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Saxon JA, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Richardson AM, Langheinrich T, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Chaouch A, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Young CA, Blackburn D, Majeed T, Gall C, Jones M, Snowden JS. Cognition and behaviour in frontotemporal dementia with and without amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1304-1311. [PMID: 33055142 PMCID: PMC7677467 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The precise relationship between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is incompletely understood. The association has been described as a continuum, yet data suggest that this may be an oversimplification. Direct comparisons between patients who have behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) with and without ALS are rare. This prospective comparative study aimed to determine whether there are phenotypic differences in cognition and behaviour between patients with FTD-ALS and bvFTD alone. METHODS Patients with bvFTD or FTD-ALS and healthy controls underwent neuropsychological testing, focusing on language, executive functions and social cognition. Behavioural change was measured through caregiver interview. Blood samples were screened for known FTD genes. RESULTS 23 bvFTD, 20 FTD-ALS and 30 controls participated. On cognitive tests, highly significant differences were elicited between patients and controls, confirming the tests' sensitivities to FTD. bvFTD and FTD-ALS groups performed similarly, although with slightly greater difficulty in patients with ALS-FTD on category fluency and a sentence-ordering task that assesses grammar production. Patients with bvFTD demonstrated more widespread behavioural change, with more frequent disinhibition, impulsivity, loss of empathy and repetitive behaviours. Behaviour in FTD-ALS was dominated by apathy. The C9ORF72 repeat expansion was associated with poorer performance on language-related tasks. CONCLUSIONS Differences were elicited in cognition and behaviour between bvFTD and FTD-ALS, and patients carrying the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. The findings, which raise the possibility of phenotypic variation between bvFTD and FTD-ALS, have clinical implications for early detection of FTD-ALS and theoretical implications for the nature of the relationship between FTD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Saxon
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna M Richardson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amina Chaouch
- Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - John Ealing
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Hisham Hamdalla
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Young
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dan Blackburn
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tahir Majeed
- Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Claire Gall
- Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK .,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Rao SP, Nandi R, Dutt A, Kapur N, Harris JM, Thompson JC, Snowden JS. Distinct performance profiles on the Brixton test in frontotemporal dementia. J Neuropsychol 2020; 15:162-185. [PMID: 33058472 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test is a well-established test of executive function that evaluates the capacity to abstract, follow, and switch rules. There has been remarkably little systematic analysis of Brixton test performance in the prototypical neurodegenerative disorder of the frontal lobes: behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) or evaluation of the test's ability to distinguish frontal from temporal lobe degenerative disease. We carried out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Brixton performance in 76 patients with bvFTD and 34 with semantic dementia (SD) associated with temporal lobe degeneration. The groups were matched for demographic variables and illness duration. The bvFTD group performed significantly more poorly (U = 348, p < .0001, r = .58), 53% of patients scoring in the poor-impaired range compared with 6% of SD patients. Whereas bvFTD patients showed problems in rule acquisition and switching, SD patients did not, despite their impaired conceptual knowledge. Error analysis revealed more frequent perseverative errors in bvFTD, particularly responses unconnected to the stimulus, as well as random responses. Stimulus-bound errors were rare. Within the bvFTD group, there was variation in performance profile, which could not be explained by demographic, neurological, or genetic factors. The findings demonstrate sensitivity and specificity of the Brixton test in identifying frontal lobe degenerative disease and highlight the clinical value of qualitative analysis of test performance. From a theoretical perspective, the findings provide evidence that semantic knowledge and the capacity to acquire rules are dissociable. Moreover, they exemplify the separable functional contributions to executive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulakshana P Rao
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Psychology Unit, Duttanagar Mental Health Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranita Nandi
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Psychology Unit, Duttanagar Mental Health Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Aparna Dutt
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Psychology Unit, Duttanagar Mental Health Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Narinder Kapur
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Saxon JA, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Chaouch A, Young C, Blackburn D, Majeed T, Gall C, Richardson AM, Langheinrich T, Jones M, Snowden JS. The Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS) in frontotemporal dementia. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 21:606-613. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1797090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Saxon
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C. Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Harris
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John Ealing
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Hisham Hamdalla
- Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Amina Chaouch
- Motor Neurone Disease Care Centre, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Carolyn Young
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Blackburn
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, and
| | - Tahir Majeed
- Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Claire Gall
- Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Anna M.T. Richardson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S. Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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4
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Jones AR, Tovée MJ, Cutler LR, Parkinson KN, Ells LJ, Araujo-Soares V, Pearce MS, Mann KD, Scott D, Harris JM, Adamson AJ. Development of the MapMe intervention body image scales of known weight status for 4-5 and 10-11 year old children. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 40:582-590. [PMID: 29190364 PMCID: PMC6266708 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parents tend to visually assess children to determine their weight status and typically underestimate child body size. A visual tool may aid parents to more accurately assess child weight status and so support strategies to reduce childhood overweight. Body image scales (BIS) are visual images of people ranging from underweight to overweight but none exist for children based on UK criteria. Our aim was to develop sex- and age-specific BIS for children, based on British growth reference (UK90) criteria. Methods BIS were developed using 3D surface body scans of children, their associated weight status using UK90 criteria from height and weight measurements, and qualitative work with parents and health professionals. Results Height, weight and 3D body scans were collected (211: 4–5 years; 177: 10–11 years). Overall, 12 qualitative sessions were held with 37 participants. Four BIS (4–5-year-old girls and boys, 10–11-year-old girls and boys) were developed. Conclusions This study has created the first sex- and age-specific BIS, based on UK90 criteria. The BIS have potential for use in child overweight prevention and management strategies, and in future research. This study also provides a protocol for the development of further BIS appropriate to other age groups and ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Jones
- Institute of Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M J Tovée
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.,Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L R Cutler
- Institute of Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K N Parkinson
- Institute of Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L J Ells
- School of Health and Social Care, Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - V Araujo-Soares
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M S Pearce
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K D Mann
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Scott
- Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J M Harris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience. University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - A J Adamson
- Institute of Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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5
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Nones K, Johnson J, Newell F, Patch AM, Thorne H, Kazakoff SH, de Luca XM, Parsons MT, Ferguson K, Reid LE, McCart Reed AE, Srihari S, Lakis V, Davidson AL, Mukhopadhyay P, Holmes O, Xu Q, Wood S, Leonard C, Beesley J, Harris JM, Barnes D, Degasperi A, Ragan MA, Spurdle AB, Khanna KK, Lakhani SR, Pearson JV, Nik-Zainal S, Chenevix-Trench G, Waddell N, Simpson PT. Whole-genome sequencing reveals clinically relevant insights into the aetiology of familial breast cancers. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1071-1079. [PMID: 31090900 PMCID: PMC6637375 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful method for revealing the diversity and complexity of the somatic mutation burden of tumours. Here, we investigated the utility of tumour and matched germline WGS for understanding aetiology and treatment opportunities for high-risk individuals with familial breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We carried out WGS on 78 paired germline and tumour DNA samples from individuals carrying pathogenic variants in BRCA1 (n = 26) or BRCA2 (n = 22) or from non-carriers (non-BRCA1/2; n = 30). RESULTS Matched germline/tumour WGS and somatic mutational signature analysis revealed patients with unreported, dual pathogenic germline variants in cancer risk genes (BRCA1/BRCA2; BRCA1/MUTYH). The strategy identified that 100% of tumours from BRCA1 carriers and 91% of tumours from BRCA2 carriers exhibited biallelic inactivation of the respective gene, together with somatic mutational signatures suggestive of a functional deficiency in homologous recombination. A set of non-BRCA1/2 tumours also had somatic signatures indicative of BRCA-deficiency, including tumours with BRCA1 promoter methylation, and tumours from carriers of a PALB2 pathogenic germline variant and a BRCA2 variant of uncertain significance. A subset of 13 non-BRCA1/2 tumours from early onset cases were BRCA-proficient, yet displayed complex clustered structural rearrangements associated with the amplification of oncogenes and pathogenic germline variants in TP53, ATM and CHEK2. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the role that WGS of matched germline/tumour DNA and the somatic mutational signatures can play in the discovery of pathogenic germline variants and for providing supporting evidence for variant pathogenicity. WGS-derived signatures were more robust than germline status and other genomic predictors of homologous recombination deficiency, thus impacting the selection of platinum-based or PARP inhibitor therapy. In this first examination of non-BRCA1/2 tumours by WGS, we illustrate the considerable heterogeneity of these tumour genomes and highlight that complex genomic rearrangements may drive tumourigenesis in a subset of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nones
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - J Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - F Newell
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - A M Patch
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - H Thorne
- kConFab Investigators, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - S H Kazakoff
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - X M de Luca
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - M T Parsons
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - K Ferguson
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - L E Reid
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - A E McCart Reed
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - S Srihari
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - V Lakis
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - A L Davidson
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - P Mukhopadhyay
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - O Holmes
- Genome Informatics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Q Xu
- Genome Informatics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - S Wood
- Genome Informatics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - C Leonard
- Genome Informatics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - J Beesley
- Cancer Genetics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - J M Harris
- Faculty of Health, School Biomedical Science - Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - D Barnes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - A Degasperi
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; Department of Medical Genetics, The Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M A Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - A B Spurdle
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - K K Khanna
- Signal Transduction Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - S R Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J V Pearson
- Genome Informatics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - S Nik-Zainal
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; Department of Medical Genetics, The Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Chenevix-Trench
- Cancer Genetics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - N Waddell
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD.
