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Maslat AO, Al-Mahmood OM, Al Khawaja NM, Al-Shdefat R. Association of Genetic polymorphisms of EDN1 gene and Endothelin-1 level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Jordanian population. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23676. [PMID: 38187330 PMCID: PMC10767158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors, encoded by the endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene. It has been shown to play an important role in different diseases including Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EDN1 gene are related to microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. This study aims to determine the association between two selected EDN1 gene polymorphisms (rs2071942 G > A, rs5370 G > T) and T2DM in the Jordanian population, also to measure the level of ET-1 in T2DM. The samples were collected from the National Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Genetics- Amman, Jordan, including 97 patients with T2DM and 80 healthy individuals. PCR-RFLP was used for SNPs genotyping. ET-1 level was determined using IQELISA kits. The univariate analysis for both SNPs didn't show statistically significant differences in the genotype or allele frequencies among T2DM cases as well as in controls. The same results were obtained regarding ET-1 concentration. The subgroup analysis by sex showed that the genotype and allelic frequencies of rs5370, rs2071942 G/A polymorphisms were not significantly different in males and females. Multivariate Analysis adjusted for various confounders didn't express statistical significance difference for occurrences of both SNPs. However, height and gender showed to be significant risk factors for occurrences of heterozygote alleles in both SNPs. On the other hand, the duration of diabetes has appeared to be related to the recessive allele in rs5370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Maslat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Jordan and Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Jordan
| | - Omar M. Al-Mahmood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Jordan
| | - Nahla M. Al Khawaja
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Jordan University, Jordan
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Yang M, Wu Y, Yang XB, Liu T, Zhang Y, Zhuo Y, Luo Y, Zhang N. Establishing a prediction model of severe acute mountain sickness using machine learning of support vector machine recursive feature elimination. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4633. [PMID: 36944699 PMCID: PMC10030784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute mountain sickness (sAMS) can be life-threatening, but little is known about its genetic basis. The study was aimed to explore the genetic susceptibility of sAMS for the purpose of prediction, using microarray data from 112 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of 21 subjects, who were exposed to very high altitude (5260 m), low barometric pressure (406 mmHg), and hypobaric hypoxia (VLH) at various timepoints. We found that exposure to VLH activated gene expression in leukocytes, resulting in an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio that interacted with other phenotypic risk factors at the genetic level. A total of 2286 underlying risk genes were input into the support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) system for machine learning, and a model with satisfactory predictive accuracy and clinical applicability was established for sAMS screening using ten featured genes with significant predictive power. Five featured genes (EPHB3, DIP2B, RHEBL1, GALNT13, and SLC8A2) were identified upstream of hypoxia- and/or inflammation-related pathways mediated by microRNAs as potential biomarkers for sAMS. The established prediction model of sAMS holds promise for clinical application as a genetic screening tool for sAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Xing-Biao Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rheumatology Center of Integrated Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China
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Palmo T, Abbasi BA, Chanana N, Sharma K, Faruq M, Thinlas T, Abdin MZ, Pasha Q. The EDN1 Missense Variant rs5370 G > T Regulates Adaptation and Maladaptation under Hypobaric Hypoxia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11174. [PMID: 36141455 PMCID: PMC9517604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin 1 (EDN1) encodes a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, ET1, to maintain vascular homeostasis and redistribution of tissue blood flow during exercise. One of the EDN1 missense polymorphisms, rs5370 G/T, has strongly been associated with cardiopulmonary diseases. This study investigated the impact of rs5370 polymorphism in high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) disorder or maladaptation and adaptation physiology in a well-characterized case-control study of high-altitude and low-altitude populations comprising 310 samples each of HAPE-patients, HAPE-free controls and native highlanders. The rs5370 polymorphism was genotyped, and the gene expression and plasma level of EDN1 were evaluated. The functional relevance of each allele was investigated in the human embryonic kidney 293 cell line after exposure to hypoxia and computationally. The T allele was significantly more prevalent in HAPE-p compared to HAPE-f and HLs. The EDN1 gene expression and ET1 bio-level were significantly elevated in HAPE-p compared to controls. Compared to the G allele, the T allele was significantly associated with elevated levels of ET-1 in all three study groups and cells exposed to hypoxia. The in silico studies further confirmed the stabilizing effect of the T allele on the structural integrity and function of ET1 protein. The ET1 rs5370 T allele is associated with an increased concentration of ET-1 in vivo and in vitro, establishing it as a potent marker in the adaptation/maladaptation physiology under the high-altitude environment. This could also be pertinent in endurance exercises at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Palmo
