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Bayesian Estimation of the True Prevalence and of the Diagnostic Test Sensitivity and Specificity of Enteropathogenic Yersinia in Finnish Pig Serum Samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:931542. [PMID: 26539540 PMCID: PMC4619894 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian analysis was used to estimate the pig's and herd's true prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in serum samples collected from Finnish pig farms. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test were also estimated for the commercially available ELISA which is used for antibody detection against enteropathogenic Yersinia. The Bayesian analysis was performed in two steps; the first step estimated the prior true prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia with data obtained from a systematic review of the literature. In the second step, data of the apparent prevalence (cross-sectional study data), prior true prevalence (first step), and estimated sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods were used for building the Bayesian model. The true prevalence of Yersinia in slaughter-age pigs was 67.5% (95% PI 63.2-70.9). The true prevalence of Yersinia in sows was 74.0% (95% PI 57.3-82.4). The estimates of sensitivity and specificity values of the ELISA were 79.5% and 96.9%.
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Laukkanen-Ninios R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H. EnteropathogenicYersiniain the Pork Production Chain: Challenges for Control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
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Bolton DJ, Ivory C, McDowell D. Thermal inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica in pork slaughter plant scald tank water. Meat Sci 2013; 95:668-71. [PMID: 23279870 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the time-temperature combinations required to ensure the thermal inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica during scalding of pork carcasses. A 2 strain cocktail of Y. enterocolitica (bioserotypes 2/O:5,27 and 1A/O:6,30) was heat treated at 50, 55 and 60°C in samples of scald tank water obtained from a commercial pork slaughter plant. Samples were removed at regular intervals and surviving cells enumerated using (i) Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin Agar (CIN) supplemented with ampicillin and arabinose and (ii) Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA), overlaid with CIN agar with ampicillin and arabinose. The data generated was used to estimate D- and z-values and the formula Dx=log(-1)(log D60-((t2-t1)/z)) was applied to calculate thermal death time-temperature combinations from 55 to 65°C. D50, D55 and D60-values of 45.9, 10.6 and 2.7min were calculated from the cell counts obtained on CIN agar, respectively. The corresponding D-values calculated from the TSA/CIN counts were 45.1, 11 and 2.5min, respectively. The z-value was 7.8. It was concluded that a time-temperature combination of 2.7min at 60°C is required to achieve a 1 log reduction in Y. enterocolitica in pork scald tank water. The predicted equivalent at 65°C was 0.6min. This study provides data and a model to enable pork processors to identify and apply parameters to limit the risk of carcass cross-contamination with Y. enterocolitica in pork carcass scald tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan J Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Goss MJ, Tubeileh A, Goorahoo D. A Review of the Use of Organic Amendments and the Risk to Human Health. ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY 2013; 120. [PMCID: PMC7173535 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407686-0.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Historically, organic amendments—organic wastes—have been the main source of plant nutrients, especially N. Their use allows better management of often-finite resources to counter changes in soils that result from essential practices for crop production. Organic amendments provide macro- and micronutrients, including carbon for the restoration of soil physical and chemical properties. Challenges from the use of organic amendments arise from the presence of heavy metals and the inability to control the transformations required to convert the organic forms of N and P into the minerals available to crops, and particularly to minimize the losses of these nutrients in forms that may present a threat to human health. Animal manure and sewage biosolids, the organic amendments in greatest abundance, contain components that can be hazardous to human health, other animals and plants. Pathogens pose an immediate threat. Antibiotics, other pharmaceuticals and naturally produced hormones may pose a threat if they increase the number of zoonotic disease organisms that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs or interfere with reproductive processes. Some approaches aimed at limiting N losses (e.g. covered liquid or slurry storage, rapid incorporation into the soil, timing applications to minimize delay before plant uptake) also tend to favor survival of pathogens. Risks to human health, through the food chain and drinking water, from the pathogens, antibiotics and hormonal substances that may be present in organic amendments can be reduced by treatment before land application, such as in the case of sewage biosolids. Other sources, such as livestock and poultry manures, are largely managed by ensuring that they are applied at the rate, time and place most appropriate to the crops and soils. A more holistic approach to management is required as intensification of agriculture increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Goss
- University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, Kemptville, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Ashraf Tubeileh
- University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, Kemptville, ON, Canada
