redox Cycling of Metal Ions Induced by Sulfite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pavese N, Lewis S, Rivero-Bosch M, Gerhard A, Brooks D. P1.113 Brain monoamine systems in multiple system atrophy: a positron emission tomography study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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