| | - P T Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD.
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Snowden JS, Harris JM, Thompson JC, Kobylecki C, Jones M, Richardson AM, Neary D. Semantic dementia and the left and right temporal lobes. Cortex 2018; 107:188-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harris JM, Saxon JA, Jones M, Snowden JS, Thompson JC. Neuropsychological differentiation of progressive aphasic disorders. J Neuropsychol 2018; 13:214-239. [PMID: 29424041 PMCID: PMC6618014 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of subtypes of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) remains challenging. We aimed to identify optimum neuropsychological measures for characterizing PPA, to examine the relationship between behavioural change and subtypes of PPA and to determine whether characteristic profiles of language, working memory, and behavioural changes occur in PPA. Forty‐seven patients with PPA and multi‐domain Alzheimer's disease (AD) together with 19 age‐matched controls underwent a large battery of working memory and language tests. We found that simple tasks of sentence ordering, narrative production, and buccofacial praxis were particularly useful in differentiating non‐fluent/agrammatic variant PPA (nfvPPA) from other PPA subtypes, whereas a test of single word comprehension was useful in detecting semantic dementia (SD). No individual tests were discriminating for logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) relative to nfvPPA. LvPPA and multidomain AD exhibited similar language profiles. A principal components analysis revealed that characteristic PPA profiles extended beyond the realms of language, in particular, the presence of apraxia in nfvPPA, behavioural changes in SD, and working memory deficits in lvPPA. These findings suggest that not all tests are equally discriminatory for PPA and highlight the importance of a test profile in differentiating PPA. These results also support the view that lvPPA is a focal form of AD and emphasize the difficulties classifying lvPPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Harris
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Saxon
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Division of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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8
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Kobylecki C, Haense C, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Segobin SH, Jones M, Richardson AMT, Gerhard A, Anton-Rodriguez J, Thompson JC, Herholz K, Snowden JS. Functional neuroanatomical associations of working memory in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:176-184. [PMID: 28299814 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize metabolic correlates of working memory impairment in clinically defined subtypes of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. BACKGROUND Established models of working memory suggest a key role for frontal lobe function, yet the association in Alzheimer's disease between working memory impairment and visuospatial and language symptoms suggests that temporoparietal neocortical dysfunction may be responsible. METHODS Twenty-four patients with predominantly early-onset Alzheimer's disease were clinically classified into groups with predominantly amnestic, multidomain or visual deficits. Patients underwent neuropsychological evaluation focused on the domains of episodic and working memory, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography data were analysed by using a region-of-interest approach. RESULTS Patients with multidomain and visual presentations performed more poorly on tests of working memory compared with amnestic Alzheimer's disease. Working memory performance correlated with glucose metabolism in left-sided temporoparietal, but not frontal neocortex. Carriers of the apolipoprotein E4 gene showed poorer episodic memory and better working memory performance compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that working memory changes in early-onset Alzheimer's disease are related to temporoparietal rather than frontal hypometabolism and show dissociation from episodic memory performance. They further support the concept of subtypes of Alzheimer's disease with distinct cognitive profiles due to prominent neocortical dysfunction early in the disease course. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kobylecki
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Cathleen Haense
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Cheryl L Stopford
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Shailendra H Segobin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,INSERM-EPHE-Université de Caen de Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Matthew Jones
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Anna M T Richardson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - José Anton-Rodriguez
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Karl Herholz
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Cammack P, Harris JM. Depth perception in disparity-defined objects: finding the balance between averaging and segregation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0258. [PMID: 27269601 PMCID: PMC4901452 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciding what constitutes an object, and what background, is an essential task for the visual system. This presents a conundrum: averaging over the visual scene is required to obtain a precise signal for object segregation, but segregation is required to define the region over which averaging should take place. Depth, obtained via binocular disparity (the differences between two eyes’ views), could help with segregation by enabling identification of object and background via differences in depth. Here, we explore depth perception in disparity-defined objects. We show that a simple object segregation rule, followed by averaging over that segregated area, can account for depth estimation errors. To do this, we compared objects with smoothly varying depth edges to those with sharp depth edges, and found that perceived peak depth was reduced for the former. A computational model used a rule based on object shape to segregate and average over a central portion of the object, and was able to emulate the reduction in perceived depth. We also demonstrated that the segregated area is not predefined but is dependent on the object shape. We discuss how this segregation strategy could be employed by animals seeking to deter binocular predators. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cammack
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
| | - J M Harris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
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Saxon JA, Thompson JC, Jones M, Harris JM, Richardson AM, Langheinrich T, Neary D, Mann DM, Snowden JS. Examining the language and behavioural profile in FTD and ALS-FTD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:675-680. [PMID: 28596248 PMCID: PMC5537548 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) develop amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is currently unknown whether the behavioural and cognitive syndrome in bvFTD with ALS (ALS-FTD) is indistinguishable from that of bvFTD alone. METHODS A retrospective cohort of 241 patients with clinical diagnoses of bvFTD (n=185) or ALS-FTD (n=56) was examined with respect to behavioural, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Features were rated as present or absent based on information recorded from clinical interviews and detailed neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS A number of behavioural and affective changes were reported more frequently in bvFTD than ALS-FTD: social disinhibition (p<0.001), inertia (p<0.001), loss of sympathy and empathy (p=0.008), repetitive behaviours (p<0.001) and dietary changes (p<0.001). Warmth of affect demonstrated in the clinic setting was reported more often in ALS-FTD than bvFTD (p<0.001). Executive impairments occurred equally in both groups. Language impairments were more common in ALS-FTD than bvFTD: agrammatism (p<0.017) and impaired sentence comprehension (p<0.036). Psychotic features were relatively rare and did not distinguish the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest differences between bvFTD and ALS-FTD. In particular, while changes in social behaviour are prominent in bvFTD alone, there may be a comparatively greater degree of language impairment in ALS-FTD. Prospective exploration of the pattern of differences between these groups will be essential. Identification of a distinct neuropsychological phenotype in ALS-FTD may have clinical implications for early diagnosis, disease management and care planning and theoretical implications for our understanding of the relationship between ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Saxon
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Mt Richardson
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Neary
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - David Ma Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Saxon JA, Harris JM, Thompson JC, Jones M, Richardson AMT, Langheinrich T, Neary D, Mann DMA, Snowden JS. Semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia and their association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:711-712. [PMID: 28554960 PMCID: PMC5537533 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Saxon
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna M T Richardson
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Neary
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Schwartz AV, Pavo I, Alam J, Disch DP, Schuster D, Harris JM, Krege JH. Teriparatide in patients with osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes. Bone 2016; 91:152-8. [PMID: 27374026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for higher fracture risk, clinical effects of osteoporosis treatments in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are largely unknown. Post hoc analyses of the DANCE observational study compared T2D patients and patients without diabetes to assess the effect of teriparatide, an osteoanabolic therapy on skeletal outcomes and safety. Patients included ambulatory men and women with osteoporosis receiving teriparatide 20μg/day SQ up to 24months followed by observation up to 24months. Main outcome measures included nonvertebral fracture incidence comparing 0-6months with 6+ months of teriparatide, change from baseline in BMD and back pain severity, and serious adverse events. Analyses included 4042 patients; 291 with T2D, 3751 without diabetes. Treatment exposure did not differ by group. For T2D patients, fracture incidence was 3.5 per 100 patient-years during 0-6months treatment, and 1.6 during 6months to treatment end (47% of baseline, 95% CI 12-187%); during similar periods, for patients without diabetes, fracture incidence was 3.2 and 1.8 (57% of baseline, 95% CI 39-83%). As determinants of fracture outcome during teriparatide treatment, diabetes was not a significant factor (P=0.858), treatment duration was significant (P=0.003), and the effect of duration was not significantly different between the groups (interaction P=0.792). Increases in spine and total hip BMD did not differ between groups; increase in femoral neck BMD was greater in T2D patients than in patients without diabetes (+0.34 and +0.004g/cm(2), respectively; P=0.014). Back pain severity decreased in both groups. Teriparatide was well tolerated without new safety findings. In conclusion, during teriparatide treatment, reduction in nonvertebral fracture incidence, increase in BMD, and decrease in back pain were similar in T2D and non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94158-2549, USA.