| | - Dave Goorahoo
- Plant Science Department, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
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Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolated from slaughterhouses and pork in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and clinical cases in humans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22782754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Martínez PO, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Pallotti A, Rosmini R, Houf K, Korkeala H. Variation in the prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in slaughter pigs from Belgium, Italy, and Spain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:445-50. [PMID: 20187744 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonsils of 829 fattening pigs originating from Belgium (n = 201), Italy (n = 428), and Spain (n = 200) were collected between 2005 and 2007 to study the prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in slaughter pigs. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was done by selective enrichment and by cold enrichment for 7 and 14 days. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction targeting the chromosomal genes ail and inv, respectively, as well as the plasmid-encoded virF of both species. A significantly higher (p < 0.001) prevalence of ail-positive Y. enterocolitica in Spain (93%) than in Belgium (44%) or Italy (32%) was observed. virF-positive Y. enterocolitica was present in 77% of ail-positive samples. Bioserotype 4/O:3 was the most common type in all three countries. Bioserotypes 2/O:5 and 3/O:9 were found in Italy (1%) and Belgium (9%), respectively. The prevalence of inv- and virF-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis was 2% and 1% in Belgium and Italy, respectively. Y. pseudotuberculosis was not detected in pigs from Spain. Bioserotypes 1/O:1 (20%), 1/O:2 (20%), and 2/O:3 (60%) were found in Belgium, and 1/O:1 (60%) and 2/O:3 (20%) in Italy. The most efficient method for isolation of Y. enterocolitica was combined cold enrichment for 7 and 14 days; however, the isolation method for Y. pseudotuberculosis was cold enrichment for 14 days. Fattening pigs seem to be an important reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Belgium, Italy, and Spain. Bioserotype 4/O:3 of Y. enterocolitica and bioserotypes 2/O:3 and 1/O:1 of Y. pseudotuberculosis have been shown to predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ortiz Martínez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Laukkanen R, Hakkinen M, Lundén J, Fredriksson‐Ahomaa M, Johansson T, Korkeala H. Evaluation of isolation methods for pathogenic
Yersinia enterocolitica
from pig intestinal content. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:956-964. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Laukkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Hakkinen
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Lundén
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Fredriksson‐Ahomaa
- Institute of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich, Schönleutnerstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - T. Johansson
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Korkeala
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Martínez PO, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sokolova Y, Roasto M, Berzins A, Korkeala H. Prevalence of EnteropathogenicYersiniain Estonian, Latvian, and Russian (Leningrad Region) Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:719-24. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ortiz Martínez
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yulia Sokolova
- Federal State Organization, Leningrad Interregional Veterinary Laboratory, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Department of Food Science and Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aivars Berzins
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fosse J, Seegers H, Magras C. Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial food-borne zoonotic hazards in slaughter pigs: a review. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:429-54. [PMID: 19175574 PMCID: PMC7165994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Hygiene Package and Regulation EC-2160/2003 require information flow from farm to slaughterhouse to enhance European consumers protection in a 'farm to fork' approach. This obligation especially concerns food-borne zoonotic hazards transmitted to humans through pork consumption, such as thermophilic Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica. Prevalence estimates of these four hazards are affected by the sampling strategy and diagnostic procedure. Individual prevalence estimates for pig carriage (from digestive contents or lymph nodes collected at slaughterhouse) were higher than individual prevalence estimates for pig shedding (from faeces). Among risk factors described in the literature, poor pen cleaning and disinfection after pig departure to slaughterhouse and poor bio-security measures are of major significance. Moreover, whereas wet feed increases the risk of pig infection by L. monocytogenes, dry feed is a risk factor for Salm. enterica. Mixing batches of pigs, notably in fattening herds, represents a risk for the transmission of Salm. enterica and Y. enterocolitica. Whereas small herds are more infected by thermophilic campylobacters and Y. enterocolitica, higher prevalence of Salmonella is observed in large herds due to a more frequent mixing of batches. Antibiotic treatment during the finishing period increases the risk of transmission of Salm. enterica. The forenamed elements should be taken into account to characterize farms in a risk assessment approach and to improve zoonotic hazard management in the pork food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fosse
- Food Safety and Microbiology, Veterinary School of Nantes, National Institute of Agronomic Research, Nantes, France.
