1
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A role for macrophages in hematopoiesis in the embryonic head. Blood 2019; 134:1929-1940. [PMID: 31697805 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018881243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, the head is a site of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HS/PC) development in the mouse embryo. Macrophages are present in both these embryonic hemogenic sites, and recent studies indicate a functional interaction of macrophages with hematopoietic cells as they are generated in the aorta. Whereas brain macrophages or "microglia" are known to affect neuronal patterning and vascular circuitry in the embryonic brain, it is unknown whether macrophages play a role in head hematopoiesis. Here, we characterize head macrophages and examine whether they affect the HS/PC output of the hindbrain-branchial arch (HBA) region of the mouse embryo. We show that HBA macrophages are CD45+F4/80+CD11b+Gr1- and express the macrophage-specific Csf1r-GFP reporter. In the HBA of chemokine receptor-deficient (Cx3cr1-/-) embryos, a reduction in erythropoiesis is concomitant with a decrease in HBA macrophage percentages. In cocultures, we show that head macrophages boost hematopoietic progenitor cell numbers from HBA endothelial cells > twofold, and that the proinflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α is produced by head macrophages and influences HBA hematopoiesis in vitro. Taken together, head macrophages play a positive role in HBA erythropoiesis and HS/PC expansion and/or maturation, acting as microenvironmental cellular regulators in hematopoietic development.
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2
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Donnarumma T, Young GR, Merkenschlager J, Eksmond U, Bongard N, Nutt SL, Boyer C, Dittmer U, Le-Trilling VTK, Trilling M, Bayer W, Kassiotis G. Opposing Development of Cytotoxic and Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells Controlled by the TCF-1-Bcl6 Nexus. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1571-1583. [PMID: 27806296 PMCID: PMC5149578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells develop distinct and often contrasting helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic activities. Typically a property of CD8+ T cells, granzyme-mediated cytotoxic T cell (CTL) potential is also exerted by CD4+ T cells. However, the conditions that induce CD4+ CTLs are not entirely understood. Using single-cell transcriptional profiling, we uncover a unique signature of Granzyme B (GzmB)+ CD4+ CTLs, which distinguishes them from other CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, including Th1 cells, and strongly contrasts with the follicular helper T (Tfh) cell signature. The balance between CD4+ CTL and Tfh differentiation heavily depends on the class of infecting virus and is jointly regulated by the Tfh-related transcription factors Bcl6 and Tcf7 (encoding TCF-1) and by the expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and LAG3. This unique profile of CD4+ CTLs offers targets for their study, and its antagonism by the Tfh program separates CD4+ T cells with either helper or killer functions. Adenoviruses prime CD4 T cells with CTL potential, but retroviruses do not CD4 CTLs are transcriptionally distinguishable from other Th cells The CD4 CTL program is the direct opposite of the Tfh program CD4 CTLs are restrained by the TCF-1-Bcl6 nexus and by PD-1 and LAG3
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George R Young
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julia Merkenschlager
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Urszula Eksmond
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nadine Bongard
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Plummer NW, Ungewitter EK, Smith KG, -C. Yao HH, Jensen P. A new mouse line for cell ablation by diphtheria toxin subunit A controlled by a Cre-dependent FLEx switch. Genesis 2017; 55:10.1002/dvg.23067. [PMID: 28875587 PMCID: PMC5671341 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23067 10.1002/dvg.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinase responsive mouse lines expressing diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) are well established tools for targeted ablation of genetically defined cell populations. Here we describe a new knock-in allele at the Gt(Rosa)26Sor locus that retains the best features of previously described DTA alleles-including a CAG promoter, attenuated mutant DTA cDNA, and ubiquitous EGFP labeling-with the addition of a Cre-dependent FLEx switch for tight control of expression. The FLEx switch consists of two pairs of antiparallel lox sites requiring Cre-mediated recombination for inversion of the DTA to the proper orientation for transcription. We demonstrate its utility by Cre-dependent ablation of both a broad domain in the embryonic nervous system and a discrete population of cells in the fetal gonads. We conclude that this new DTA line is useful for targeted ablation of genetically-defined cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Erica K. Ungewitter
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Humphrey H. -C. Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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4
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Plummer NW, Ungewitter EK, Smith KG, -C. Yao HH, Jensen P. A new mouse line for cell ablation by diphtheria toxin subunit A controlled by a Cre-dependent FLEx switch. Genesis 2017; 55:10.1002/dvg.23067. [PMID: 28875587 PMCID: PMC5671341 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23067+10.1002/dvg.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinase responsive mouse lines expressing diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) are well established tools for targeted ablation of genetically defined cell populations. Here we describe a new knock-in allele at the Gt(Rosa)26Sor locus that retains the best features of previously described DTA alleles-including a CAG promoter, attenuated mutant DTA cDNA, and ubiquitous EGFP labeling-with the addition of a Cre-dependent FLEx switch for tight control of expression. The FLEx switch consists of two pairs of antiparallel lox sites requiring Cre-mediated recombination for inversion of the DTA to the proper orientation for transcription. We demonstrate its utility by Cre-dependent ablation of both a broad domain in the embryonic nervous system and a discrete population of cells in the fetal gonads. We conclude that this new DTA line is useful for targeted ablation of genetically-defined cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Erica K. Ungewitter