| | - Imre Pavo
- Eli Lilly Regional Operations, Koelblgasse 8-10 A-1030, Wien, Austria.
| | - Jahangir Alam
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Damon P Disch
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Dara Schuster
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - John H Krege
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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13
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Gelfand MJ, Harris JM, Rich AC, Kist CS. Use of Video Goggles to Distract Patients During PET/CT Studies of School-Aged Children. J Nucl Med Technol 2016; 44:227-229. [PMID: 27634980 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.116.179473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of video goggles in distracting children undergoing PET/CT and to determine whether the goggles create CT and PET artifacts. METHODS Video goggles with small amounts of internal radioopaque material were used. During whole-body PET/CT imaging, 30 nonsedated patients aged 4-13 y watched videos of their choice using the goggles. Fifteen of the PET/CT studies were performed on a scanner installed in 2006, and the other 15 were performed on a scanner installed in 2013. The fused scans were reviewed for evidence of head movement, and the individual PET and CT scans of the head were reviewed for the presence and severity of streak artifact. The CT exposure settings were recorded for each scan at the anatomic level at which the goggles were worn. RESULTS Only one of the 30 scans had evidence of significant head motion. Two of the 30 had minor coregistration problems due to motion, and 27 of the 30 had very good to excellent coregistration. For the 2006 scanner, 2 of the 14 evaluable localization CT scans of the head demonstrated no streak artifact in brain tissue, 6 of the 14 had mild streak artifact in brain tissue, and 6 of the 14 had moderate streak artifact in brain tissue. Mild streak artifact in bone was noted in 2 of the 14 studies. For the 2013 scanner, 7 of 15 studies had mild streak artifact in brain tissue and 8 of 15 had no streak artifact in brain tissue, whereas none of the 15 had streak artifact in bone. There were no artifacts attributable to the goggles on the 18F-FDG PET brain images of any of the 29 evaluable studies. The average CT exposure parameters at the level of the orbits were 36% lower on the 2013 scanner than on the 2006 scanner. CONCLUSION Video goggles may be used successfully to distract children undergoing PET with localization CT. The goggles cause no significant degradation of the PET brain images or the CT skull images. The degree of artifact on brain tissue images varies from none to moderate and depends on the CT equipment used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gelfand
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amanda C Rich
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chelsea S Kist
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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14
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Harris JM, Pufulete M, Rogers CA, Brierley R, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Greenwood JP, Dorman S, Anderson RA, Reeves BC. P103 Benefit to Patients and the NHS of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Data challenges within a Routine Data Registry. Br J Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208064.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Biases in the perceived speed of a moving stimulus have been observed for various spatial configurations of a motion stimulus (eg Norman et al, 1996 Perception25 815 – 830). In general, psychophysical studies are designed to remove any possible source of bias due to the temporal order of presentation. Here, we examined biases in speed perception between the first and second temporal interval in a 2IFC procedure. The stimulus was a circular patch (∼ 2 deg) containing 50 translating dots. A standard speed was always presented in the first interval (∼ 6 deg s−1), with one of 7 test speeds in the second interval. A range of ISIs (0 – 2.3 s) and stimulus durations (100 – 900 ms) was tested. We also dissociated spatial location (left/right of fixation point) and direction of dot travel (left/right and vertical/horizontal) of the two stimuli, whilst maintaining the temporal separation. In all cases we found an increase in perceived speed from 1st to 2nd interval and further, the effect was independent of direction, ISI, duration, and the spatial position of the 1st and 2nd stimuli. We can suggest no simple account of the results based upon neural fatigue in motion detectors, temporal sampling windows, or representational momentum. Tentative models are currently being explored with three interval stimuli.
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16
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Harris JM, Jones M, Gall C, Richardson AMT, Neary D, du Plessis D, Pal P, Mann DMA, Snowden JS, Thompson JC. Co-Occurrence of Language and Behavioural Change in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:205-13. [PMID: 27350781 PMCID: PMC4913762 DOI: 10.1159/000444848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives We aimed to evaluate the co-occurrence of language and behavioural impairment in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum pathology. Methods Eighty-one dementia patients with pathological confirmation of FTLD were identified. Anonymized clinical records from patients' first assessment were rated for language and behavioural features from frontotemporal dementia consensus criteria, primary progressive aphasia (PPA) criteria and 1998 FTLD criteria. Results Over 90% of patients with FTLD pathology exhibited a combination of at least one behavioural and one language feature. Changes in language, in particular, were commonly accompanied by behavioural change. Notably, the majority of patients who displayed language features characteristic of semantic variant PPA exhibited ‘early perseverative, stereotyped or compulsive/ritualistic behaviour’. Moreover, ‘executive/generation deficits with relative sparing of memory and visuospatial functions’ occurred in most patients with core features of non-fluent variant PPA. Conclusion Behavioural and language symptoms frequently co-occur in patients with FTLD pathology. Current classifications, which separate behavioural and language syndromes, do not reflect this co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Harris
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire Gall
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna M T Richardson
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Neary
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel du Plessis
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Piyali Pal
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Thompson
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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17
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Dunning T, Harris JM, Sandall J. Women and their birth partners' experiences following a primary postpartum haemorrhage: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:80. [PMID: 27089951 PMCID: PMC4835830 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a common obstetric complication. Rates of PPH are increasing in a number of developed countries. This is concerning as PPH is recognised as a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality which includes psychological and emotional distress. There is limited understanding of the emotional impact of PPH experienced by women and their birth partners. This study qualitatively describes the experiences of women and their birth partners who experienced a primary PPH. Methods Semi-structured interview study. Couples were recruited via maximum variation sampling, which, by purposive sampling drew participants from three groups depending on the degree of PPH: minor (500–1000 ml), moderate (1000–2000 ml) and severe (>2000 ml). Interviews took place from 4 to 14 months post birth, and data were analysed via Framework analysis. Results In this qualitative study, 11 women and six partners were interviewed. Data were organised into four interrelated themes; Control, Communication, Consequence, Competence. Just over half of the women and their birth partners were unaware they had a PPH, and would have preferred more information either at the time or in the postnatal period. The findings suggest that birth partners also required more information, especially if separated from their partner during the PPH. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into women’s reports of their feelings and experiences during and after a PPH, and how their partners feel having observed a PPH. This study suggests that women who have had a PPH of any volume would like more information. Further investigations into the timings, methods and effectiveness of discussions following a PPH are recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0870-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dunning
- King's College Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - J M Harris
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Sandall
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's Health Partners, Division of Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK
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18
