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Mizutani K, Sugiyama S, Kameyama K, Kamei S, Yokoi S, Morikawa A, Takeuchi M, Seike K, Yamada T, Ehara H, Sawada S, Hirade K, Furuta H, Matsunaga K, Yamada T, Sakamoto I, Kato Y, Nishihara H, Ishihara S, Deguchi T. Impact of Tumor Grade Distribution on Genetic Alterations in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Prostate Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:203-212. [PMID: 38423595 PMCID: PMC10905277 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A genomic analysis based on next-generation sequencing is important for deciding cancer treatment strategies. Cancer tissue sometimes displays intratumor heterogeneity and a pathologic specimen may contain more than two tumor grades. Although tumor grades are very important for the cancer prognosis, the impact of higher tumor grade distribution in a specimen used for a genomic analysis is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of 61 clear cell carcinoma and 46 prostate cancer patients that were diagnosed between December 2018 and August 2022 using the GeneRead Human Comprehensive Cancer Panel or SureSelect PrePool custom Tier2. Genome annotation and curation were performed using the GenomeJack software. RESULTS Tumor mutation burden (TMB) was increased in proportion to the higher tumor grade distribution in grade 2 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In PC, Grade Group 3/4 specimens that included an increased distribution of Gleason pattern 4 had more frequent gene mutations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the importance of selecting the maximum distribution of higher tumor grade areas to obtain results on the precise gene alterations for genomics-focused treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mizutani
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan;
- Cancer Genomic Testing & Treatment Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugiyama
- Department of Pathology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Koji Kameyama
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamei
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Yokoi
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Akemi Morikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Seike
- Department of Urology, Chuno Kosei Hospital, Seki, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Department of Urology, Tokai Central Hospital, Kakamigahara, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ehara
- Department of Urology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Seiya Sawada
- Cancer Genomic Testing & Treatment Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Kouseki Hirade
- Cancer Genomic Testing & Treatment Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Hirohito Furuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Kengo Matsunaga
- Department of Pathology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Ippei Sakamoto
- Bioinformatics Department, Communication Engineering Center, Electronic Systems Business Group, Mitsubishi Electric Software Corporation, Hamamatsu-cho, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kato
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
- Cancer Genomic Testing & Treatment Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Takashi Deguchi
- Department of Urology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
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Berrino E, Bellomo SE, Chesta A, Detillo P, Bragoni A, Gagliardi A, Naccarati A, Cereda M, Witel G, Sapino A, Bussolati B, Bussolati G, Marchiò C. Alternative Tissue Fixation Protocols Dramatically Reduce the Impact of DNA Artifacts, Unraveling the Interpretation of Clinical Comprehensive Genomic Profiling. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100280. [PMID: 38345263 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples represent the cornerstone of tissue-based analysis in precision medicine. Targeted next-generation sequencing panels are routinely used to analyze a limited number of genes to guide treatment decision-making for advanced-stage patients. The number and complexity of genetic alterations to be investigated are rapidly growing; in several instances, a comprehensive genomic profiling analysis is needed. The poor quality of genetic material extracted from FFPE samples may impact the feasibility/reliability of sequencing data. We sampled 9 colorectal cancers to allow 4 parallel fixations: (1) neutral buffered formalin (NBF), (2) acid-deprived formalin fixation (ADF), (3) precooled ADF (coldADF), and (4) glyoxal acid free (GAF). DNA extraction, fragmentation analysis, and sequencing by 2 large next-generation sequencing panels (OCAv3 and TSO500) followed. We comprehensively analyzed library and sequencing quality controls and the quality of sequencing results. Libraries from coldADF samples showed significantly longer reads than the others with both panels. ADF-derived and coldADF-derived libraries showed the lowest level of noise and the highest levels of uniformity with the OCAv3 panel, followed by GAF and NBF samples. The data uniformity was confirmed by the TSO500 results, which also highlighted the best performance in terms of the total region sequenced for the ADF and coldADF samples. NBF samples had a significantly smaller region sequenced and displayed a significantly lower number of evaluable microsatellite loci and a significant increase in single-nucleotide variations compared with other protocols. Mutational signature 1 (aging and FFPE artifact related) showed the highest (37%) and lowest (17%) values in the NBF and coldADF samples, respectively. Most of the identified genetic alterations were shared by all samples in each lesion. Five genes showed a different mutational status across samples and/or panels: 4 discordant results involved NBF samples. In conclusion, acid-deprived fixatives (GAF and ADF) guarantee the highest DNA preservation/sequencing performance, thus allowing more complex molecular profiling of tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Berrino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
| | | | - Anita Chesta
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Bragoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Amedeo Gagliardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Matteo Cereda
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Gianluca Witel
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianni Bussolati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
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3
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Masago K, Fujita S, Oya Y, Takahashi Y, Matsushita H, Sasaki E, Kuroda H. Comparison between Fluorimetry (Qubit) and Spectrophotometry (NanoDrop) in the Quantification of DNA and RNA Extracted from Frozen and FFPE Tissues from Lung Cancer Patients: A Real-World Use of Genomic Tests. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57121375. [PMID: 34946321 PMCID: PMC8709233 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Panel-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been carried out in daily clinical settings for the diagnosis and treatment guidance of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The success of genomic tests including NGS depends in large part on preparing better-quality DNA or RNA; however, there are no established operating methods for preparing genomic DNA and RNA samples. Materials and Methods: We compared the following two quantitative methods, the QubitTM and NanoDropTM, using 585 surgical specimens, 278 biopsy specimens, and 82 cell block specimens of lung cancer that were used for genetic tests, including NGS. We analyzed the success rate of the genomic tests, including NGS, which were performed with DNA and RNA with concentrations that were outliers for the Qubit Fluorometer. Results: The absolute value for DNA concentrations had a tendency to be higher when measured with NanoDropTM regardless of the type of specimen; however, this was not the case for RNA. The success rate of DNA-based genomic tests using specimens with a concentration below the lower limit of QubitTM detection was as high as approximately 96%. At less than 60%, the success rate of RNA-based genomic tests, including RT-PCR, was not as satisfactory. The success rates of the AmpliSeqTM DNA panel sequencing and RNA panel sequencing were 77.8% and 91.5%, respectively. If at least one PCR amplification product could be obtained, then all RNA-based sequencing was performed successfully. Conclusions: The concentration measurements with NanoDropTM are reliable. The success rate of NGS with samples at concentrations below the limit of detection of QubitTM was relatively higher than expected, and it is worth performing PCR-based panel sequencing, especially in cases where re-biopsy cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Masago
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 4648681, Japan;
| | - Shiro Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe Central Hospital, Kobe 651115, Japan;
| | - Yuko Oya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 4648681, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 4648681, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Research Institute, Nagoya 4648681, Japan;
| | - Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 4648681, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Kuroda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 4648681, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.T.); (H.K.)
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Cazzato G, Caporusso C, Arezzo F, Cimmino A, Colagrande A, Loizzi V, Cormio G, Lettini T, Maiorano E, Scarcella VS, Tarantino P, Marrone M, Stellacci A, Parente P, Romita P, De Marco A, Venerito V, Foti C, Ingravallo G, Rossi R, Resta L. Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Samples for Next Generation Sequencing: Problems and Solutions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101472. [PMID: 34680867 PMCID: PMC8535326 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, increasing information has been asked of the pathologist: we have moved from a purely morphological diagnosis to biomolecular and genetic studies, which have made it possible to implement the use of molecular targeted therapies, such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) molecules in EGFR-mutated lung cancer, for example. Today, next generation sequencing (NGS) has changed the approach to neoplasms, to the extent that, in a short time, it has gained a place of absolute importance and diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic utility. In this scenario, formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biological tissue samples are a source of clinical and molecular information. However, problems can arise in the genetic material (DNA and RNA) for use in NGS due to fixation, and work is being devoted to possible strategies to reduce its effects. In this paper, we discuss the applications of FFPE tissue samples in the execution of NGS, we focus on the problems arising with the use of this type of material for nucleic acid extraction and, finally, we consider the most useful strategies to prevent and reduce single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNV) and other fixation artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: or (G.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Concetta Caporusso
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Science and Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Vera Loizzi
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Science and Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Science and Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Vincenza Sara Scarcella
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Paola Tarantino
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Maricla Marrone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Stellacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Paola Parente
- UOC di Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Aurora De Marco
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Section of Reumathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: or (G.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (T.L.); (E.M.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (R.R.); (L.R.)
