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Adhikari BC, Ketan B, Patil R, Choi EH, Park KC. Optimization of vertically aligned carbon nanotube beam trajectory with the help of focusing electrode in the microchannel plate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15630. [PMID: 37730759 PMCID: PMC10511471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The focusing electrode plays an important role to reduce the electron beam trajectory with low dispersion and high brightness. This article summarizes the importance of the vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube effect with the focusing electrode. First of all, the effect of electron beam trajectory is studied with the different heights, hole sizes, and applied voltage of the focusing electrode by the opera 3D simulation. The field emission electron beam spot is captured in the microchannel plate which helps to reduce the signal noise effect and damage of CNT tips by the joule heating effect. The high-dense bright spot is optimized at the focusing electrode hole size of 2 mm, and the height of 1 mm from the gate mesh electrode at the low bias voltage of - 200 V without the loss of current. The FWHM of the electron beam is calculated 0.9 mm with its opening angle of 0.9° which could be applicable in high-resolution multi-electron beam microscopy and nano-focused X-ray system technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwa Chandra Adhikari
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhotkar Ketan
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravindra Patil
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Chang Park
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Adhikari BC, Ketan B, Kim JS, Yoo ST, Choi EH, Park KC. Beam Trajectory Analysis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Emitters with a Microchannel Plate. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4313. [PMID: 36500936 PMCID: PMC9738669 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are essential to studying high current density, low dispersion, and high brightness. Vertically aligned 14 × 14 CNT emitters are fabricated as an island by sputter coating, photolithography, and the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. Scanning electron microscopy is used to analyze the morphology structures with an average height of 40 µm. The field emission microscopy image is captured on the microchannel plate (MCP). The role of the microchannel plate is to determine how the high-density electron beam spot is measured under the variation of voltage and exposure time. The MCP enhances the field emission current near the threshold voltage and protects the CNT from irreversible damage during the vacuum arc. The high-density electron beam spot is measured with an FWHM of 2.71 mm under the variation of the applied voltage and the exposure time, respectively, which corresponds to the real beam spot. This configuration produces the beam trajectory with low dispersion under the proper field emission, which could be applicable to high-resolution multi-beam electron microscopy and high-resolution X-ray imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwa Chandra Adhikari
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhotkar Ketan
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Yoo
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center (PBRC), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Chang Park
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Gerasimenko AY, Kuksin AV, Shaman YP, Kitsyuk EP, Fedorova YO, Murashko DT, Shamanaev AA, Eganova EM, Sysa AV, Savelyev MS, Telyshev DV, Pavlov AA, Glukhova OE. Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes-Graphene Nanostructures: Modeling, Formation, Characterization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12162812. [PMID: 36014677 PMCID: PMC9412346 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A technology for the formation and bonding with a substrate of hybrid carbon nanostructures from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by laser radiation is proposed. Molecular dynamics modeling by the real-time time-dependent density functional tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method made it possible to reveal the mechanism of field emission centers formation in carbon nanostructures layers. Laser radiation stimulates the formation of graphene-nanotube covalent contacts and also induces a dipole moment of hybrid nanostructures, which ensures their orientation along the force lines of the radiation field. The main mechanical and emission characteristics of the formed hybrid nanostructures were determined. By Raman spectroscopy, the effect of laser radiation energy on the defectiveness of all types of layers formed from nanostructures was determined. Laser exposure increased the hardness of all samples more than twice. Maximum hardness was obtained for hybrid nanostructure with a buffer layer (bl) of rGO and the main layer of SWCNT-rGO(bl)-SWCNT and was 54.4 GPa. In addition, the adhesion of rGO to the substrate and electron transport between the substrate and rGO(bl)-SWCNT increased. The rGO(bl)-SWCNT cathode with an area of ~1 mm2 showed a field emission current density of 562 mA/cm2 and stability for 9 h at a current of 1 mA. The developed technology for the formation of hybrid nanostructures can be used both to create high-performance and stable field emission cathodes and in other applications where nanomaterials coating with good adhesion, strength, and electrical conductivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu. Gerasimenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Kuksin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P. Shaman
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 32A, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Kitsyuk
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia O. Fedorova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis T. Murashko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemiy A. Shamanaev
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena M. Eganova
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 32A, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Sysa
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex “Technological Centre”, Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Savelyev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Telyshev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology MIET, Shokin Square 1, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Pavlov
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 32A, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E. Glukhova
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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Atomic Layer Deposition of Inorganic Films for the Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays and Their Hybrids. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs) have many excellent properties and show great potential for various applications. Recently, there has been a desire to grow VACNTs on nonplanar surfaces and synthesize core-sheath-structured VACNT–inorganic hybrids. To achieve this aim, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been extensively applied, especially due to its atomic-scale thickness controllability and excellent conformality of films on three-dimensional (3D) structures with high aspect ratios. In this paper, the ALD of catalyst thin films for the growth of VACNTs, such as Co3O4, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, was first mentioned. After that, the ALD of thin films for the synthesis of VACNT–inorganic hybrids was also discussed. To highlight the importance of these hybrids, their potential applications in supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and sensors have also been reviewed.