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Stringer S, Minică CC, Verweij KJH, Mbarek H, Bernard M, Derringer J, van Eijk KR, Isen JD, Loukola A, Maciejewski DF, Mihailov E, van der Most PJ, Sánchez-Mora C, Roos L, Sherva R, Walters R, Ware JJ, Abdellaoui A, Bigdeli TB, Branje SJT, Brown SA, Bruinenberg M, Casas M, Esko T, Garcia-Martinez I, Gordon SD, Harris JM, Hartman CA, Henders AK, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Hickman M, Hopfer CJ, Hottenga JJ, Huizink AC, Irons DE, Kahn RS, Korhonen T, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, van Lier PAC, Lubke GH, Madden PAF, Mägi R, McGue MK, Medland SE, Meeus WHJ, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Qaiser B, Quaye L, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Rose RJ, Shin J, Stallings MC, Stiby AI, Wall TL, Wright MJ, Koot HM, Paus T, Hewitt JK, Ribasés M, Kaprio J, Boks MP, Snieder H, Spector T, Munafò MR, Metspalu A, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e769. [PMID: 27023175 PMCID: PMC4872459 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit psychoactive substance worldwide. Occasional cannabis use can progress to frequent use, abuse and dependence with all known adverse physical, psychological and social consequences. Individual differences in cannabis initiation are heritable (40-48%). The International Cannabis Consortium was established with the aim to identify genetic risk variants of cannabis use. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data of 13 cohorts (N=32 330) and four replication samples (N=5627). In addition, we performed a gene-based test of association, estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and explored the genetic correlation between lifetime cannabis use and cigarette use using LD score regression. No individual SNPs reached genome-wide significance. Nonetheless, gene-based tests identified four genes significantly associated with lifetime cannabis use: NCAM1, CADM2, SCOC and KCNT2. Previous studies reported associations of NCAM1 with cigarette smoking and other substance use, and those of CADM2 with body mass index, processing speed and autism disorders, which are phenotypes previously reported to be associated with cannabis use. Furthermore, we showed that, combined across the genome, all common SNPs explained 13-20% (P<0.001) of the liability of lifetime cannabis use. Finally, there was a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.83; P=1.85 × 10(-8)) between lifetime cannabis use and lifetime cigarette smoking implying that the SNP effect sizes of the two traits are highly correlated. This is the largest meta-analysis of cannabis GWA studies to date, revealing important new insights into the genetic pathways of lifetime cannabis use. Future functional studies should explore the impact of the identified genes on the biological mechanisms of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - K R van Eijk
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J D Isen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D F Maciejewski
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Roos
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Ware
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S J T Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bruinenberg
- The LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - I Garcia-Martinez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Harris
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A K Henders
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - I B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Huizink
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Irons
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P A C van Lier
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G H Lubke
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M K McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S E Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - W H J Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - M B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G W Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Pathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Quaye
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - M C Stallings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A I Stiby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M J Wright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - H M Koot
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Spector
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M R Munafò
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Reed JL, Harris JM, Midence L, Yee EB, Grace SL. Evaluating the Heart Wise Exercise™ program: a model for safe community exercise programming. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:190. [PMID: 26922240 PMCID: PMC4769838 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Greater availability of community exercise facilities is recommended to promote physical activity in the large number of people with chronic disease. The Heart Wise Exercise (HWE) program encourages existing community-based exercise facilities to build capacity to serve such patients, by working with interested facilities to ensure they meet safety criteria, and educating exercise leaders. Methods Using a piloted checklist, 45 HWE programs were audited for the six HWE criteria (outlined below) in the greater Ottawa and Toronto areas of Ontario, Canada. A survey was also administered to a convenience sample of HWE program participants (N = 127). Results Criteria 1: 71 % of leaders encouraged daily aerobic exercise; participants reported engaging in 194 min/week of aerobic exercise. Criteria 2: 100 % of programs incorporated a warm-up and cool-down, and 84 % encouraged self-monitoring during class. Criteria 3: 98 % of programs offered options for participants to exercise at their appropriate intensity. Criteria 4: HWE participants reported having chronic conditions including arthritis (41 %), osteoporosis (26 %) diabetes (8 %), heart disease (6 %) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6 %). Criteria 5: 93 % of instructors offered health screening for participants. Criteria 6: 100 % of sites had automated external defibrillators, and 90 % of the instructors were aware of the documented emergency plan. The exercise leaders reported being ‘knowledgeable/comfortable/confident’ in providing exercise guidance to, and having clients with chronic health conditions; directing clients to other services; offering exercise intensity options; helping clients listen to their bodies; and, encouraging clients to provide information regarding their health. The participants reported being, on average, ‘somewhat happy’ to ‘very happy’ with HWE locations; program dates and times; leaders’ knowledge of disease and exercise; exercise intensity; cost; and, social aspect. Conclusions HWE programs are safe and appropriate for persons with varying chronic health conditions, and participants are satisfied with and will likely continue attending their HWE classes. Future efforts should be directed at increasing awareness of HWE programs among referring healthcare professionals and participants at risk of chronic conditions. The HWE training program should emphasize that HWE leaders regularly encourage self-monitoring and daily aerobic exercise, which is well-known to reduce the burden of many chronic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2866-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Reed
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer M Harris
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Liz Midence
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth B Yee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sherry L Grace
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
'Primary progressive aphasia' (PPA) refers to core linguistic disorders caused by neurodegenerative disease. Three main PPA variants are recognized: nonfluent/agrammatic, semantic and logopenic. Correctly classifying patients during life according to the underlying histopathology will become increasingly important as cause-specific treatments become available. This article reviews clinical and histopathological studies of PPA, with particular reference to updated PPA classifications. Currently, one-to-one relationships do not exist within PPA subtypes. The semantic variant has the best correspondence between the clinical syndrome and the underlying pathological cause and the logopenic variant the worst correspondence. The use of future biomarkers should facilitate accurate clinicopathological correlation of patients during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Harris
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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21
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Scheerens H, Arron JR, Zheng Y, Putnam WS, Erickson RW, Choy DF, Harris JM, Lee J, Jarjour NN, Matthews JG. The effects of lebrikizumab in patients with mild asthma following whole lung allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:38-46. [PMID: 24131304 PMCID: PMC4204278 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin 13 (IL13) is a T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine associated with inflammation and pathology in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. We have shown that treatment with lebrikizumab, an anti-IL13 monoclonal antibody, significantly improves prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in a subset of subjects with uncontrolled asthma. Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in subjects with mild asthma who underwent bronchial allergen challenge. Methods Twenty-nine subjects were randomized 1: 1–5 mg/kg lebrikizumab (n = 13) or placebo (n = 16) administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks over 12 weeks, a total of four doses. Primary efficacy outcome was late asthmatic response (LAR) at Week 13, defined as area under the curve of FEV1 measured 2–8 h following inhaled allergen challenge. Serum biomarkers were measured to verify IL13 pathway inhibition and identify patients with an increased response to lebrikizumab. Results At Week 13, the LAR in lebrikizumab subjects was reduced by 48% compared with placebo subjects, although this was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, −19%, 90%). Exploratory analysis indicated that lebrikizumab-treated subjects with elevated baseline levels of peripheral blood eosinophils, serum IgE, or periostin exhibited a greater reduction in LAR compared with subjects with lower baseline levels of these biomarkers. Lebrikizumab exerted systemic effects on markers of Th2 inflammation, reducing serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), chemokine ligands 13 and 17 by approximately 25% (P < 0.01). Lebrikizumab was well tolerated. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Lebrikizumab reduced the LAR in subjects with mild asthma. Clinical trial number NCT00781443.