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Wei L, Dugas M, Sandmann S. SimFFPE and FilterFFPE: improving structural variant calling in FFPE samples. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab065. [PMID: 34553214 PMCID: PMC8458033 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artifact chimeric reads are enriched in next-generation sequencing data generated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Previous work indicated that these reads are characterized by erroneous split-read support that is interpreted as evidence of structural variants. Thus, a large number of false-positive structural variants are detected. To our knowledge, no tool is currently available to specifically call or filter structural variants in FFPE samples. To overcome this gap, we developed 2 R packages: SimFFPE and FilterFFPE. RESULTS SimFFPE is a read simulator, specifically designed for next-generation sequencing data from FFPE samples. A mixture of characteristic artifact chimeric reads, as well as normal reads, is generated. FilterFFPE is a filtration algorithm, removing artifact chimeric reads from sequencing data while keeping real chimeric reads. To evaluate the performance of FilterFFPE, we performed structural variant calling with 3 common tools (Delly, Lumpy, and Manta) with and without prior filtration with FilterFFPE. After applying FilterFFPE, the mean positive predictive value improved from 0.27 to 0.48 in simulated samples and from 0.11 to 0.27 in real samples, while sensitivity remained basically unchanged or even slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS FilterFFPE improves the performance of SV calling in FFPE samples. It was validated by analysis of simulated and real data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Wei
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sarah Sandmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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6
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Liu T, Chen Z, Chen W, Chen X, Hosseini M, Yang Z, Li J, Ho D, Turay D, Gheorghe CP, Jones W, Wang C. A benchmarking study of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequencing protocols using COVID-19 patient samples. iScience 2021; 24:102892. [PMID: 34308277 PMCID: PMC8294598 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging new type of coronavirus that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and the unprecedented global health emergency. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a critical role in understanding the disease. Performance variation exists across SARS-CoV-2 viral WGS technologies, but there is currently no benchmarking study comparing different WGS sequencing protocols. We compared seven different SARS-CoV-2 WGS library protocols using RNA from patient nasopharyngeal swab samples under two storage conditions with low and high viral inputs. We found large differences in mappability and genome coverage, and variations in sensitivity, reproducibility, and precision of single-nucleotide variant calling across different protocols. For certain amplicon-based protocols, an appropriate primer trimming step is critical for accurate single-nucleotide variant calling. We ranked the performance of protocols based on six different metrics. Our findings offer guidance in choosing appropriate WGS protocols to characterize SARS-CoV-2 and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhaowei Yang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Diana Ho
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David Turay
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ciprian P. Gheorghe
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Wendell Jones
- EA Genomics, Division of Q Solutions, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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7
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Fortunato A, Mallo D, Rupp SM, King LM, Hardman T, Lo JY, Hall A, Marks JR, Hwang ES, Maley CC. A new method to accurately identify single nucleotide variants using small FFPE breast samples. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6296507. [PMID: 34117742 PMCID: PMC8574974 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tissue collections of neoplasms are composed of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) excised tumor samples used for routine diagnostics. DNA sequencing is becoming increasingly important in cancer research and clinical management; however it is difficult to accurately sequence DNA from FFPE samples. We developed and validated a new bioinformatic pipeline to use existing variant-calling strategies to robustly identify somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from whole exome sequencing using small amounts of DNA extracted from archival FFPE samples of breast cancers. We optimized this strategy using 28 pairs of technical replicates. After optimization, the mean similarity between replicates increased 5-fold, reaching 88% (range 0-100%), with a mean of 21.4 SNVs (range 1-68) per sample, representing a markedly superior performance to existing tools. We found that the SNV-identification accuracy declined when there was less than 40 ng of DNA available and that insertion-deletion variant calls are less reliable than single base substitutions. As the first application of the new algorithm, we compared samples of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast to their adjacent invasive ductal carcinoma samples. We observed an increased number of mutations (paired-samples sign test, P < 0.05), and a higher genetic divergence in the invasive samples (paired-samples sign test, P < 0.01). Our method provides a significant improvement in detecting SNVs in FFPE samples over previous approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fortunato
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Diego Mallo
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shawn M Rupp
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Y Lo
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Hall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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8
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Shukla NI, Siva N, Sivakumar M, Parveen R, Mishra A, Shah A, Medicherla K, Suravajhala P. Extraction of DNA and RNA from Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue Specimens. Bio Protoc 2021. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Cummings M, King H, Hurst J, Tanner G, Khazin L, Thompson P, Gray A, Gahir N, Cartlidge C, Farooq Z, Raveendran K, Allen K, Rotimi O, Orsi NM. Decreasing formalin concentration improves quality of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens without compromising tissue morphology or immunohistochemical staining. J Clin Pathol 2020; 73:514-518. [PMID: 31919142 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Genomic technologies are increasingly used clinically for both diagnosis and guiding cancer therapy. However, formalin fixation can compromise DNA quality. This study aimed to optimise tissue fixation using normal colon, liver and uterus (n=8 each) by varying neutral buffered formalin (NBF) concentration (1%-5% w/v) and fixation time (24-48 hours). Fixation using 4% NBF improved DNA quality (assessed by qPCR) compared with routine (4% unbuffered formal saline-fixed) specimens (p<0.01). Further improvements were achieved by reducing NBF concentration (p<0.00001), whereas fixation time had no effect (p=0.110). No adverse effects were detected by histopathological or QuPath morphometric analysis. Immunohistochemistry for multicytokeratin and α-smooth muscle actin revealed no changes in staining specificity or intensity in any tissue other than on liver multicytokeratin staining intensity, where the effect of fixation time was more significant (p=0.0004) than NBF concentration (p=0.048). Thus, reducing NBF concentration can maximise DNA quality without compromising tissue morphology or standard histopathological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cummings
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Henry King
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - James Hurst
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Georgette Tanner
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Leah Khazin
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Phillip Thompson
- Department of Histopathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Allan Gray
- Department of Histopathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Narinder Gahir
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Caroline Cartlidge
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Zara Farooq
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Keyura Raveendran
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
| | - Katie Allen
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Olorunda Rotimi
- Department of Histopathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Women's Health Research Group, Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, UK
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10
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Esteva-Socias M, Artiga MJ, Bahamonde O, Belar O, Bermudo R, Castro E, Escámez T, Fraga M, Jauregui-Mosquera L, Novoa I, Peiró-Chova L, Rejón JD, Ruiz-Miró M, Vieiro-Balo P, Villar-Campo V, Zazo S, Rábano A, Villena C. In search of an evidence-based strategy for quality assessment of human tissue samples: report of the tissue Biospecimen Research Working Group of the Spanish Biobank Network. J Transl Med 2019; 17:370. [PMID: 31718661 PMCID: PMC6852937 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present work is to underline the importance of obtaining a standardized procedure to ensure and evaluate both clinical and research usability of human tissue samples. The study, which was carried out by the Biospecimen Science Working Group of the Spanish Biobank Network, is based on a general overview of the current situation about quality assurance in human tissue biospecimens. It was conducted an exhaustive review of the analytical techniques used to evaluate the quality of human tissue samples over the past 30 years, as well as their reference values if they were published, and classified them according to the biomolecules evaluated: (i) DNA, (ii) RNA, and (iii) soluble or/and fixed proteins for immunochemistry. More than 130 publications released between 1989 and 2019 were analysed, most of them reporting results focused on the analysis of tumour and biopsy samples. A quality assessment proposal with an algorithm has been developed for both frozen tissue samples and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, according to the expected quality of sample based on the available pre-analytical information and the experience of the participants in the Working Group. The high heterogeneity of human tissue samples and the wide number of pre-analytic factors associated to quality of samples makes it very difficult to harmonize the quality criteria. However, the proposed method to assess human tissue sample integrity and antigenicity will not only help to evaluate whether stored human tissue samples fit for the purpose of biomarker development, but will also allow to perform further studies, such as assessing the impact of different pre-analytical factors on very well characterized samples or evaluating the readjustment of tissue sample collection, processing and storing procedures. By ensuring the quality of the samples used on research, the reproducibility of scientific results will be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Esteva-Socias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Plataforma Biobanco Pulmonar CIBERES, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain.,Grupo de Inflamación, reparación y cáncer en enfermedades respiratorias, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | - Oihana Belar
- Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research, Basque Biobank, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Raquel Bermudo
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS Biobank, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Castro
- Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research, Basque Biobank, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Teresa Escámez
- IMIB Biobank, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Máximo Fraga
- Depto. de Ciencias Forenses, Anatomía Patolóxica, Xinecología e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago, Spain.,Biobanco Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Novoa
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Biobank, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan-David Rejón
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Miró
- IRBLleida Biobank, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédica de Lleida-Fundación Dr. Pifarre, Lérida, Spain
| | - Paula Vieiro-Balo
- Biobanco Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Zazo
- Department of Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Banco de Tejidos, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Villena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Plataforma Biobanco Pulmonar CIBERES, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain. .,Grupo de Inflamación, reparación y cáncer en enfermedades respiratorias, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain.