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Nowak B, Mueffling TV, Caspari K, Hartung J. Validation of a method for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica and their distribution in slaughter pigs from conventional and alternative housing systems. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117:219-28. [PMID: 16837145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various methods have been described in the literature for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs. The risk factors for pig herd contamination have yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to validate a sensitive method for the detection of Y. enterocolitica and to describe the distribution of the bacteria in pigs at slaughter from conventional and alternative ("organic") housing systems. First, samples were collected from tonsils, caecum with caecal contents, and the caecal lymph nodes of 60 slaughter pigs. These samples were used to compare the sensitivity of six different laboratory culture methods either in common use or described in the literature with that of a polymerase chain reaction with two primer pairs (multiplex PCR). Then, only PCR was used to examine tonsils, caecum and caecal lymph nodes from two groups of slaughter pigs: 210 from six conventional fattening farms and 200 from three with alternative housing. The results of the multiplex PCR were positive in 28 cases. All culture methods proved inferior to PCR in sensitivity. In the second part of the study, PCR detected 36 (18%) positive pigs from alternative housing and 60 (29%) from conventional housing (p<0.05). The highest rate of Y. enterocolitica contamination was found in tonsils (11% alternative, 22% conventional; p<0.05), followed by caecum (5%, 11%) and lymph nodes (2%, 7%). The housing system appears to be one important factor in the prevalence of this common pathogen in pig herds, as we found important differences between the two systems studied here. In the conventional system, the main risk factors appeared to be sourcing pigs from different pig suppliers, use of commercial feed and transportation to slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Nowak
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Teodoro V, Pinto P, Vanetti M, Bevilacqua P, Moraes M, Pinto M. Aplicação da técnica de PCR na detecção de Yersinia enterocolitica em suínos abatidos sem inspeção. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352006000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se a contaminação de carcaças e tonsilas de suínos por Y. enterocolitica em estabelecimentos de abate não inspecionados, comparando a pesquisa microbiológica convencional com a técnica da reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e o tipo de amostra analisada (de tonsila ou de carcaça), como subsídio ao monitoramento microbiano em sistemas de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle. Calcularam-se os custos dos dois testes. Não se detectou Y. enterocolitica pela técnica microbiológica convencional, mas, pela técnica de PCR foi possível detectar a bactéria em 40% das carcaças e em 43% das tonsilas, incluindo cepas patogênicas nas tonsilas. Não houve diferença entre os resultados positivos para as amostras de tonsilas e esfregaços de superfície das carcaças. A PCR apresentou-se como uma alternativa na detecção do agente e uma técnica aparentemente mais eficaz, econômica e rápida. Os resultados indicam a PCR como um importante recurso para o controle de qualidade da carne suína.