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22
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Jones M, Jeal H, Schofield S, Harris JM, Shamji MH, Francis JN, Durham SR, Cullinan P. Rat-specific IgG and IgG₄ antibodies associated with inhibition of IgE-allergen complex binding in laboratory animal workers. Occup Environ Med 2014; 71:619-23. [PMID: 24944289 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between exposure to rodent allergens and laboratory animal allergy is complex; at highest allergen exposures there is an attenuation of sensitisation and symptoms which are associated with increased levels of rat-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG4 antibodies. We set out to examine whether the increased levels of rat-specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies that we have previously observed at high allergen exposure in our cohort of laboratory animal workers play a functional role through blockage of the binding of IgE-allergen complex binding to CD23 receptors on B cells. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of laboratory animal workers (n=776) in six UK pharmaceutical companies were surveyed. IgE-allergen complex binding to B cells was measured in 703 (97.9%) eligible employees; their exposure was categorised by either job group or number of rats handled daily. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in IgE-allergen complex binding to B cells with increasing quartiles of both rat-specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies (p<0.001). IgE-allergen complex binding to B cells was lower in workers with high allergen exposure, and significantly so (p=0.033) in the subgroup with highest exposures but no work-related chest symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a functional role for rat-specific IgG/G4 antibodies in laboratory animal workers, similar to that observed in patients treated with high dose immunotherapy who become clinically tolerant, suggesting a potential explanation for the attenuation of risk at highest allergen exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jones
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Jeal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Schofield
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J M Harris
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M H Shamji
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, part of the Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - J N Francis
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, part of the Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - S R Durham
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, part of the Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - P Cullinan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Harris JM, Gall C, Thompson JC, Richardson AMT, Neary D, du Plessis D, Pal P, Mann DMA, Snowden JS, Jones M. Classification and pathology of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology 2013; 81:1832-9. [PMID: 24142474 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000436070.28137.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the extent to which patients with progressive language impairment conform to 2011 primary progressive aphasia (PPA) classification and to examine clinicopathologic correlations within PPA variants. METHODS Sixty-two consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed dementia who presented clinically with aphasia were identified. Patients with insufficient clinical information were excluded. PPA classifications were applied to anonymized clinical data taken from patients' initial assessment by raters who were blinded to clinical and pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS The final cohort comprised 52 patients, 30 of whom met basic PPA criteria. Twenty-five patients met one of the 3 PPA classifications (13 logopenic, 8 nonfluent/agrammatic, and 4 semantic). Five patients did not meet the criteria for any of the PPA variants. All patients who met semantic variant PPA and 75% of patients who met nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA classifications had frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum pathology. Pathologies were heterogeneous in patients who met logopenic variant PPA criteria (46% Alzheimer disease [AD], 8% AD mixed with dementia with Lewy bodies, 23% frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and 23% other). CONCLUSION The 2011 PPA recommendations classify a large proportion of patients who meet basic PPA criteria. However, some patients had aphasic syndromes that could not be classified, suggesting that the 2011 recommendations do not cover the full range of PPA variants. Classification of semantic variant PPA provides a good prediction of underlying pathology. Classification of logopenic variant does not successfully differentiate PPA due to AD from PPA due to other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Harris
- From the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (J.M.H., C.G., J.C.T., A.M.T.R., D.N., D.d.P., P.P., D.M.A.M., J.S.S., M.J.), Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford; and Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health (J.M.H., D.N., D.M.A.M., J.S.S., M.J.), University of Manchester, UK
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Harris JM, Gall C, Thompson JC, Richardson AMT, Neary D, du Plessis D, Pal P, Mann DMA, Snowden JS, Jones M. Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2013; 80:1881-7. [PMID: 23596080 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318292a342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess sensitivity and specificity of the updated criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) based on a large autopsy-confirmed cohort of patients with dementia. METHODS Two hundred thirty-nine consecutive pathologically confirmed dementia patients, clinically assessed in a specialist cognitive unit were identified. Patients with predominant aphasia, motor disorders, or insufficient clinical information were excluded. Frontotemporal Dementia Consensus criteria were applied to anonymized clinical data taken from patients' initial assessment by raters who were blinded to clinical and pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS The final study cohort comprised 156 patients with predominantly early-onset dementia. The updated criteria for possible bvFTD had a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 82%. Probable bvFTD criteria had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95%. False positives were predominantly patients with presenile Alzheimer disease. CONCLUSION Revised diagnostic criteria show encouragingly high sensitivity and specificity when applied to patients with early-onset dementia. They therefore provide a useful tool both for specialist researchers and general clinicians. There is a need for further prospective studies of sensitivity and specificity involving a broader spectrum of patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Harris
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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25
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Hansen RL, Zhu XR, Harris JM. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with patterned photoexcitation for measuring solution diffusion coefficients of robust fluorophores. Anal Chem 2012; 70:1281-7. [PMID: 21644725 DOI: 10.1021/ac9709918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patterned fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is developed as a new technique for measuring diffusion coefficients of photostable fluorescent probe molecules. In this method, interference between two intersecting, coherent laser beams creates an excitation fringe pattern from which fluorescence emission is monitored. Spontaneous concentration fluctuations of fluorescent molecules within the excitation volume are detected as excess noise on a fluorescence transient; concentration fluctuations are driven primarily by diffusion of these molecules between interference fringes although contributions from photobleaching and diffusion over the entire pattern dimensions can also be observed. Autocorrelation of the fluorescence transient allows analysis of the temporal characteristics of the fluctuations, which were used to determine solution diffusion coefficients; the method was applied to study the diffusion of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) in water/methanol solutions containing added electrolyte and in pure ethanol. The method can be used to characterize the diffusive transport of fluorescently labeled species, which is an important issue in designing small-volume detection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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26
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Lovell PG, Bloj M, Harris JM. Efficient Cue-Combination Even at the Temporal Limits of Perception. Iperception 2012. [DOI: 10.1068/ie389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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27
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Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, Jones M, Gerhard A, Davidson YS, Robinson A, Gibbons L, Hu Q, DuPlessis D, Neary D, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. Brain 2012; 135:693-708. [PMID: 22300873 PMCID: PMC3286329 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene as the cause of chromosome 9-linked frontotemporal dementia and motor neuron disease offers the opportunity for greater understanding of the relationship between these disorders and other clinical forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In this study, we screened a cohort of 398 patients with frontotemporal dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia or mixture of these syndromes for mutations in the C9ORF72 gene. Motor neuron disease was present in 55 patients (14%). We identified 32 patients with C9ORF72 mutations, representing 8% of the cohort. The patients' clinical phenotype at presentation varied: nine patients had frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease, 19 had frontotemporal dementia alone, one had mixed semantic dementia with frontal features and three had progressive non-fluent aphasia. There was, as expected, a significant association between C9ORF72 mutations and presence of motor neuron disease. Nevertheless, 46 patients, including 22 familial, had motor neuron disease but no mutation in C9ORF72. Thirty-eight per cent of the patients with C9ORF72 mutations presented with psychosis, with a further 28% exhibiting paranoid, deluded or irrational thinking, whereas <4% of non-mutation bearers presented similarly. The presence of psychosis dramatically increased the odds that patients carried the mutation. Mutation bearers showed a low incidence of motor stereotypies, and relatively high incidence of complex repetitive behaviours, largely linked to patients' delusions. They also showed a lower incidence of acquired sweet food preference than patients without C9ORF72 mutations. Post-mortem pathology in five patients revealed transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, type A in one patient and type B in three. However, one patient had corticobasal degeneration pathology. The findings indicate that C9ORF72 mutations cause some but not all cases of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease. Other mutations remain to be discovered. C9ORF72 mutations are associated with variable clinical presentations and pathology. Nevertheless, the findings highlight a powerful association between C9ORF72 mutations and psychosis and suggest that the behavioural characteristics of patients with C9ORF72 mutations are qualitatively distinct. Mutations in the C9ORF72 gene may be a major cause not only of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease but also of late onset psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