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Urban F, Passacantando M, Giubileo F, Iemmo L, Di Bartolomeo A. Transport and Field Emission Properties of MoS₂ Bilayers. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29518057 PMCID: PMC5869642 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the electrical characterization and field emission properties of MoS2 bilayers deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. Current–voltage characteristics are measured in the back-gate transistor configuration, with Ti contacts patterned by electron beam lithography. We confirm the n-type character of as-grown MoS2 and we report normally-on field-effect transistors. Local characterization of field emission is performed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with piezo-controlled tungsten tips working as the anode and the cathode. We demonstrate that an electric field of ~200 V/μm is able to extract current from the flat part of MoS2 bilayers, which can therefore be conveniently exploited for field emission applications even in low field enhancement configurations. We show that a Fowler–Nordheim model, modified to account for electron confinement in two-dimensional (2D) materials, fully describes the emission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urban
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Passacantando
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, and CNR-SPIN L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Iemmo
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Physics "E.R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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Giubileo F, Di Bartolomeo A, Iemmo L, Luongo G, Passacantando M, Koivusalo E, Hakkarainen TV, Guina M. Field Emission from Self-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7090275. [PMID: 28926948 PMCID: PMC5618386 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report observations of field emission from self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on Si (111). The measurements were taken inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled tungsten tip functioning as anode. Experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the Fowler-Nordheim theory. We demonstrate stable current up to 10-7 A emitted from the tip of single nanowire, with a field enhancement factor β of up to 112 at anode-cathode distance d = 350 nm. A linear dependence of β on the anode-cathode distance was found. We also show that the presence of a Ga catalyst droplet suppresses the emission of current from the nanowire tip. This allowed for the detection of field emission from the nanowire sidewalls, which occurred with a reduced field enhancement factor and stability. This study further extends GaAs technology to vacuum electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giubileo
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n.132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n.132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- Physics Department 'E. R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Laura Iemmo
- Physics Department 'E. R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Luongo
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n.132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- Physics Department 'E. R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Passacantando
- Department of Physical and Chemical Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Eero Koivusalo
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Teemu V Hakkarainen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mircea Guina
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland.
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Tripathi N, Islam SS. A new approach for orientation-controlled growth of CNTs: an in-depth analysis on the role of oxygen plasma treatment to catalyst. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-017-0549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang J, Li D, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Dong C. Wide-range Vacuum Measurements from MWNT Field Emitters Grown Directly on Stainless Steel Substrates. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:5. [PMID: 26738501 PMCID: PMC4703604 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The field emission properties and the vacuum measurement application are investigated from the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) grown directly on catalytic stainless steel substrates. The MWNT emitters present excellent emission properties after the acid treatment of the substrate. The MWNT gauge is able to work down to the extreme-high vacuum (XHV) range with linear measurement performance in wide range from 10(-11) to 10(-6) Torr. A modulating grid is attempted with improved gauge sensitivity. The extension of the lower pressure limit is attributed largely to low outgassing effect due to direct growth of MWNTs and justified design of the electron source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Micro-nano Structures and Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, China
| | - Detian Li
- Institute of Micro-nano Structures and Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, China.
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institution of Physics, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Micro-nano Structures and Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Cheng
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institution of Physics, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changkun Dong
- Institute of Micro-nano Structures and Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, China.
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institution of Physics, Lanzhou, China.
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Su WB, Lin CL, Chan WY, Lu SM, Chang CS. Field enhancement factors and self-focus functions manifesting in field emission resonances in scanning tunneling microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175705. [PMID: 26983371 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Field emission (FE) resonance (or Gundlach oscillation) in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a phenomenon in which the FE electrons emitted from the microscope tip couple into the quantized standing-wave states within the STM tunneling gap. Although the occurrence of FE resonance peaks can be semi-quantitatively described using the triangular potential well model, it cannot explain the experimental observation that the number of resonance peaks may change under the same emission current. This study demonstrates that the aforementioned variation can be adequately explained by introducing a field enhancement factor that is related to the local electric field at the tip apex. The peak number of FE resonances increases with the field enhancement factor. The peak intensity of the FE resonance on the reconstructed Au(111) surface varies in the face-center cubic, hexagonal-close-packed, and ridge regions, thus providing the contrast in the mapping through FE resonances. The mapping contrast is demonstrated to be nearly independent of the tip-sample distance, implying that the FE electron beam is not divergent because of a self-focus function intrinsically involved in the STM configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Su
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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