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Elizalde Castañeda P, Díaz Aparicio E, Hernández Andrade L, Jaramillo Arango CJ. Identificación y tipificación de biotipos y serotipos de Yersinia enterocolitica. Rev Saude Publica 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102001000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Conocer la existencia de Yersinia enterocolitica en suínos visiblemente sanos y sacrificados para el consumo humano. MÉTODOS: Fueron estudiadas 100 muestras de tejido linfático obtenidas en el momento del sacrifício, en un matadero del Estado de México. Fueron realizados muestreos pilotos de 20 casos, de los cuales 20% fueron positivos, permitiendo obtener una muestra estudiada (n=100). Las muestras colectadas de tejido linfático fueron acondicionadas para el aislamiento de Yersinia enterocolitica en caldo de Rappaport y en medio de cultivo de Salmonella-Shigella y MacConkey. Las identificaciones fueron efectuadas por medio de pruebas bioquímicas y serológicas, utilizándose en el caso los antisueros O:3, O:8 y O:9 para la biotipificación correspondiente. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidos 22 aislamientos tipificándose 8 serotipos pertenecientes al O:3 y 8 al O:9 correspondientes al biotipo 1; y, en 6 muestras no fue posible la serotipificación. No se encontró en el total de los aislados el serotipo O:8. CONCLUSIONES: En base en la metodología, se registró la presencia de Y. enterocolitica y sus serogrupos en tejido linfático de porcinos por la primera vez en México; esto es importante porque el patógeno y sus serotipos aislados están comprometidos con mayor frecuencia con problemas de salud pública.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efrén Díaz Aparicio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, México
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Pilon J, Higgins R, Quessy S. Epidemiological study of Yersinia enterocolitica in swine herds in Québec. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2000; 41:383-7. [PMID: 10816831 PMCID: PMC1476258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were the identification of the different contamination sources of Yersinia enterocolitica, as well as the determination of the prevalence and the distribution of the different genotypes in swine herds. The owners of 20 farms, located in the Richelieu-Yamaska region, agreed to participate in the study. Each farm was visited a minimum of 5 times between May and October 1997, and, at each visit, 20 environmental and 10 fecal samples were collected. Yersinia enterocolitica isolates were identified, serotyped, and submitted to a genetic characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The correlation coefficient (0.61) between prevalence in environment and in feces was significant (P = 0.004). Among the 153 positive samples, 93.5% belonged to serotype 0:3. The comparison of PFGE profiles revealed that all environmental Y. enterocolitica isolates had a profile identical to that of isolates recovered in feces from the corresponding farms. Also, when the genetic profiles of isolates recovered from feces collected at the first visit were compared with the profiles of isolates obtained from the subsequent visits, the same profile was observed on every farm. We concluded that environment does not represent the main source of contamination of swine by Y. enterocolitica and that, in most instances, the same strain persists in a barn from one production lot to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pilon
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Johannessen GS, Kapperud G, Kruse H. Occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Norwegian pork products determined by a PCR method and a traditional culturing method. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 54:75-80. [PMID: 10746576 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
From October 1997 to April 1998, a survey was conducted to assess the occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Norwegian pork products, using a traditional culturing method and a PCR assay. A total of 300 pork samples was examined. Five slaughterhouses in the Norwegian Meat Cooperative were represented with 249 samples and another 51 samples were obtained from retail outlets in the city of Oslo. Using the NMKL method, Y. enterocolitica 0:3 was isolated from six (2%) of the samples, while the PCR method indicated presence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in 50 (17%) of the samples. The results indicate that a reduction has occurred in the prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Norwegian pork products, as compared to a previous Norwegian study conducted in 1988-1989. The study also highlights the need for further development and improvement of methods applied for the detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in foods.