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28
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Graham P, Harris JM, Salter MR. Histamine Formation in Psoriatic Skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb11704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Graham
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic BN2 4GJ
| | - JM Harris
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic BN2 4GJ
| | - MR Salter
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic BN2 4GJ
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, W.C.1
| | - P S J Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, W.C.1
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30
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Kote-Jarai Z, Amin Al Olama A, Leongamornlert D, Tymrakiewicz M, Saunders E, Guy M, Giles GG, Severi G, Southey M, Hopper JL, Sit KC, Harris JM, Batra J, Spurdle AB, Clements JA, Hamdy F, Neal D, Donovan J, Muir K, Pharoah PDP, Chanock SJ, Brown N, Benlloch S, Castro E, Mahmud N, O'Brien L, Hall A, Sawyer E, Wilkinson R, Easton DF, Eeles RA. Identification of a novel prostate cancer susceptibility variant in the KLK3 gene transcript. Hum Genet 2011; 129:687-94. [PMID: 21465221 PMCID: PMC3092928 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 30 prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. One of these (rs2735839) is located close to a plausible candidate susceptibility gene, KLK3, which encodes prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is widely used as a biomarker for PrCa detection and disease monitoring. To refine the association between PrCa and variants in this region, we used genotyping data from a two-stage GWAS using samples from the UK and Australia, and the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study. Genotypes were imputed for 197 and 312 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from HapMap2 and the 1000 Genome Project, respectively. The most significant association with PrCa was with a previously unidentified SNP, rs17632542 (combined P = 3.9 × 10−22). This association was confirmed by direct genotyping in three stages of the UK/Australian GWAS, involving 10,405 cases and 10,681 controls (combined P = 1.9 × 10−34). rs17632542 is also shown to be associated with PSA levels and it is a non-synonymous coding SNP (Ile179Thr) in KLK3. Using molecular dynamic simulation, we showed evidence that this variant has the potential to introduce alterations in the protein or affect RNA splicing. We propose that rs17632542 may directly influence PrCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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Lovell PG, Bloj M, Harris JM. How Do Reliability and Timing Influence Cue-Combinations for Shading and Stereo-Disparity? Iperception 2011. [DOI: 10.1068/i185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue-conflict studies have been used with considerable success to examine the mechanisms underlying the integration of different sensory cues. Our recent studies have used these methods to examine the combination of stereo-disparity and shading cues in realistically rendered stimuli. The stimuli featured circular convexities with cyclopean shading and a stereo-cue based upon a densely dotted surface texture—other cues (shape outline and surface texture gradient) were controlled for. In our first experiment observers made depth discriminations while disparity noise was manipulated; we were able to demonstrate that for most observers cues are combined optimally—ie, PSEs and response variances shifted towards the more reliable channel. In a follow-on study we have examined how these cue-combinations are affected by presentation timing—with forwards and backwards masking. For most observers the adage that shading provides a quick and dirty mechanism for making depth judgements seems to be supported. Observers can make reliable depth judgements based upon shading when the difference in depth is relatively fine. However, for fine discriminations more time is required, and by this time the more accurate information from the stereo-channel has become available and is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Lovell
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews
| | - M Bloj
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, UK
| | - J M Harris
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported an inverse association between birth order and the risk of respiratory allergic disease. In recent decades, the prevalence of atopy has increased alongside reductions in fertility rates. AIMS OF THE STUDY To quantitate how much of the increased prevalence of atopy, measured by skin prick test or specific IgE, can be attributed to temporal changes in family size in the United Kingdom. METHODS Through a systematic literature review (MEDLINE, 1965-2009), five studies of UK populations were identified and their data were included in the calculation of a summary odds ratio for the risk of atopy for each birth order. Information on changes in UK family sizes between 1960 and 2001 was obtained from Eurostat. On this basis, expected increases in the prevalence of atopy were calculated by weighting the proportion in each birth order category for 1960 and 2001 by the summary odds ratio for that category and then calculating the relative risk of atopy in 2001 compared with 1960. RESULTS The pooled summary odds ratios for atopy were 0.90, 0.69 and 0.69 for those born second, third and fourth (or higher), respectively. The expected relative increase in the prevalence of atopy resulting from a change in family size between 1960 and 2001 was 3%. CONCLUSIONS Despite the strong associations between birth order and atopy, reductions in family size in the last 40 years account for little of the increase in atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Upchurch
- Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine (NHLI), London, UK.
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Tibbles BJ, Harris JM. Use of radiolabelled thymidine and leucine to estimate bacterial production in soils from continental antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:694-701. [PMID: 16535246 PMCID: PMC1388784 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.694-701.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritiated thymidine incorporation (TTI) into DNA was used to examine bacterial production in two soil types from the Robertskollen group of nunataks in northwestern Dronning Maud Land, providing the first estimates of bacterial production in soil habitats on the Antarctic continent. Although estimates of bacterial productivity in soils near to bird nests (344 (plusmn) 422 ng of C g [dry weight](sup-1) h(sup-1)) were higher than those for soils from beneath mosses (175 (plusmn) 90 ng of C g [dry weight](sup-1) h(sup-1); measured by TTI at 10(deg)C), these differences were not significant because of patchiness of bacterial activity (P > 0.05). TTI- and [(sup14)C]leucine ([(sup14)C]Leu)-derived estimates of bacterial production were similar when incubations of 3 h were used, although incubations as short as 1 h were sufficient for measurable uptake of radiolabel. Dual-label incorporation of [(sup3)H]thymidine ([(sup3)H]TdR) into DNA and [(sup14)C]Leu into protein indicated that TTI did not reflect bacterial production of in situ assemblages when incubations were longer than 3 h. Isotope dilution analysis indicated that dilution of the specific activity of exogenously supplied [(sup3)H]TdR by de novo synthesis of TdR precursor could be limited by additions of [(sup3)H]TdR at a concentration of 1 nmol per ca. 115 mg of soil. TTI exhibited a psychrotrophic response to variation in temperature, with a temperature optimum of ca. 15(deg)C and a Q(inf10) value for 0 to 10(deg)C of 2.41.
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Harris JM, Luscombe DK, Poyser RH. The influence of molecular weight and structure on the vascular permeability responses induced by glucose polymers in rat skin. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 2010; 29:16-24. [PMID: 19108235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, 1B Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia patients and their relatives have been thought to represent possible genetic vulnerability markers or endophenotypes of the disorder. The present study describes results from the Edinburgh High Risk Study of computerized testing using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) on a group at genetic high risk (HR) of schizophrenia and a control group. METHOD A total of 97 HR and 25 control participants were assessed on three tests from the CANTAB - spatial span, spatial working memory, and Stockings of Cambridge. Analyses of covariance were used to compare the HR and control groups on the main outcome measures whilst controlling for intelligence quotient (IQ). Subsequent analysis examined the effects of the presence of symptoms on group differences. RESULTS HR participants had significantly reduced spatial memory capacity [F(1, 118)=4.06, p=0.046] and significantly reduced planning processing speed [F(1, 116)=4.16, p=0.044] compared with controls even after controlling for general intelligence (IQ). Although HR individuals made more errors and showed poorer problem-solving and strategy performance compared with controls, these differences were not significant after controlling for IQ. Subsequent analysis indicated that the presence or absence of psychotic symptoms in the HR group did not influence these specific cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS Spatial memory capacity and planning processing speed may represent cognitive endophenotypes characterising the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia in this HR group.