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Humphrey H. -C. Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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5
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Plummer NW, Ungewitter EK, Smith KG, Yao HHC, Jensen P. A new mouse line for cell ablation by diphtheria toxin subunit A controlled by a Cre-dependent FLEx switch. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28875587 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recombinase responsive mouse lines expressing diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) are well established tools for targeted ablation of genetically defined cell populations. Here we describe a new knock-in allele at the Gt(Rosa)26Sor locus that retains the best features of previously described DTA alleles-including a CAG promoter, attenuated mutant DTA cDNA, and ubiquitous EGFP labeling-with the addition of a Cre-dependent FLEx switch for tight control of expression. The FLEx switch consists of two pairs of antiparallel lox sites requiring Cre-mediated recombination for inversion of the DTA to the proper orientation for transcription. We demonstrate its utility by Cre-dependent ablation of both a broad domain in the embryonic nervous system and a discrete population of cells in the fetal gonads. We conclude that this new DTA line is useful for targeted ablation of genetically-defined cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Erica K Ungewitter
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Kathleen G Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Humphrey H-C Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
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6
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Stepwise B-cell-dependent expansion of T helper clonotypes diversifies the T-cell response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10281. [PMID: 26728651 PMCID: PMC4728444 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversity underpins adaptive immunity by providing the ground for clonal selection of lymphocytes with the appropriate antigen reactivity. Current models attribute T cell clonal selection during the immune response to T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity for either foreign or self peptides. Here, we report that clonal selection of CD4(+) T cells is also extrinsically regulated by B cells. In response to viral infection, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is progressively diversified by staggered clonotypic expansion, according to functional avidity, which correlates with self-reactivity. Clonal expansion of lower-avidity T-cell clonotypes depends on availability of MHC II-expressing B cells, in turn influenced by B-cell activation. B cells clonotypically diversify the CD4(+) T-cell response also to vaccination or tumour challenge, revealing a common effect.
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7
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Fitzgerald F, Harris K, Doyle R, Alber D, Klein N. Short communication: Evidence that microbial translocation occurs in HIV-infected children in the United Kingdom. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1589-93. [PMID: 23972017 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial translocation (MT) from the gut is implicated in driving immune activation, increasing morbidity and mortality in HIV. We used bacterial 16S rDNA PCR, Sanger sequencing, and high-throughput sequencing to identify microbial DNA in the bloodstream of HIV-infected children in London, United Kingdom. Blood samples were collected from sequential children attending the HIV clinic at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London. DNA extraction, broad range 16S rDNA PCR, and standard Sanger sequencing were carried out. A subset of positive samples was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (Roche 454 platform). Of 105 samples collected from sequential children, nine were positive using broad range 16S rDNA PCR (8.6%; 95% CI 4.4-16%). From three amplicons, 16S rDNA sequences were identified as Streptococcus, Propionibacterium acnes, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Four positive samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. In the three samples in which organisms were identified by Sanger sequencing, the same species were identified. Further species, in differing proportions, were identified in all four samples. The identified organisms included known gut orders Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroidales, and Clostridiales. In immunocompetent children of equivalent age, no bacterial DNA was detected in blood using this approach. This is the first study to our knowledge using molecular techniques to identify MT in children in the developed world. Our data indicate that 16S rDNA is detectable in 8.6% of HIV-infected children. Levels of DNA were low and from multiple bacterial species. Further studies are needed to ascertain the importance of MT in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Fitzgerald
- Paediatrics Department, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Microbiology Department, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Doyle
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Alber