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11
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Geeurickx E, Hendrix A. Targets, pitfalls and reference materials for liquid biopsy tests in cancer diagnostics. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 72:100828. [PMID: 31711714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of cell free DNA (cfDNA) and RNA (cfRNA), circulating tumor cells (CTC) and extracellular vesicles (EV) in blood or other bodily fluids can enable early cancer detection, tumor dynamics assessment, minimal residual disease detection and therapy monitoring. However, few liquid biopsy tests progress towards clinical application because results are often discordant and challenging to reproduce. Reproducibility can be enhanced by the development and implementation of standard operating procedures and reference materials to identify and correct for pre-analytical variables. In this review we elaborate on the technological considerations, pre-analytical variables and the use and availability of reference materials for the assessment of liquid biopsy targets in blood and highlight initiatives towards the standardization of liquid biopsy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Geeurickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Targeting ROS1 Rearrangements in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Crizotinib and Newer Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Drugs 2019; 79:1277-1286. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Mathieson W, Thomas G. Using FFPE Tissue in Genomic Analyses: Advantages, Disadvantages and the Role of Biospecimen Science. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Haynes BC, Blidner RA, Cardwell RD, Zeigler R, Gokul S, Thibert JR, Chen L, Fujimoto J, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Wistuba II, Latham GJ. An Integrated Next-Generation Sequencing System for Analyzing DNA Mutations, Gene Fusions, and RNA Expression in Lung Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:836-845. [PMID: 30981944 PMCID: PMC6463765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and characterized a next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology for streamlined analysis of DNA and RNA using low-input, low-quality cancer specimens. A single-workflow, targeted NGS panel for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was designed covering 135 RNA and 55 DNA disease-relevant targets. This multiomic panel was used to assess 219 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded NSCLC surgical resections and core needle biopsies. Mutations and expression phenotypes were identified consistent with previous large-scale genomic studies, including mutually exclusive DNA and RNA oncogenic driver events. Evaluation of a second cohort of low cell count fine-needle aspirate smears from the BATTLE-2 trial yielded 97% agreement with an independent, validated NGS panel that was used with matched surgical specimens. Collectively, our data indicate that broad, clinically actionable insights that previously required independent assays, workflows, and analyses to assess both DNA and RNA can be conjoined in a first-tier, highly multiplexed NGS test, thereby providing faster, simpler, and more economical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Papadimitrakopoulou
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Banerjee I, Aralaguppe SG, Lapins N, Zhang W, Kazemzadeh A, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U, Russom A. Microfluidic centrifugation assisted precipitation based DNA quantification. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1657-1664. [PMID: 30931470 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification methods are increasingly being used to detect trace quantities of DNA in samples for various diagnostic applications. However, quantifying the amount of DNA from such methods often requires time consuming purification, washing or labeling steps. Here, we report a novel microfluidic centrifugation assisted precipitation (μCAP) method for single-step DNA quantification. The method is based on formation of a visible precipitate, which can be quantified, when an intercalating dye (GelRed) is added to the DNA sample and centrifuged for a few seconds. We describe the mechanism leading to the precipitation phenomenon. We utilize centrifugal microfluidics to precisely control the formation of the visible and quantifiable mass. Using a standard CMOS sensor for imaging, we report a detection limit of 45 ng μl-1. Furthermore, using an integrated lab-on-DVD platform we recently developed, the detection limit is lowered to 10 ng μl-1, which is comparable to those of current commercially available instruments for DNA quantification. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the quantification of LAMP products for a HIV-1B type genome containing plasmid on the lab-on-DVD platform. The simple DNA quantification system could facilitate advanced point of care molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Banerjee
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
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16
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Sussman R, Rosenbaum JN. Development and Validation of Molecular Assays for Limited Tissue Samples. Acta Cytol 2019; 64:147-154. [PMID: 30995656 DOI: 10.1159/000499109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the value of molecular testing of cancer specimens increases, the number of tests imposed on tumor specimens also increases, often in tension with the amount of tumor material available. To develop and validate molecular assays for limited specimens, there are specific concerns that must be addressed, including DNA quality, quantity, and abundance; the number of targets/ability to multiplex; and the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay itself. Ultimately, weighing these considerations during assay validation in the overall context of clinical utility and laboratory workflow is critical for delivering the highest level of personalized care to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Sussman
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason N Rosenbaum
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
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17
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DNA extraction from FFPE tissue samples - a comparison of three procedures. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2019; 23:52-58. [PMID: 31061638 PMCID: PMC6500389 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2019.83875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study One of the critical steps in molecular oncology diagnostics is obtaining high quality genomic DNA. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and compare the techniques used to extract DNA from tissue samples. Since formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are routinely used for both retrospective and prospective studies, we compared three commercially available methods of nucleic acid extraction in terms of quantity and quality of isolated DNA. Material and methods Slides prepared from 42 FFPE blocks were macro-dissected. Resulting material was divided and processed simultaneously using three extraction kits: QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGEN), Cobas DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Roche Molecular Systems) and Maxwell 16 FFPE Plus LEV DNA Purification Kit (Promega). Subsequently, quantity and quality of obtained DNA samples were analysed spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop 2000, Thermo Scientific). Results of quantitative analysis were confirmed by a fluorometric procedure (Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer, Life Technologies). Results The results demonstrated that the yields of total DNA extracted using either Maxwell or Cobas methods were significantly higher compared to the QIAamp method (p < 0.001). The Maxwell Extraction Kit delivered DNA samples of the highest quality (p < 0.01). However, the highest total yield of extracted DNA was achieved with the Cobas technique, which may be due to a higher volume of eluate compared to the Maxwell method. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first paper which directly compares three extraction methods: Cobas, Maxwell and QIAamp. The data herein provide information required for the selection of a protocol that best suits the needs of the overall study design in terms of the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA.
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18
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Johansson G, Andersson D, Filges S, Li J, Muth A, Godfrey TE, Ståhlberg A. Considerations and quality controls when analyzing cell-free tumor DNA. BIOMOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 2019; 17:100078. [PMID: 30906693 PMCID: PMC6416156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a promising biomarker in cancer. Ultrasensitive technologies enable detection of low (< 0.1%) mutant allele frequencies, a pre-requisite to fully utilize the potential of ctDNA in cancer diagnostics. In addition, the entire liquid biopsy workflow needs to be carefully optimized to enable reliable ctDNA analysis. Here, we discuss important considerations for ctDNA detection in plasma. We show how each experimental step can easily be evaluated using simple quantitative PCR assays, including detection of cellular DNA contamination and PCR inhibition. Furthermore, ctDNA assay performance is also demonstrated to be affected by both DNA fragmentation and target sequence. Finally, we show that quantitative PCR is useful to estimate the required sequencing depth and to monitor DNA losses throughout the workflow. The use of quality control assays enables the development of robust and standardized workflows that facilitate the implementation of ctDNA analysis into clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Filges
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Junrui Li
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Muth
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tony E. Godfrey
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Blidner RA, Haynes BC, Hyter S, Schmitt S, Pessetto ZY, Godwin AK, Su D, Hurban P, van Kempen LC, Aguirre ML, Gokul S, Cardwell RD, Latham GJ. Design, Optimization, and Multisite Evaluation of a Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Assay System for Chimeric RNAs from Gene Fusions and Exon-Skipping Events in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:352-365. [PMID: 30529127 PMCID: PMC7057224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for approximately 14% of all newly diagnosed cancers and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Chimeric RNA resulting from gene fusions (RNA fusions) and other RNA splicing errors are driver events and clinically addressable targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The reliable assessment of these RNA markers by next-generation sequencing requires integrated reagents, protocols, and interpretive software that can harmonize procedures and ensure consistent results across laboratories. We describe the development and verification of a system for targeted RNA sequencing for the analysis of challenging, low-input solid tumor biopsies that includes reagents for nucleic acid quantification and library preparation, run controls, and companion bioinformatics software. Assay development reconciled sequence discrepancies in public databases, created predictive formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded RNA qualification metrics, and eliminated read misidentification attributable to index hopping events on the next-generation sequencing flow cell. The optimized and standardized system was analytically verified internally and in a multiphase study conducted at five independent laboratories. The results show accurate, reproducible, and sensitive detection of RNA fusions, alternative splicing events, and other expression markers of NSCLC. This comprehensive approach, combining sample quantification, quality control, library preparation, and interpretive bioinformatics software, may accelerate the routine implementation of targeted RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples relevant to NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ziyan Y Pessetto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dan Su
- Q Squared Solutions Expression Analysis LLC, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Hurban
- Q Squared Solutions Expression Analysis LLC, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Léon C van Kempen
- The Molecular Pathology Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria L Aguirre
- The Molecular Pathology Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Mooi JK, Luk IY, Mariadason JM. Cell Line Models of Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1765:3-26. [PMID: 29589298 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7765-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a genetically diverse disease necessitating the need for well-characterized and reproducible models to enable its accurate investigation. Recent genomic analyses have confirmed that CRC cell lines accurately retain the key genetic alterations and represent the major molecular subtypes of primary CRC, underscoring their value as powerful preclinical models. In this chapter we detail the important issues to consider when using CRC cell lines, the techniques used for their appropriate molecular classification, and the methods by which they are cultured in vitro and as subcutaneous xenografts in immune-compromised mice. A panel of commonly available CRC cell lines that have been characterized for key molecular subtypes is also provided as a resource for investigators to select appropriate models to address specific research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Mooi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Amemiya K, Hirotsu Y, Oyama T, Omata M. Relationship between formalin reagent and success rate of targeted sequencing analysis using formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 488:129-134. [PMID: 30395866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor genetic alterations are determined to aid in selecting therapy and predicting prognosis. In routine clinical practice, targeted sequencing analysis is performed using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. However, successful genetic analysis remains challenging because FFPE DNA is fragmented during the sample preparation process. METHODS Real-time PCR was performed to assess DNA quality and quantities. Targeted sequencing was performed using FFPE tissues fixed with different types of formalin. RESULTS DNA was less fragmented from samples fixed in low formalin concentration (10% vs. 20%) and neutral buffered conditions (neutral buffered vs. non-neutral). DNA fragmentation increased over the fixation time. In a preliminary test study, we compared fixation using 10% neutral buffered formalin (n = 180) and 20% formalin (n = 26). The success rate of targeted analysis was higher using 10% neutral formalin (98.3%; 177/180) compared with 20% formalin (34.6%; 9/26). In a validation study with additional formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin (n = 860), we reproduced these results and achieved a high success rate for targeted sequencing analysis (98.4%; 846/860). CONCLUSION Our data show that 10% neutral buffered formalin is recommended for fixation of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples to achieve high success rate of targeted sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Amemiya
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirotsu
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan.