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Prevalence and characterization of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pig tonsils from different slaughterhouses. Food Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.1999.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thibodeau V, Frost EH, Chénier S, Quessy S. Presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in tissues of orally-inoculated pigs and the tonsils and feces of pigs at slaughter. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1999; 63:96-100. [PMID: 10369565 PMCID: PMC1189526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the early events associated with infection of swine by Yersinia enterocolitica, 42 five-week-old crossbred piglets were inoculated per os with approximately 10(8) Y. enterocolitica O:3. Groups of 5 animals (and one negative control) were euthanized 30 min, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h following the infection. Palatine tonsils, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum (and Peyer's patches), stomach, liver, spleen and feces (from colon) were collected and analyzed for the presence of Y. enterocolitica by standard bacteriological procedures. Natural infections were also analyzed, as a complementary study, by taking one-gram samples of fecal material and tonsils from 291 pig carcasses less than 3 h after slaughter and culturing them for Y. enterocolitica using a cold enrichment technique. Within 30 min, Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 was already present at most sites. The presence of Y. enterocolitica in the liver of 3 out of 10 animals and also in the spleen of 3 out of 10 piglets, within the first 3 h postinfection, but not at later times (with one exception), probably indicated a transient bacteremia accompanying the initial stages of infection. The tonsils were colonized in most animals (13/20) as the bacteria remained present from 12 to 72 h postinfection, while only 4 out of 20 fecal samples were found to be positive over the same period. Up to 10(4) colony-forming units of Y. enterocolitica per gram of tonsil and fecal material were recovered. Finally, among the 291 animals sampled at the abattoir, a total of 79 were found positive, 70 of the tonsils sampled were positive, and bacteria were recovered in 17 fecal samples. It is therefore suggested that palatine tonsils are the most reliable tissue for the indication of an infection/colonization by Y. enterocolitica O:3 in swine and that the removal of this tissue during the slaughter process should be considered in order to minimize the possibility of contamination of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thibodeau
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec
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Hariharan H, Giles JS, Heaney SB, Leclerc SM, Schurman RD. Isolation, serotypes, and virulence-associated properties of Yersinia enterocolitica from the tonsils of slaughter hogs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1995; 59:161-6. [PMID: 8521346 PMCID: PMC1263759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the carriage rate of Yersinia enterocolitica in the tonsils of slaughter hogs, and to characterize them with regard to phenotypic and virulence-associated properties. Of 202 pigs examined from an abattoir in Prince Edward Island, 85 were culture positive for Y. enterocolitica. Sixty-seven percent of isolates belonged to serotype O:3, and 20% were serotype O:5. All isolates produced urease and 95% of O:3 isolates showed virulence-associated characters of autoagglutination at 37 degrees C and lack of fermentation of esculin and salicin. All isolates were tested for crystal violet binding, calcium dependency, and virulence plasmids. Eight isolates (5 belonging to serotype O:3, 2 belonging to O:5,27, and 1 belonging to O:7,8) were tested in addition for the production of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), and iron-chelating siderophores. Of the 57 O:3 isolates, 93% were positive for crystal violet binding and calcium dependency and 98% possessed a 40-45 MDa plasmid. Four of the 5 O:3 isolates tested for ST related to Escherichia coli STa in a commercial enzyme immunoassay were positive. Six of the 8 isolates belonging to 3 different serotypes produced large orange halos around the colonies on a chrome-azurol-s agar assay medium, for siderophores. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of all 85 isolates against 16 drugs showed 100% susceptibility against 12 drugs, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hariharan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown
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Adesiyun A, Krishnan C. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3, Listeria monocytogenes O:4 and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Trinidad. Food Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(95)80085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seuri M, Granfors K. Possible confounders of the relationship between occupational swine contact and Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9 antibodies. Eur J Epidemiol 1992; 8:532-8. [PMID: 1397221 DOI: 10.1007/bf00146372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased risk of high Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9 antibody content has been previously reported in occupations with swine contact. In this study several possible confounders of this elevated risk among pig farmers and abattoir workers were considered. Only in three instances the standardized risk ratio was decreased close to unity, namely after the standardization of Y. enterocolitica 0:3 IgG antibody positivity for age among abattoir workers, after the standardization of Y. enterocolitica 0:9 IgG antibody positivity for farm butchering among pig farmers and for smoking among abattoir workers. As the decrease did not apply for both pig farmers and abattoir workers and for both 0:3 and 0:9 serotypes considered, it seems reasonable to assume that the three decreases represent products of multiple testing inherent in this kind of search of confounders rather than any true effects. In view of the present knowledge on the determinants of yersinia antibodies in populations, the crude risk ratios for elevated yersinia antibodies can be held to be reasonably unconfounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seuri
- Department of Community Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Seuri M. Risk of appendicectomy in occupations entailing contact with pigs. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1991; 303:345-6. [PMID: 1912777 PMCID: PMC1670762 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.303.6798.345-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Seuri
- Department of Community Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Finland
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