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Mavrommatis B, Young GR, Kassiotis G. Counterpoise between the microbiome, host immune activation and pathology. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:456-62. [PMID: 23743081 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of the mammalian intestinal microbiota in health and disease of the host has long been recognized and extensively studied. Largely, these studies have focused on the bacterial component of the microbiota. However, recent technological advances have shed new light on the microbiome at distinct anatomical locations and uncovered the role of additional microbial symbionts, including the virome and endogenous retroelements. Together, they have revealed interactions more intricate than previously recognized. Here, we review recent advances in our knowledge of this collective microbiome and the interactions with the immune system of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Mavrommatis
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
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9
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Kabue JP, de Swardt D, de Beer C, Glashoff RH. Short-term antiretroviral therapy fails to reduce the expanded activated CCR5-expressing CD4+ T lymphocyte population or to restore the depleted naive population in chronically HIV-infected individuals with active pulmonary tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:769-77. [PMID: 23259904 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective role of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in the regulation of CD4 T cell subset distribution, coreceptor expression, and activation status in individuals with chronic HIV also presenting with active pulmonary TB is not clearly understood. A cross-sectional analysis was performed on a total of 137 South African individuals. CCR5, CXCR4, and CD38 expression of CD4 T cell subsets in HIV-infected individuals with and without active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease, pre- and post-ARV therapy, were determined by flow cytometry. In treatment-naive patients, CD4 T cells showed elevated surface expression of CCR5 and CD38 in TB/HIV coinfection as compared to HIV infection alone despite the overall percentage of CD4 T cells expressing CCR5 being reduced. Total CD38+ CD4 T cells were not significantly increased in either group; however, mean CD38 fluorescence was significantly higher in the context of TB infection. HIV/TB-coinfected individuals also displayed an increased percentage of activated (CD38+) CCR5+ CD4 T cells as compared to HIV patients alone. The naive CD4 T cell subset was depleted similarly in both HIV and HIV/TB groups. Only the HIV treatment group and not the TB-coinfected treatment group showed significantly decreased activated CCR5+ CD4 T cells, an increased percentage of naive T cells, and a decreased percentage of antigen-experienced T cells. This study highlighted an association of TB disease with immune activation, particularly of the CCR5+ CD4 T cell subset in HIV infection and the differential impact of ARV treatment. Further studies are needed to understand how TB coinfection confounds normal responses to ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Medical Virology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dalene de Swardt
- Medical Virology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corena de Beer
- Medical Virology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard H. Glashoff
- Medical Virology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Duley AK, Ploquin MJY, Eksmond U, Ammann CG, Messer RJ, Myers L, Hasenkrug KJ, Kassiotis G. Negative impact of IFN-γ on early host immune responses to retroviral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2521-9. [PMID: 22821964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tasked with defending against a myriad of microbial infections, and its response to a given infectious microbe may be strongly influenced by coinfection with another microbe. It was shown that infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) impairs early adaptive immune responses to Friend virus (FV) coinfection. To investigate the mechanism of this impairment, we examined LDV-induced innate immune responses and found LDV-specific induction of IFN-α and IFN-γ. LDV-induced IFN-α had little effect on FV infection or immune responses, but unexpectedly, LDV-induced IFN-γ production dampened Th1 adaptive immune responses and enhanced FV infection. Two distinct effects were identified. First, LDV-induced IFN-γ signaling indirectly modulated FV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Second, intrinsic IFN-γ signaling in B cells promoted polyclonal B cell activation and enhanced early FV infection, despite promotion of germinal center formation and neutralizing Ab production. Results from this model reveal that IFN-γ production can have detrimental effects on early adaptive immune responses and virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Duley
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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11
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Plaeger SF, Collins BS, Musib R, Deeks SG, Read S, Embry A. Immune activation in the pathogenesis of treated chronic HIV disease: a workshop summary. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:469-77. [PMID: 21854232 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a chronic disease rather than a death sentence. Nevertheless, effectively treated individuals have a higher than normal risk for developing noninfectious comorbidities, including cardiovascular and renal disease. Although traditional risk factors of aging as well as treatment toxicity contribute to this risk, many investigators consider chronic HIV-associated inflammation a significant factor in such end-organ disease. Despite effective viral suppression, chronic inflammation persists at levels higher than in uninfected people, yet the stimuli for the inflammation and the mechanism by which inflammation persists and promotes disease pathology remain incompletely understood. This critical gap in scientific understanding complicates and hampers effective decision making about appropriate medical intervention. To better understand the mechanism(s) of chronic immune activation in treated HIV disease, three questions need answers: (1) what is the cause of persistent immune activation during treated HIV infection, (2) what are the best surrogate markers of chronic immune activation in this setting, and (3) what therapeutic intervention(s) could prevent or reverse this process? The NIH sponsored and convened a meeting to discuss the state of knowledge concerning these questions and the best course for developing effective therapeutic strategies. This report summarizes the findings of that NIH meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F. Plaeger