| | - Toshio Oyama
- Department of Pathology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan
| | - Masao Omata
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan; The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Greytak SR, Engel KB, Zmuda E, Casas-Silva E, Guan P, Hoadley KA, Mungall AJ, Wheeler DA, Doddapaneni HV, Moore HM. National Cancer Institute Biospecimen Evidence-Based Practices: Harmonizing Procedures for Nucleic Acid Extraction from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 16:247-250. [PMID: 29920119 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Zmuda
- 3 Cytogenetics/Molecular Genetics Laboratory at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Esmeralda Casas-Silva
- 4 Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research Branch, Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ping Guan
- 4 Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research Branch, Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- 5 Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- 6 Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center , BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David A Wheeler
- 7 Human Genome Sequencing Center , Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Harsha V Doddapaneni
- 7 Human Genome Sequencing Center , Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen M Moore
- 4 Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research Branch, Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland
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Mutational profiling can identify laryngeal dysplasia at risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6613. [PMID: 29700339 PMCID: PMC5919930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) at the stage of dysplasia could greatly improve the outcome of affected patients. For the first time we compared the mutational landscape of non-progressing dysplasia (NPD; n = 42) with progressing dysplasia (PD; n = 24), along with patient-matched LSCC biopsies; a total of 90 samples. Using targeted next-generation sequencing identified non-synonymous mutations in six genes (PIK3CA, FGFR3, TP53, JAK3, MET, FBXW7), and mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing and/or qPCR. Analysis was extended in silico to 530 head and neck (HNSCC) cases using TCGA data. Mutations in PIK3CA and FGFR3 were detected in PD and LSCC cases, as well as other HNSCC cases, but absent in NPD cases. In contrast, mutations in JAK3, MET and FBXW7 were found in NPD cases but not PD, LSCC or other HNSCC cases. TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene in both PD and NPD cases. With the exception of R248W, mutations were mutually exclusive. Moreover, five of seven PD mutations were located in motif H2 of p53, whereas none of the NPD mutations were. In summary, we propose that the mutational profile of laryngeal dysplasia has utility for the early detection of patients at risk of progression.
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Kumar M, Choudhury Y, Ghosh SK, Mondal R. Application and optimization of minimally invasive cell-free DNA techniques in oncogenomics. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318760342. [PMID: 29484962 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318760342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional method of measuring biomarkers in malignant tissue samples has already given subversive growth in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. However, the regression and heterogeneity associated with tumor tissue biopsy have urged for the development of an alternative approach. Considering the limitations, cell-free DNA has emerged as a surrogate alternative, facilitating preoperative chemoradiotherapy (p < 0.0001) treatment response in rectal cancer and detection of biomarker in lung cancer. This potential of cell-free DNA in several other cancers has yet to be explored based on clinical relevance by optimizing the preanalytical factors. This review has highlighted the crucial parameters from blood collection to cell-free DNA analysis that has a significant impact on the accuracy and reliability of clinical data. The quantity of cell-free DNA is also a limiting factor. Therefore, a proper preanalytical factor for blood collection, its stability, centrifugation speed, and plasma storage condition are to be optimized for developing cancer-specific biomarkers useful for clinical purpose. Liquid biopsy-based origin of cell-free DNA has revolutionized the area of cancer research. Lack of preanalytical and analytical procedures may be considered for identification of novel biomarkers through next-generation sequencing of tumor-originated cell-free DNA in contradiction to tissue biopsy for cancer-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Sankar Kumar Ghosh
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India.,2 University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Rosy Mondal
- 3 Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
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25
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Fassan M. Molecular Diagnostics in Pathology: Time for a Next-Generation Pathologist? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:313-320. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0269-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Context.—Comprehensive molecular investigations of mainstream carcinogenic processes have led to the use of effective molecular targeted agents in most cases of solid tumors in clinical settings.Objective.—To update readers regarding the evolving role of the pathologist in the therapeutic decision-making process and the introduction of next-generation technologies into pathology practice.Data Sources.—Current literature on the topic, primarily sourced from the PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland) database, were reviewed.Conclusions.—Adequate evaluation of cytologic-based and tissue-based predictive diagnostic biomarkers largely depends on both proper pathologic characterization and customized processing of biospecimens. Moreover, increased requests for molecular testing have paralleled the recent, sharp decrease in tumor material to be analyzed—material that currently comprises cytology specimens or, at minimum, small biopsies in most cases of metastatic/advanced disease. Traditional diagnostic pathology has been completely revolutionized by the introduction of next-generation technologies, which provide multigene, targeted mutational profiling, even in the most complex of clinical cases. Combining traditional and molecular knowledge, pathologists integrate the morphological, clinical, and molecular dimensions of a disease, leading to a proper diagnosis and, therefore, the most-appropriate tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fassan
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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26
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Bettoni F, Koyama FC, de Avelar Carpinetti P, Galante PAF, Camargo AA, Asprino PF. A straightforward assay to evaluate DNA integrity and optimize next-generation sequencing for clinical diagnosis in oncology. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:294-299. [PMID: 29175301 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) has become an informative tool to guide cancer treatment and conduce a personalized approach in oncology. The biopsy collected for pathologic analysis is usually stored as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks and then availed for molecular diagnostic, resulting in DNA molecules that are invariably fragmented and chemically modified. In an attempt to improve NGS based diagnostics in oncology we developed a straightforward DNA integrity assessment assay based on qPCR, defining clear parameters to whether NGS sequencing results is accurate or when it should be analyzed with caution. We performed DNA extraction from 12 tumor samples from diverse tissues and accessed DNA integrity by straightforward qPCR assays. In order to perform a cancer panel NGS sequencing, DNA library preparation was performed using RNA capture baits. Reads were aligned to the reference human genome and mutation calls were further validated by Sanger sequencing. Results obtained by the DNA integrity assays correlated to the efficiency of the pre-capture library preparation in up to 0.94 (Pearson's test). Moreover, sequencing results showed that poor integrity DNA leads to high rates of false positive mutation calls, specially C:G>T:A and C:G>A:T. Poor quality FFPE DNA samples are prone to generating false positive mutation calls. These are especially perilous in cases in which subclonal populations are expected, such as in advance disease, since it could lead clinicians to erroneous conclusions and equivocated conduct.