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Horch HW, McCarthy SS, Johansen SL, Harris JM. Differential gene expression during compensatory sprouting of dendrites in the auditory system of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Insect Mol Biol 2009; 18:483-96. [PMID: 19453768 PMCID: PMC3551613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurones that lose their presynaptic partners because of injury usually retract or die. However, when the auditory interneurones of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus are denervated, dendrites respond by growing across the midline and forming novel synapses with the opposite auditory afferents. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to detect transcriptional changes 3 days after denervation. This is a stage at which we demonstrate robust compensatory dendritic sprouting. Whereas 49 unique candidates were down-regulated, no sufficiently up-regulated candidates were identified at this time point. Several candidates identified in this study are known to influence the translation and degradation of proteins in other systems. The potential role of these factors in the compensatory sprouting of cricket auditory interneurones in response to denervation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Horch
- Bowdoin College, Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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McIntosh AM, Moorhead TWJ, McKirdy J, Hall J, Sussmann JED, Stanfield AC, Harris JM, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Prefrontal gyral folding and its cognitive correlates in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119:192-8. [PMID: 19032702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to address whether dorsal or ventral prefrontal gyrification is abnormal in bipolar disorder and to determine its diagnostic specificity and cognitive associations. METHOD Forty-two out-patients with bipolar disorder, 28 with schizophrenia and 37 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging. All subjects also underwent IQ and executive assessments using tasks whose performance has been localized to the ventral or dorsal prefrontal cortex. Cortical folding was quantified using the gyrification index (GI) and related to the cognitive measures. RESULTS Patients with bipolar disorder showed reduced prefrontal gyrification compared with controls but did not differ from patients with schizophrenia. Neither ventral nor dorsal GI was preferentially affected in either disorder. Current IQ was positively and significantly correlated with GI. CONCLUSION Patients with bipolar disorder and patients with schizophrenia have reduced prefrontal gyrification affecting both ventral and dorsal subregions. These reductions were significantly associated with cognitive impairments occurring in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH105HF, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between exposure to indoor aeroallergens in early life and subsequent eczema is unclear. We have previously failed to show any significant associations between early life exposure to house dust mite and cat fur allergens and either sensitization to these allergens or wheeze. We have also previously reported a lower prevalence of parent-reported, doctor-diagnosed eczema by age 2 years for children exposed to higher concentrations of house dust mite, but no other associations with other definitions of eczema or for exposure to cat allergen. OBJECTIVES To extend the exposure-response analysis of allergen exposure and eczema outcomes measured up to age 8 years, and to investigate the role of other genetic and environmental determinants. METHODS A total of 593 children (92 x 4% of those eligible) born to all newly pregnant women attending one of three general practitioner surgeries in Ashford, Kent, were followed from birth to age 8 years. Concentrations of house dust mite and cat allergen were measured in dust samples collected from the home at 8 weeks after birth. The risk of subsequent eczema as defined by the U.K. diagnostic criteria was determined according to different levels (quintiles) of allergen exposure at birth. RESULTS By age 8 years, 150 (25 x 3%) children had met the diagnostic criteria for eczema at least once. Visible flexural dermatitis was recorded at least once for 129 (28 x 0%). As in other studies, parental allergic history was positively associated with most eczema outcomes, as were higher maternal education and less crowded homes. No clear linear associations between early exposure to house dust mite or cat allergen were found, regardless of the definition of eczema used. The risk of eczema appeared to increase for the three lowest quintiles of house dust mite allergen exposure (odds ratio, OR 1 x 37 for third quintile compared with first), and then to fall for the two highest quintiles (OR 0 x 66 and 0 x 71) even after controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The lack of any clear exposure-disease relationship between allergens in early life and subsequent eczema argues against allergen exposure being a major factor causing eczema. If the lower levels of eczema at higher levels of house dust mite are confirmed, then interventions aimed at reducing house dust mite in early infancy could paradoxically increase the risk of subsequent eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1B Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 1940 and 1944 military gas masks with filter pads containing 20% crocidolite were assembled in a Nottingham factory. METHODS Records supplied by the late Professor Stephen Jones were of 1154 persons, mainly women, who had worked in the factory during this period; they included many deaths from mesothelioma. A systematic effort was therefore made to establish causes of death for the whole cohort. RESULTS Of 640 employees with full name and sex recorded, 567 (89%) were traced. Of these, 491 had died, including 65 from mesothelioma, though only 54 were certified as such. After exclusion of these 54, standardised mortality ratios were significantly raised for respiratory cancer (SMR 2.5) and carcinomatosis (SMR 3.2). The pattern of mortality in the remaining 514 employees without full identification was similar, but a low tracing rate (40%) did not justify their further analysis. The first death from mesothelioma was in 1963 (22 years after first exposure) and the last in 1994, whereas a further 5.0 cases would have been expected between 1996 and 2003 (p = 0.0065). CONCLUSION These findings in a cohort followed over 60 years after brief exposure to crocidolite confirm a high and specific risk of mesothelioma (28% peritoneal) and perhaps of lung cancer some 20-50 years later. The statistically significant absence of further mesothelioma cases during the past eight years suggests that crocidolite, though durable, is slowly removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McDonald
- Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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Harris JM, Goldingay RL. Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus in Victoria. Aust Mammalogy 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/am05185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We review the distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum
(Cercartetus nanus) in Victoria. Data on the habitat occurrences and rates of detection were
gleaned from 133 published and unpublished fauna surveys conducted from 1968 to 2003 in
Gippsland; northern Victoria; the Melbourne area and south-western region. C. nanus was
reported from a broad range of vegetation communities, which predominantly included a dense
mid-storey of shrubs rich in nectar-producing species such as those from the families
Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. Survey effort using a range of methods was immense across
surveys: 305,676 Elliott/cage trap-nights, 49,582 pitfall trap-nights, 18,331 predator remains
analysed, 4424 spotlight hours, and 7346 hair-sampling devices deployed, 1005 trees
stagwatched, and 5878 checks of installed nest-boxes. The surveys produced 434 records of C.
nanus, with Elliott/cage trapping, pitfall trapping and analysis of predator remains responsible
for the vast majority of records (93%). These data and those from the Atlas of Victorian
Wildlife indicate that although C. nanus has a widespread distribution in Victoria, it is rarely
observed or trapped in fauna surveys. Only 11 (8%) of the surveys we reviewed detected >10
individuals. C. nanus is likely to be sensitive to several recognised threatening processes in
Victoria (e.g., feral predators, high frequency fire, feral honeybees). There is also evidence of
range declines in several regions, which suggests that the species is vulnerable to extinction.
Therefore, we recommend that it be nominated as a threatened species in Victoria.
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Harris JM, Goldingay RL. Detection of the eastern pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) at Barren Grounds Nature Reserve, New South Wales. Aust Mammalogy 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/am05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
THE eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) has
an extensive distribution, from south-eastern
Queensland to south-eastern South Australia, and
also into Tasmania (Strahan 1995). Despite this it is
rarely detected in fauna surveys (Bowen and
Goldingay 2000). This rarity in detection suggested
that the species may be characterised by small and
isolated populations, and therefore vulnerable to
extinction. Consequently, it became listed as a
'Vulnerable' species in New South Wales (NSW) in
2001. Unless resolved, the low rate of detection of C.
nanus will continue to hinder the acquisition of basic
ecological information that is needed to more clearly
define its conservation status and that is fundamental
to the development of a recovery plan.
An extensive body of survey data for NSW
involving C. nanus has been reviewed by Bowen and
Goldingay (2000). Among a range of survey methods
aimed at detecting this species, trapping within
flowering banksias and checking installed nest-boxes
had the highest rates of detection. Indeed, one study
in northern NSW captured 98 individuals over a 3-
year period from within nest-boxes (Bladon et al.
2002). All other studies detected fewer than 15 C.
nanus. It is clear that further research is required to
investigate the effectiveness of a range of detection
methods.
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Cullinan P, MacNeill SJ, Harris JM, Moffat S, White C, Mills P, Newman Taylor AJ. Early allergen exposure, skin prick responses, and atopic wheeze at age 5 in English children: a cohort study. Thorax 2004; 59:855-61. [PMID: 15454651 PMCID: PMC1746847 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.019877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many years it has been assumed that the risk of childhood respiratory allergies is related to allergen exposures in early life. There are, however, few prospective data in support. We aimed to examine this relationship in a representative cohort of children born in Ashford, Kent (UK). METHODS 625 children (94% of those eligible) were followed from birth to the age of 5.5 years at which time 552 underwent skin prick testing to extracts of house dust mite and cat fur allergens. Maternal reports of wheeze in the last year were collected by interview. These outcomes were related to individual domestic concentrations of Der p 1 and Fel d I allergens estimated from dust collection at the age of 8 weeks. RESULTS 10% of children were sensitised to house dust mite or cat at age 5.5 years; 7% had atopic wheeze. No significant relationships between allergen exposure and either sensitisation or wheeze were found but, on examination, the exposure-response relationships for both allergens and for each outcome rose steeply at low levels of exposure and were attenuated at high levels of exposure. These patterns were modified by paternal atopy and by birth order. CONCLUSIONS There are no linear relationships between early allergen exposure and the induction of childhood respiratory allergy; rather, the risks of IgE sensitisation and asthma rise at very low levels of exposure and are attenuated thereafter. These patterns are influenced by parental atopy and birth order. These findings suggest important gene-environment interactions in the development of atopy and asthma and imply that reductions in domestic allergen exposure alone are unlikely to have a major impact in decreasing the incidence of these diseases in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cullinan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK.