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brenda S. Collins
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Runa Musib
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah Read
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan Embry
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Pattnaik G, Sinha B, Mukherjee B, Ghosh S, Basak S, Mondal S, Bera T. Submicron-size biodegradable polymer-based didanosine particles for treating HIV at early stage: anin vitrostudy. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:666-76. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.680509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Cornish GH, Tung SL, Marshall D, Ley S, Seddon BP. Tissue specific deletion of inhibitor of kappa B kinase 2 with OX40-Cre reveals the unanticipated expression from the OX40 locus in skin epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32193. [PMID: 22363815 PMCID: PMC3283724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signalling plays an essential role in T cell activation and generation of regulatory and memory populations in vivo. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of NF-κB signalling in post-activation T cells using tissue specific ablation of inhibitor of kappa-B kinase 2 expression, an important component of the inhibitor of kappa-B kinase complex in canonical NF-κB signalling. The OX40 antigen is expressed on activated T cells. Therefore, we used previously described mouse strain expressing Cre recombinase from the endogenous OX40 locus. Ablation of IKK2 expression using OX40(Cre) mice resulted in the development of an inflammatory response in the skin epidermis causing wide spread skin lesions. The inflammatory response was characterised by extensive leukocytic infiltrate in skin tissue, hyperplasia of draining lymph nodes and widespread activation in the T cell compartment. Surprisingly, disease development did not depend on T cells but was rather associated with an unanticipated expression of Cre in skin epidermis, and activation of the T cell compartment did not require Ikbk2 deletion in T cells. Employment of Cre reporter strains revealed extensive Cre activity in skin epidermis. Therefore, development of skin lesions was rather more likely explained by deletion of Ikbk2 in skin keratinocytes in OX40(Cre) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina H. Cornish
- King's College London, Academic Department of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, New Hunt's House, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sim L. Tung
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Marshall
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ley
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict P. Seddon
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Nair S, Bayer W, Ploquin MJY, Kassiotis G, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U. Distinct roles of CD4+ T cell subpopulations in retroviral immunity: lessons from the Friend virus mouse model. Retrovirology 2011; 8:76. [PMID: 21943070 PMCID: PMC3193819 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CD4+ T cells play an important role in immunity to infections with retroviruses such as HIV. However, in recent years CD4+ T cells have been subdivided into several distinct populations that are differentially regulated and perform widely varying functions. Thus, it is important to delineate the separate roles of these subsets, which range from direct antiviral activities to potent immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss contributions from the major CD4+ T cell subpopulations to retroviral immunity. Fundamental concepts obtained from studies on numerous viral infections are presented along with a more detailed analysis of studies on murine Friend virus. The relevance of these studies to HIV immunology and immunotherapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Nair
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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15
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Amplified antigen-specific immune responses in HIV-1 infected individuals in a double blind DNA immunization and therapy interruption trial. Vaccine 2011; 29:5558-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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17
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Vrisekoop N, Mandl JN, Germain RN. Life and death as a T lymphocyte: from immune protection to HIV pathogenesis. J Biol 2010; 8:91. [PMID: 19951397 PMCID: PMC2790836 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis of T cell dynamics in humans is challenging and mouse models can be important tools for characterizing T cell dynamic processes. In a paper just published in Journal of Biology, Marques et al. suggest that a mouse model with its activated CD4(+) T cells are deleted has relevance for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Vrisekoop
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr MSC-1892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr MSC-1892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr MSC-1892, Bethesda, MD, USA
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