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27
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Reid KM, Maistry S, Ramesar R, Heathfield LJ. A review of the optimisation of the use of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue for molecular analysis in a forensic post-mortem setting. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:181-187. [PMID: 29078160 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular analyses in a post-mortem setting are becoming increasingly common, particularly in cases of sudden unexplained death, with the aim of identifying genetic mutations which may be responsible for causing death. In retrospective investigations, the access to suitable autopsy biological samples may be limited, and often formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue is the only sample available. The preservation of tissue in formalin is known to damage DNA through crosslinking activity. This results in the extraction of severely fragmented DNA of variable yields, which subsequently reduces the ability to perform downstream molecular analyses. Numerous studies have investigated possible improvements to various aspects of the DNA extraction and amplification procedures from FFPE tissue and this review aims to collate these optimization steps in a cohesive manner. A systematic review was performed of three major databases, which identified 111 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Five main areas for optimization and improvements were identified in the workflow: (1) tissue type, (2) fixation process, (3) post-fixation, (4) DNA extraction procedure and (5) amplification. It was found that some factors identified, for example tissue type and fixation process, could not be controlled by the researcher when conducting retrospective analyses. For this reason, optimization should be performed in other areas, within the financial means of the laboratories, and in accordance with the purposes of the investigation. Implementation of one or more of the optimization measures described here is anticipated to assist in the extraction of higher quality DNA. Despite the challenges posed by FFPE tissue, it remains a valuable source of DNA in retrospective molecular forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Megan Reid
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; MRC/UCT Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sairita Maistry
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Raj Ramesar
- MRC/UCT Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Jane Heathfield
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; MRC/UCT Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Yamamura K, Baba Y, Miyake K, Nakamura K, Shigaki H, Mima K, Kurashige J, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Sakamoto Y, Yamashita Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Baba H. Fusobacterium nucleatum in gastroenterological cancer: Evaluation of measurement methods using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and a literature review. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6373-6378. [PMID: 29151903 PMCID: PMC5678348 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome Fusobacterium nucleatum, which primarily inhabits the oral cavity, causes periodontal disease and has also been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer. However, whether F. nucleatum is present in other gastroenterological cancer tissues remains to be elucidated. The present study evaluated whether quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were able to detect F. nucleatum DNA and measure the quantity of F. nucleatum DNA in esophageal, gastric, pancreatic and liver cancer tissues. The accuracy of the qPCR assay was determined from a calibration curve using DNA extracted from cells from the oral cavity. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues from 20 patients with gastroenterological [esophageal (squamous cell carcinoma), gastric, colorectal, pancreatic and liver] cancer and 20 matched normal tissues were evaluated for F. nucleatum DNA content. The cycle threshold values in the qPCR assay for F. nucleatum and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (reference sample) decreased linearly with the quantity of input DNA (r2>0.99). The F. nucleatum detection rate in esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer tissues were 20% (4/20), 10% (2/20) and 45% (9/20), respectively. F. nucleatum was not detected in liver and pancreatic cancer tissues. The qPCR results from the frozen and FFPE tissues were consistent. Notably, F. nucleatum was detected at a higher level in superficial areas compared with the invasive areas. F. nucleatum in esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer tissues was evaluated by qPCR using FFPE tissues. F. nucleatum may be involved in the development of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hironobu Shigaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Yohe S, Thyagarajan B. Review of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1544-1557. [PMID: 28782984 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0501-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology being used by many laboratories to test for inherited disorders and tumor mutations. This technology is new for many practicing pathologists, who may not be familiar with the uses, methodology, and limitations of NGS. OBJECTIVE - To familiarize pathologists with several aspects of NGS, including current and expanding uses; methodology including wet bench aspects, bioinformatics, and interpretation; validation and proficiency; limitations; and issues related to the integration of NGS data into patient care. DATA SOURCES - The review is based on peer-reviewed literature and personal experience using NGS in a clinical setting at a major academic center. CONCLUSIONS - The clinical applications of NGS will increase as the technology, bioinformatics, and resources evolve to address the limitations and improve quality of results. The challenge for clinical laboratories is to ensure testing is clinically relevant, cost-effective, and can be integrated into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Yohe
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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30
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Darwanto A, Hein AM, Strauss S, Kong Y, Sheridan A, Richards D, Lader E, Ngowe M, Pelletier T, Adams D, Ricker A, Patel N, Kühne A, Hughes S, Shiffman D, Zimmermann D, Te Kaat K, Rothmann T. Use of the QIAGEN GeneReader NGS system for detection of KRAS mutations, validated by the QIAGEN Therascreen PCR kit and alternative NGS platform. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:358. [PMID: 28532404 PMCID: PMC5441096 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of somatic mutations in primary tumors is critical for the understanding of cancer evolution and targeting therapy. Multiple technologies have been developed to enable the detection of such mutations. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a new platform that is gradually becoming the technology of choice for genotyping cancer samples, owing to its ability to simultaneously interrogate many genomic loci at massively high efficiency and increasingly lower cost. However, multiple barriers still exist for its broader adoption in clinical research practice, such as fragmented workflow and complex bioinformatics analysis and interpretation. METHODS We performed validation of the QIAGEN GeneReader NGS System using the QIAact Actionable Insights Tumor Panel, focusing on clinically meaningful mutations by using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colorectal tissue with known KRAS mutations. The performance of the GeneReader was evaluated and compared to data generated from alternative technologies (PCR and pyrosequencing) as well as an alternative NGS platform. The results were further confirmed with Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The data generated from the GeneReader achieved 100% concordance with reference technologies. Furthermore, the GeneReader workflow provides a truly integrated workflow, eliminating artifacts resulting from routine sample preparation; and providing up-to-date interpretation of test results. CONCLUSION The GeneReader NGS system offers an effective and efficient method to identify somatic (KRAS) cancer mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Darwanto
- QIAGEN Waltham, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Sascha Strauss
- QIAGEN GmbH, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724, Hilden, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Yi Kong
- QIAGEN Redwood City, 1700 Seaport Blvd, Redwood, CA, 94063, USA
| | | | - Dan Richards
- QIAGEN Redwood City, 1700 Seaport Blvd, Redwood, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Eric Lader
- QIAGEN Frederick, 6951 Executive Way, Frederick, MD, 21703, USA
| | - Monika Ngowe
- QIAGEN Waltham, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,T2 Biosystems, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | | | - Danielle Adams
- QIAGEN Waltham, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Macherey-Nigel, Bethlehem, PA, 18020, USA
| | - Austin Ricker
- QIAGEN Waltham, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Nishit Patel
- QIAGEN Waltham, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Andreas Kühne
- QIAGEN GmbH, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724, Hilden, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Simon Hughes
- QIAGEN Manchester, Skelton House Lloyd Street North, Manchester, M15 6SH, UK
| | - Dan Shiffman
- QIAGEN Redwood City, 1700 Seaport Blvd, Redwood, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Dirk Zimmermann
- QIAGEN GmbH, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724, Hilden, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Kai Te Kaat
- QIAGEN GmbH, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724, Hilden, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rothmann
- QIAGEN GmbH, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724, Hilden, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
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31
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Miyoshi R, Menju T, Yoshizawa A, Date H. Expression of p16Ink4a
in mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma of the lung. Pathol Int 2017; 67:306-310. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Kyoto University Hospital; Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54 Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Toshi Menju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Kyoto University Hospital; Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54 Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Kyoto University Hospital; Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54 Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Kyoto University Hospital; Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54 Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
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Non-reproducible sequence artifacts in FFPE tissue: an experience report. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1199-1207. [PMID: 28314930 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in sequencing technologies supported the development of molecularly targeted therapy in cancer patients. Thus, genomic analyses are becoming a routine part in clinical practice and accurate detection of actionable mutations is essential to assist diagnosis and therapy choice. However, this is often challenging due to major problems associated with DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue which is usually the primary source for genetic testing. OBJECTIVES Here we want to share our experience regarding major problems associated with FFPE DNA used for PCR-based sequencing as illustrated by the mutational analysis of ERBB4 in melanoma. We want to focus on two major problems including extensive DNA fragmentation and hydrolytic deamination as source of non-reproducible sequence artifacts. Further, we provide potential explanations and possible strategies to minimize these difficulties and improve the detection of targetable mutations. METHODS Genomic DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples was isolated followed by PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing and statistical analysis. RESULTS Analysis of Sanger sequencing data revealed a total of 46 ERBB4 mutations in 27 of 96 samples including the identification of 11 mutations at three previously unknown mutational hotspots. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm any assumed hotspot mutation within repeated sequencing of relevant amplicons suggesting the detection of sequence artifacts most likely caused by DNA lesions associated with FFPE tissues. CONCLUSION Since DNA from FFPE tissue is usually the primary source for mutational analyses, appropriate measures must be implemented in the workflow to assess DNA damage in formalin-fixed tissue to ensure accurate detection of actionable mutations and minimize the occurrence of sequence artifacts.