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Hayes A, Green EK, Pritchard A, Harris JM, Zhang Y, Lambert JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Pickering-Brown SM, Lendon CL, Mann DMA. A polymorphic variation in the interleukin 1A gene increases brain microglial cell activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1475-7. [PMID: 15377701 PMCID: PMC1738777 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of possession of the -889 C/T polymorphism of the interleukin 1A gene (IL-1A) and the -511 C/T polymorphism of the interleukin 1B gene (IL-1B) on the extent of neuroinflammation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as demonstrated by the degree of microglial cell activity associated with each IL-1A and IL-1B genotype. METHOD Microglial cell activity within the frontal cortex was determined in 68 patients with necropsy confirmed AD by image analysis as the percentage area of tissue occupied by ferritin immunostained material (microglial cell load). IL-1A, IL-1B, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracted from frontal cortex or cerebellum. RESULTS The microglial cell load was 31% greater in patients with IL-1A T allele, 62% greater with IL-1A TT genotype, but 108% greater with IL-1A TT genotype in combination with APOE epsilon4 allele. No effects on microglial cell load occurred with polymorphisms in IL-1B, or APOE alone. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms within IL-1A influence the degree of brain microglial cell activation, especially in bearers of APOE epsilon4 allele, reinforcing the importance of neuroinflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of AD, and supporting the rationale for treating the disease with inflammation modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hayes
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Manchester, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Torpy DJ, Bachmann AW, Gartside M, Grice JE, Harris JM, Clifton P, Easteal S, Jackson RV, Whitworth JA. Association between chronic fatigue syndrome and the corticosteroid-binding globulin gene ALA SER224 polymorphism. Endocr Res 2004; 30:417-29. [PMID: 15554358 DOI: 10.1081/erc-200035599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by idiopathic fatigue of greater than 6 months' duration with postexertional exacerbation and many other symptoms. A trend toward relative hypocortisolism is described in CFS. Twin and family studies indicate a substantial genetic etiologic component to CFS. Recently, severe corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) gene mutations have been associated with CFS in isolated kindreds. Human leukocyte elastase, an enzyme important in CBG catabolism at inflammatory sites, is reported to be elevated in CFS. We hypothesized that CBG gene polymorphisms may act as a genetic risk factor for CFS. A total of 248 patients with CFS defined by Centers for Disease Control criteria, and 248 controls were recruited. Sequencing and restriction enzyme testing of the CBG gene coding region allowed detection of severe CBG gene mutations and a common exon 3 polymorphism (c.825G-->T, Ala-Ser224). Plasma CBG levels were measured in 125 CFS patients and 198 controls by radioimmunoassay. Total and free (calculated and measured) cortisol levels were ascertained in single samples between 8-10 a.m. The age of onset (mid 30s) and gender ratio (2.2:1, female:male) of the patients were similar to those reported in U.S. epidemiologic studies. A trend toward a preponderance of serine224 homozygosity among the CFS patients was noted, compared with controls (chi2 = 5.31, P = 0.07). Immunoreactive-CBG (IR-CBG) levels were higher in Serine/Alanine (Ser/Ala) than Ala/Ala subjects and higher again in Ser/Ser subjects, this effect was strongest in controls; Ser/Ser: 46.1+/-1.8 (n = 31, P = 0.03) vs. Ser/Ala: 42.4+/-1.0 (n = 56, P = 0.05) vs. Ala/Ala: 40.8+/-1.7 microg/mL (n = 21). Despite higher CBG levels, there was a nonsignificant trend toward lower total and free plasma cortisol in serine allele positive patients, total cortisol: Ser/Ser: 13.3+/-1.4 (n = 34) vs. Ser/Ala: 14.0+/-0.7 (n = 66) vs. Ala/Ala: 15.4+/-1.0 (n = 23). Homozygosity for the serine allele of the CBG gene may predispose to CFS, perhaps due to an effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function related to altered CBG-cortisol transport function or immune-cortisol interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Torpy
- University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inverse associations between allergic disease and sibship have been consistently described and are frequently explained by purported lower rates of early infection among children from small families. Alternative explanations include the possibility that pregnancy itself determines maternal atopic status. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that atopy defined by skin prick test (SPT) declines with increasing numbers of pregnancies. METHODS At enrollment to a birth cohort, mothers were skin prick tested to three common allergens. Seven years later these women underwent a second SPT and provided information on their reproductive histories. At both visits, information on allergic disease was also sought. RESULTS Twenty five (15%) women who were initially atopic were no longer so at the second visit; loss of hayfever symptoms was reported by 33 (29%) women. Women with higher numbers of intervening pregnancies were more likely to 'lose' their atopy (P=0.05) and symptoms of hayfever (P=0.02); this was not true for asthma. The findings could not be accounted for by maternal age. CONCLUSION Successive pregnancies may in part determine a mother's atopic state. Since maternal atopy is a risk factor for childhood atopic disease, this process may affect the atopic state of successive children. These findings suggest an alternative explanation for the sibship effect in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College (NHLI), London, UK.
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Cullinan P, Harris JM, Newman Taylor AJ, Jones M, Taylor P, Dave JR, Mills P, Moffat SA, White CW, Figg JK, Moon AM, Barnes MC. Can early infection explain the sibling effect in adult atopy? Eur Respir J 2004; 22:956-61. [PMID: 14680085 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00039102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopy is strongly and inversely related to family size, a pattern which is plausibly assumed to reflect a protective effect of early infection. The current study tested this hypothesis by case-referent analysis of an adult cohort in the UK. The study established that atopy, defined by prick tests to common aeroallergens, was less common among those from larger families after adjustment for potentially confounding factors. In particular, a higher number of brothers appeared to offer protection. The current authors attempted to explain this distribution by examining contemporary family-doctor records of early childhood infections; and by a number of other indirect indices of early-life "hygiene". The sibling effect was unexplained by evidence of infection with either hepatitis A or Helicobacter pylori, or by counts of infections or antibiotic prescriptions in early life. There was a significant and independent negative association between the number of gastrointestinal infections before the age of 5 yrs and the odds of atopy. Dog ownership and home moving in early life also displayed potentially protective associations. Although the current study replicates the finding that atopy is inversely associated with family size this could not be explained by documentary or serological evidence of early infection. The findings support the suggestion that the "sibling effect" in atopy may not simply reflect protection by early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cullinan
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine (NHLI), London, UK.
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Tian J, Shi J, Bailey K, Harris JM, Pritchard A, Lambert JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Pickering-Brown SM, Lendon CL, Mann DMA. A polymorphism in the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme gene is associated with damage to cerebral cortical white matter in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2004; 354:103-6. [PMID: 14698449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the insertion (I)/deletion (D) (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) gene on the extent of white matter myelin loss (ML) was investigated in four regions of the cerebral cortex in an autopsy-confirmed series of 93 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The possible influence of APO E epsilon4 allele acting in concert with ACE D allele was assessed. The extent of ML did not differ between D/D, I/D and I/I genotype groups when data from all four brain regions were combined. However, separate analysis showed that the frontal and temporal cortex tended to be affected more severely by ML in patients with D/D genotype compared to those with I/D and I/I genotypes. Stratification according to APO E epsilon4 allele revealed a greater overall ML in patients bearing at least one copy of ACE D allele and one APO E epsilon4 allele, especially in individuals homozygous for both. The APO E epsilon4 allele may therefore act synergistically in patients with AD (and other subjects) bearing ACE D/D genotype to increase the risk of ML, perhaps through transient ischaemic episodes consequent upon poor cardiac output associated with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with the APO E epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tian
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
The APOE-epsilon4 allele is associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and poorer outcome after head injury. Several studies show that polymorphisms in the promoter that influence APOE expression also increase risk for AD. The authors' data from a study of 92 patients are consistent with a possible influence of the G-219T promoter polymorphism on outcome after head injury. The group with unfavorable outcome had a genotype frequency distribution similar to that found in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, UK.
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