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Lee SH, Chung AM, Lee A, Oh WJ, Choi YJ, Lee YS, Jung ES. KRAS Mutation Test in Korean Patients with Colorectal Carcinomas: A Methodological Comparison between Sanger Sequencing and a Real-Time PCR-Based Assay. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 51:24-31. [PMID: 28013534 PMCID: PMC5267542 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the KRAS gene have been identified in approximately 50% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). KRAS mutations are well established biomarkers in anti–epidermal growth factor receptor therapy. Therefore, assessment of KRAS mutations is needed in CRC patients to ensure appropriate treatment. Methods We compared the analytical performance of the cobas test to Sanger sequencing in 264 CRC cases. In addition, discordant specimens were evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing. Results KRAS mutations for codons 12/13 were detected in 43.2% of cases (114/264) by Sanger sequencing. Of 257 evaluable specimens for comparison, KRAS mutations were detected in 112 cases (43.6%) by Sanger sequencing and 118 cases (45.9%) by the cobas test. Concordance between the cobas test and Sanger sequencing for each lot was 93.8% positive percent agreement (PPA) and 91.0% negative percent agreement (NPA) for codons 12/13. Results from the cobas test and Sanger sequencing were discordant for 20 cases (7.8%). Twenty discrepant cases were subsequently subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. After comprehensive analysis of the results from combined Sanger sequencing–454 pyrosequencing and the cobas test, PPA was 97.5% and NPA was 100%. Conclusions The cobas test is an accurate and sensitive test for detecting KRAS-activating mutations and has analytical power equivalent to Sanger sequencing. Prescreening using the cobas test with subsequent application of Sanger sequencing is the best strategy for routine detection of KRAS mutations in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hak Lee
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arthur Minwoo Chung
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Oh
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Lee
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Influence of decalcification procedures on immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology in breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1460-1470. [PMID: 27562496 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Distant breast cancer metastases are nowadays routinely biopsied to reassess receptor status and to isolate DNA for sequencing of druggable targets. Bone metastases are the most frequent subgroup. Decalcification procedures may negatively affect antigenicity and DNA quality. We therefore evaluated the effect of several decalcification procedures on receptor status and DNA/RNA quality. In 23 prospectively collected breast tumors, we compared ERα, PR and HER2 status by immunohistochemistry in (non-decalcified) tissue routinely processed for diagnostic purposes and in parallel tissue decalcified in Christensen's buffer with and without microwave, EDTA and Formical-4. Furthermore, HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization and DNA/RNA quantity and quality were assessed. We found that the percentage of ERα-positive cells were on average lower in EDTA (P=0.049) and Formical-4 (P=0.047) treated cases, compared with controls, and PR expression showed decreased antigenicity after Christensen's buffer treatment (P=0.041). Overall, a good concordance (weighted kappa) was seen for ERα, PR and HER2 immunohistochemistry when comparing the non-decalcified control tissues with the decalcified tissues. For two patients (9%), there was a potential influence on therapeutic decision making with regard to hormonal therapy or HER2-targeted therapy. HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization interpretation was seriously hampered by Christensen's buffer and Formical-4, and DNA/RNA quantity and quality were decreased after all four decalcification procedures. Validation on paired primary breast tumor specimens and EDTA-treated bone metastases showed that immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization were well assessable and DNA and RNA yield and quality were sufficient. With this, we conclude that common decalcification procedures have only a modest negative influence on hormone and HER2 receptor immunohistochemistry in breast cancer. However, they may seriously affect DNA/RNA-based diagnostic procedures. Overall, EDTA-based decalcification is therefore to be preferred as it best allows fluorescence in situ hybridization and DNA/RNA isolation.
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Proctor DT, Yoo EH, Vujadinovic Z, Lama S, van Marle G, Sutherland GR. Optimizing gDNA extraction from fresh frozen meningioma tissue for downstream genetic analysis. Clin Biochem 2016; 50:194-205. [PMID: 27871894 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meningioma is the most common brain tumor. Genetic mutations in meningioma that include deletion of the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene, (NF2), offer diagnostic information on tumor behavior, recurrence and potential response to treatment. Obtaining high-grade genetic material is critical for accurate, sensitive and robust molecular testing. Currently, no standardized procedure exists for extracting gDNA from meningioma, and this problem was addressed in this report. METHOD This study compared the yield and quality of extracted gDNA from patient meningioma specimens using an optimized phenol chloroform method and two commercial silica column-based extractions kits and tested respective performances as template in qPCR tests and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) NF2 screening. RESULTS Mean gDNA yields were comparable for each method tested; however, phenol chloroform extraction outperformed column-based kits in all other quality assurance metrics examined. Phenol chloroform extracted gDNA was highly pure, and of a higher fragment size species when compared to column prepared gDNA. qPCR of GAPDH, B2MG, and RPL37A housekeeping genes demonstrated variance in cycle thresholds between patient samples was much lower in the phenol chloroform group. Similarly, primer efficiencies were significantly improved in this sample group which translated to a broader qPCR linear dynamic range and much improved qPCR performance at low concentrations of template. MLPA screening identified NF2 gene deletions in 6 of 12 meningioma samples. Inconsistencies in copy number data for NF2 and reference regions of the genome were observed between gDNA sample extraction groups that included both false negative and positive errors in silica column derived gDNA samples. CONCLUSIONS This study outlines a highly robust phenol chloroform extraction method for obtaining high-quality gDNA from frozen meningioma tissue and highlights the significance of performing adequate quality assurance when using gDNA for downstream genetic analysis. Most importantly, we demonstrate using gDNA extracted with silica column based kits can lead to diagnostic errors when screening NF2 deletions in meningiomas with MLPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Proctor
- Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - E H Yoo
- Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Z Vujadinovic
- Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - S Lama
- Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - G van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - G R Sutherland
- Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Masucci GV, Cesano A, Hawtin R, Janetzki S, Zhang J, Kirsch I, Dobbin KK, Alvarez J, Robbins PB, Selvan SR, Streicher HZ, Butterfield LH, Thurin M. Validation of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy in cancer: Volume I - pre-analytical and analytical validation. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:76. [PMID: 27895917 PMCID: PMC5109744 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have emerged as one of the most promising approaches to treat patients with cancer. Recently, there have been many clinical successes using checkpoint receptor blockade, including T cell inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Despite demonstrated successes in a variety of malignancies, responses only typically occur in a minority of patients in any given histology. Additionally, treatment is associated with inflammatory toxicity and high cost. Therefore, determining which patients would derive clinical benefit from immunotherapy is a compelling clinical question. Although numerous candidate biomarkers have been described, there are currently three FDA-approved assays based on PD-1 ligand expression (PD-L1) that have been clinically validated to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from a single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Because of the complexity of the immune response and tumor biology, it is unlikely that a single biomarker will be sufficient to predict clinical outcomes in response to immune-targeted therapy. Rather, the integration of multiple tumor and immune response parameters, such as protein expression, genomics, and transcriptomics, may be necessary for accurate prediction of clinical benefit. Before a candidate biomarker and/or new technology can be used in a clinical setting, several steps are necessary to demonstrate its clinical validity. Although regulatory guidelines provide general roadmaps for the validation process, their applicability to biomarkers in the cancer immunotherapy field is somewhat limited. Thus, Working Group 1 (WG1) of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Immune Biomarkers Task Force convened to address this need. In this two volume series, we discuss pre-analytical and analytical (Volume I) as well as clinical and regulatory (Volume II) aspects of the validation process as applied to predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. To illustrate the requirements for validation, we discuss examples of biomarker assays that have shown preliminary evidence of an association with clinical benefit from immunotherapeutic interventions. The scope includes only those assays and technologies that have established a certain level of validation for clinical use (fit-for-purpose). Recommendations to meet challenges and strategies to guide the choice of analytical and clinical validation design for specific assays are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe V Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rachael Hawtin
- Nodality, Inc, 170 Harbor Way, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc, 555 North Avenue, Fort Lee, 07024 NJ USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Covaris Inc, 14 Gill St, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
| | - Ilan Kirsch
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Kevin K Dobbin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, 101 Buck Road, Athens, 30602 GA USA
| | - John Alvarez
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | | | - Senthamil R Selvan
- Omni Array Biotechnology, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, 20855 MD USA
| | - Howard Z Streicher
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Diagnosis Program, DCTD, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA ; Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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Deamination Effects in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples in the Era of Precision Medicine. J Mol Diagn 2016; 19:137-146. [PMID: 27840062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamination of nucleotides causes C:G>T:A changes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and produces false positives during next-generation sequencing (NGS). Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) helps eliminate this issue, but the effect of UDG in different tissue preparation conditions has not been rigorously studied. To investigate whether UDG can reduce false-positive single-nucleotide variant (SNV) calls, we used tumor and normal tissues from gastric adenocarcinoma patients prepared using different fixation times and pH conditions. FFPE tumor blocks >10 years were also evaluated for the comparison. We performed semiconductor-based NGS to evaluate nucleotide changes and used UDG to test deamination-related effects. Sequencing quality parameters mildly worsened with prolonged fixation time, acidic pH, and delayed fixation. SNV calls and C:G>T:A changes increased after >48 hours of fixation. In both recently prepared and old FFPE tissue blocks, UDG treatment reduced deamination-induced nucleotide changes. In the recently prepared samples, both high-quality SNVs and mean target coverage were remarkably increased on treatment with UDG. However, the quality of NGS results from old-age samples varied irrespective of UDG treatment. In conclusion, based on our findings, we believe that when performing NGS on recently embedded blocks, it is important to consider that certain poorly fixed samples may be at the risk of being deaminated, which can be corrected with UDG treatment.
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Mojica WD, Hou T, Sykes D, Dey-Rao R. Front-end genomics: using an alternative approach for the recovery of high-quality DNA from core needle biopsies. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:488-493. [PMID: 27777300 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Determine whether a simple prewash step will provide adequate amounts of high-quality DNA from core needle biopsies for molecular sequencing studies. METHODS The quantitative and qualitative metrics of DNA recovered from core needle biopsies processed either by 1) formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE), 2) cells recovered after the core needle biopsy was washed, and 3) frozen sections of the core needle biopsy tissue were evaluated and compared to one another. RESULTS Fairly equivalent amounts of DNA can be obtained from cells recovered from a prewash step relative to the FFPE and frozen section samples. The number of amplifiable DNA in the wash sample was greater than that from the FFPE samples. The average molecular size of DNA in the wash sample was greater than that of both the FFPE and frozen samples. CONCLUSIONS Although more starting material in terms of the number of cells was present in both the FFPE and frozen section samples than the wash samples, equivalent to better results were obtained from the latter with regard to quality. This approach may be a means to better aliquot the diminutive amounts of tissue associated with core needle biopsies, allowing dissociated cells to be dedicated for molecular studies while keeping the tissue intact for morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrido D Mojica
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tieying Hou
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Don Sykes
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rama Dey-Rao
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Kumar D, Panigrahi MK, Suryavanshi M, Mehta A, Saikia KK. Quantification of DNA Extracted from Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embeded Tissue Comparison of Three Techniques: Effect on PCR Efficiency. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:BC01-BC03. [PMID: 27790419 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19383.8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutation detection from Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embedding (FFPE) tissue in molecular lab became a necessary tool for defining potential targeted drug. Accurate quantification of DNA extracted from FFPE tissue is necessary for downstream applications like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sequencing etc. AIM To check and define which method for FFPE DNA quantification is suitable for downstream processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental experience study Biorad Smartspec Plus spectrophotomery, Qubit Fluorometer, and Qiagen Rotorgene qPCR was used to compare 20 FFPE DNA quantification in Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, in 2015 and quantified amount of DNA used for PCR reaction. RESULTS The average concentration of DNA extracted from FFPE tissue measured using the spectrophotometer was much higher than the concentration measured using the Qubit Fluorometer and qPCR. CONCLUSION Results varied depending upon the technique used. A fluorometric analysis may be more suitable for quantification of DNA samples extracted from FFPE tissue compared with spectrophotometric analysis. But qPCR is the best technique because it details DNA quantity along with quality of amplifiable DNA from FFPE tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kumar
- Ph.D Scholar, Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University , Assam, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Panigrahi
- Ph.D Scholar, Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University , Assam, India
| | - Moushumi Suryavanshi
- Head, Centre for Molecular Diagnostic and Cell Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre , New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Director Lab Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre , New Delhi, India
| | - Kandarpa Kumar Saikia
- Assistant Professor, Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University , Assam, India
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Bellevicine C, Sgariglia R, Malapelle U, Vigliar E, Nacchio M, Ciancia G, Eszlinger M, Paschke R, Troncone G. Young investigator challenge: Can the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 be used for next-generation sequencing of thyroid FNA samples? Cancer Cytopathol 2016; 124:776-784. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Sgariglia
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Elena Vigliar
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Mariantonia Nacchio
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciancia
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
| | - Markus Eszlinger
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department of Endocrinology, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples Italy
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Technical and US regulatory issues in triaging material for the molecular laboratory. Cancer Cytopathol 2016; 125:83-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chan M, Smirnov A, Mulawadi F, Lim P, Lim WH, Leong ST, Low HM, Yee MQ, Yeo YQ, Zhou X, Lee C, Huang W, Welebob L, Wu M. A Novel System Control for Quality Control of Diagnostic Tests Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. J Appl Lab Med 2016; 1:25-35. [PMID: 33626812 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a novel system control (SC) implemented in an automated AmpliSeq™-based next-generation sequencing (NGS)2 run that simultaneously acts as (a) an external positive/sensitivity control, (b) a spike-in QC for DNA extraction, and (c) a nontemplate control to detect exogenous DNA contamination. METHODS Plasmids carrying wild-type tobacco mosaic virus sequence and a sequence with three designed mutations were synthesized and mixed, such that the mutations are present at 5% variant frequency in the mixture designated as SC. SC was used as a stand-alone sample and spiked into each sample in each run. A cell line-derived reference material, in both a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample and genomic DNA (gDNA), was sequenced in the same runs. RESULTS By interpolation, 100 fg SC spiked in FFPE sample produced sequencing coverage equivalent to approximately 3 fg in the gDNA. In the SC-only sample, all three designed mutations were recovered around 5% as expected, while no significant reads of human genome were present. In samples with a common PCR inhibitor, coverage for both SC and target amplicons were eliminated. An inverse relationship between the coverage of SC and DNA input was observed. In clinical samples, the ratio of SC to the median coverage of sample can be used to indicate insufficient DNA input. CONCLUSIONS The SC is an elegant and comprehensive QC concept for NGS-based diagnostic tests.
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Chabon JJ, Simmons AD, Lovejoy AF, Esfahani MS, Newman AM, Haringsma HJ, Kurtz DM, Stehr H, Scherer F, Karlovich CA, Harding TC, Durkin KA, Otterson GA, Purcell WT, Camidge DR, Goldman JW, Sequist LV, Piotrowska Z, Wakelee HA, Neal JW, Alizadeh AA, Diehn M. Circulating tumour DNA profiling reveals heterogeneity of EGFR inhibitor resistance mechanisms in lung cancer patients. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11815. [PMID: 27283993 PMCID: PMC4906406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) analysis facilitates studies of tumour heterogeneity. Here we employ CAPP-Seq ctDNA analysis to study resistance mechanisms in 43 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with the third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor rociletinib. We observe multiple resistance mechanisms in 46% of patients after treatment with first-line inhibitors, indicating frequent intra-patient heterogeneity. Rociletinib resistance recurrently involves MET, EGFR, PIK3CA, ERRB2, KRAS and RB1. We describe a novel EGFR L798I mutation and find that EGFR C797S, which arises in ∼33% of patients after osimertinib treatment, occurs in <3% after rociletinib. Increased MET copy number is the most frequent rociletinib resistance mechanism in this cohort and patients with multiple pre-existing mechanisms (T790M and MET) experience inferior responses. Similarly, rociletinib-resistant xenografts develop MET amplification that can be overcome with the MET inhibitor crizotinib. These results underscore the importance of tumour heterogeneity in NSCLC and the utility of ctDNA-based resistance mechanism assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Chabon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Alexander F. Lovejoy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mohammad S. Esfahani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M. Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - David M. Kurtz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Henning Stehr
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Florian Scherer
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Kathleen A. Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - W. Thomas Purcell
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - D. Ross Camidge
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Goldman
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Lecia V. Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Heather A. Wakelee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joel W. Neal
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ash A. Alizadeh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Boublikova L, Bakardjieva-Mihaylova V, Skvarova Kramarzova K, Kuzilkova D, Dobiasova A, Fiser K, Stuchly J, Kotrova M, Buchler T, Dusek P, Grega M, Rosova B, Vernerova Z, Klezl P, Pesl M, Zachoval R, Krolupper M, Kubecova M, Stahalova V, Abrahamova J, Babjuk M, Kodet R, Trka J. Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), TP53, RAS/BRAF and KIT aberrations in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:367-76. [PMID: 27085458 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), a zinc-finger transcription factor essential for testis development and function, along with other genes, was investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). METHODS In total, 284 TGCT and 100 control samples were investigated, including qPCR for WT1 expression and BRAF mutation, p53 immunohistochemistry detection, and massively parallel amplicon sequencing. RESULTS WT1 was significantly (p < 0.0001) under-expressed in TGCT, with an increased ratio of exon 5-lacking isoforms, reaching low levels in chemo-naïve relapsed TGCT patients vs. high levels in chemotherapy-pretreated relapsed patients. BRAF V600E mutation was identified in 1% of patients only. p53 protein was lowly expressed in TGCT metastases compared to the matched primary tumors. Of 9 selected TGCT-linked genes, RAS/BRAF and WT1 mutations were frequent while significant TP53 and KIT variants were not detected (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS WT1 has been identified as a novel factor involved in TGCT pathogenesis, with a potential prognostic impact. Distinct biologic nature of the two types of relapses occurring in TGCT has been demonstrated. Differential mutation rate of the key TGCT-related genes has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boublikova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - V Bakardjieva-Mihaylova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Skvarova Kramarzova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Kuzilkova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Dobiasova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Fiser
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Stuchly
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kotrova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Buchler
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Dusek
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Grega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Rosova
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Vernerova
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Klezl
- Department of Urology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Pesl
- Department of Urology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Zachoval
- Department of Urology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krolupper
- Department of Urology, Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kubecova
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Stahalova
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Abrahamova
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Babjuk
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Kodet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Trka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Houghton J, Hadd AG, Zeigler R, Haynes BC, Latham GJ. Integration of Wet and Dry Bench Processes Optimizes Targeted Next-generation Sequencing of Low-quality and Low-quantity Tumor Biopsies. J Vis Exp 2016:e53836. [PMID: 27166994 PMCID: PMC4941914 DOI: 10.3791/53836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All next-generation sequencing (NGS) procedures include assays performed at the laboratory bench ("wet bench") and data analyses conducted using bioinformatics pipelines ("dry bench"). Both elements are essential to produce accurate and reliable results, which are particularly critical for clinical laboratories. Targeted NGS technologies have increasingly found favor in oncology applications to help advance precision medicine objectives, yet the methods often involve disconnected and variable wet and dry bench workflows and uncoordinated reagent sets. In this report, we describe a method for sequencing challenging cancer specimens with a 21-gene panel as an example of a comprehensive targeted NGS system. The system integrates functional DNA quantification and qualification, single-tube multiplexed PCR enrichment, and library purification and normalization using analytically-verified, single-source reagents with a standalone bioinformatics suite. As a result, accurate variant calls from low-quality and low-quantity formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) tumor biopsies can be achieved. The method can routinely assess cancer-associated variants from an input of 400 amplifiable DNA copies, and is modular in design to accommodate new gene content. Two different types of analytically-defined controls provide quality assurance and help safeguard call accuracy with clinically-relevant samples. A flexible "tag" PCR step embeds platform-specific adaptors and index codes to allow sample barcoding and compatibility with common benchtop NGS instruments. Importantly, the protocol is streamlined and can produce 24 sequence-ready libraries in a single day. Finally, the approach links wet and dry bench processes by incorporating pre-analytical sample quality control results directly into the variant calling algorithms to improve mutation detection accuracy and differentiate false-negative and indeterminate calls. This targeted NGS method uses advances in both wetware and software to achieve high-depth, multiplexed sequencing and sensitive analysis of heterogeneous cancer samples for diagnostic applications.
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Wylie D, Beaudenon-Huibregtse S, Haynes BC, Giordano TJ, Labourier E. Molecular classification of thyroid lesions by combined testing for miRNA gene expression and somatic gene alterations. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:93-103. [PMID: 27499919 PMCID: PMC4907059 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple molecular markers contribute to the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer and can provide valuable information to improve disease diagnosis and patient management. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of miRNA gene expression in diverse thyroid lesions (n = 534) and developed predictive models for the classification of thyroid nodules, alone or in combination with genotyping. Expression profiling by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in surgical specimens (n = 257) identified specific miRNAs differentially expressed in 17 histopathological categories. Eight supervised machine learning algorithms were trained to discriminate benign from malignant lesions and evaluated for accuracy and robustness. The selected models showed invariant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in cross-validation (0.89), optimal AUC (0.94) in an independent set of preoperative thyroid nodule aspirates (n = 235), and classified 92% of benign lesions as low risk/negative and 92% of malignant lesions as high risk/positive. Surgical and preoperative specimens were further tested for the presence of 17 validated oncogenic gene alterations in the BRAF, RAS, RET or PAX8 genes. The miRNA-based classifiers complemented and significantly improved the diagnostic performance of the 17-mutation panel (p < 0.001 for McNemar's tests). In a subset of resected tissues (n = 54) and in an independent set of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology (n = 42), the optimized ThyraMIR Thyroid miRNA Classifier increased diagnostic sensitivity by 30-39% and correctly classified 100% of benign nodules negative by the 17-mutation panel. In contrast, testing with broad targeted next-generation sequencing panels decreased diagnostic specificity by detecting additional mutations of unknown clinical significance in 19-39% of benign lesions. Our results demonstrate that, independent of mutational status, miRNA expression profiles are strongly associated with altered molecular pathways underlying thyroid tumorigenesis. Combined testing for miRNA gene expression and well-established somatic gene alterations is a novel diagnostic strategy that can improve the preoperative diagnosis and surgical management of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Next-Generation Sequencing Workflow for NSCLC Critical Samples Using a Targeted Sequencing Approach by Ion Torrent PGM™ Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28765-82. [PMID: 26633390 PMCID: PMC4691076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a cost-effective technology capable of screening several genes simultaneously; however, its application in a clinical context requires an established workflow to acquire reliable sequencing results. Here, we report an optimized NGS workflow analyzing 22 lung cancer-related genes to sequence critical samples such as DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks and circulating free DNA (cfDNA). Snap frozen and matched FFPE gDNA from 12 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, whose gDNA fragmentation status was previously evaluated using a multiplex PCR-based quality control, were successfully sequenced with Ion Torrent PGM™. The robust bioinformatic pipeline allowed us to correctly call both Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) and indels with a detection limit of 5%, achieving 100% specificity and 96% sensitivity. This workflow was also validated in 13 FFPE NSCLC biopsies. Furthermore, a specific protocol for low input gDNA capable of producing good sequencing data with high coverage, high uniformity, and a low error rate was also optimized. In conclusion, we demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining gDNA from FFPE samples suitable for NGS by performing appropriate quality controls. The optimized workflow, capable of screening low input gDNA, highlights NGS as a potential tool in the detection, disease monitoring, and treatment of NSCLC.
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Araujo LH, Timmers C, Shilo K, Zhao W, Zhang J, Yu L, Natarajan TG, Miller CJ, Yilmaz AS, Liu T, Amann J, Lapa e Silva JR, Ferreira CG, Carbone DP. Impact of Pre-Analytical Variables on Cancer Targeted Gene Sequencing Efficiency. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143092. [PMID: 26605948 PMCID: PMC4659597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor specimens are often preserved as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks, the most common clinical source for DNA sequencing. Herein, we evaluated the effect of pre-sequencing parameters to guide proper sample selection for targeted gene sequencing. Data from 113 FFPE lung tumor specimens were collected, and targeted gene sequencing was performed. Libraries were constructed using custom probes and were paired-end sequenced on a next generation sequencing platform. A PCR-based quality control (QC) assay was utilized to determine DNA quality, and a ratio was generated in comparison to control DNA. We observed that FFPE storage time, PCR/QC ratio, and DNA input in the library preparation were significantly correlated to most parameters of sequencing efficiency including depth of coverage, alignment rate, insert size, and read quality. A combined score using the three parameters was generated and proved highly accurate to predict sequencing metrics. We also showed wide read count variability within the genome, with worse coverage in regions of low GC content like in KRAS. Sample quality and GC content had independent effects on sequencing depth, and the worst results were observed in regions of low GC content in samples with poor quality. Our data confirm that FFPE samples are a reliable source for targeted gene sequencing in cancer, provided adequate sample quality controls are exercised. Tissue quality should be routinely assessed for pre-analytical factors, and sequencing depth may be limited in genomic regions of low GC content if suboptimal samples are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. Araujo
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Timmers
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Tom Liu
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Joseph Amann
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | | | | | - David P. Carbone
- James Thoracic Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tafe LJ. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:472-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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50
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Mojica WD, Oh KW, Lee H, Furlani EP, Sykes D, Sands AM. Microfluidics enables multiplex evaluation of the same cells for further studies. Cytopathology 2015; 27:277-83. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. D. Mojica
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - K. W. Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - H. Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - E. P. Furlani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - D. Sykes
- Department of Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - A. M. Sands
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
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