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bilal Ahmed Abbasi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Neha Chanana
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Tashi Thinlas
- Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh 194101, Ladakh, India
| | - Malik Z. Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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Droma Y, Hanaoka M, Kinjo T, Kobayashi N, Yasuo M, Kitaguchi Y, Ota M. The blunted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) response to high-altitude hypoxia and genetic variants in the promoter region of the VEGFA gene in Sherpa highlanders. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13893. [PMID: 35996666 PMCID: PMC9392454 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sherpa highlanders demonstrate extraordinary tolerance to hypoxia at high altitudes, which may be achieved by mechanisms promoting microcirculatory blood flow and capillary density at high altitudes for restoring oxygen supply to tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are important signaling proteins involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis which are stimulated by hypoxia. We hypothesize that the VEGF-A, the major member of the VEGF family, and the gene encoding VEGF-A (VEGFA) play a part in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Sherpa highlanders. Methods Fifty-one Sherpa highlanders in Namche Bazaar village at a high altitude of 3,440 meters (m) above sea level and 76 non-Sherpa lowlanders in Kathmandu city at 1,300 m in Nepal were recruited for the study. Venous blood was sampled to obtain plasma and extract DNA from each subject. The plasma VEGF-A concentrations were measured and five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs699947, rs833061, rs1570360, rs2010963, and rs3025039) in the VEGFA were genotyped. The VEGF-A levels and allelic frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the two populations. Results A significant difference in oxygen saturation (SpO2) was observed between the two ethnic groups locating at different elevations (93.7 ± 0.2% in Sherpas at 3,440 m vs. 96.7 ± 0.2% in non-Sherpas at 1,300 m, P < 0.05). The plasma VEGF-A concentration in the Sherpas at high altitude was on the same level as that in the non-Sherpas at low altitude (262.8 ± 17.9 pg/ml vs. 266.8 ± 21.8 pg/ml, P = 0.88). This result suggested that the plasma VEGF-A concentration in Sherpa highlanders was stable despite a high-altitude hypoxic stimulus and that therefore the Sherpas exhibited a phenotype of blunted response to hypoxic stress. Moreover, the allele frequencies of the SNPs rs699947, rs833061, and rs2010963 in the promoter region of the VEGFA were different between the Sherpa highlanders and non-Sherpa lowlanders (corrected P values = 3.30 ×10-5, 4.95 ×10-4, and 1.19 ×10-7, respectively). Conclusions Sherpa highlanders exhibited a blunted VEGF-A response to hypoxia at high altitudes, which was speculated to be associated with the distinctive genetic variations of the SNPs and haplotype in the promoter region of VEGFA in Sherpa highlanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunden Droma
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hanaoka
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takumi Kinjo
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Kobayashi
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuo
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitaguchi
- The First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masao Ota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Genetic polymorphisms associated with high-altitude adaptation in a Baltí population. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bottura RM, Lima GHO, Hipolide DC, Pesquero JB. Association between ACTN3 and acute mountain sickness. Genes Environ 2019; 41:18. [PMID: 31867082 PMCID: PMC6902444 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the process of acclimatization, when our organism needs to adjust several metabolic processes in the attempt of establishing a better oxygenation, it is normal that individuals present some symptoms that can lead to the disease of the mountain. However, not everyone presents such symptoms and individuals native of high altitudes regions present genetic differences compared to natives of low altitudes which can generate a better acute adaptation. One of these differences is the higher proportion of type I muscle fibers, which may originate from the R577X polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene. The aim of this study was to compare the response of individuals with different ACTN3 genotypes at simulated 4500 m altitude on the presence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) symptoms. Twenty-three volunteers (RR = 7, RX = 8, XX = 8) spent 4 hours exposed to a simulated altitude of 4500 m inside a normobaric hypoxia chamber. Lactate and glucose concentrations, SpO2, heart rate and the symptoms of AMS were analyzed immediately before entering the chamber and at each hour of exposure. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software. Results Our results point to an association between AMS symptoms and the presence of R allele from R577X polymorphism. Conclusion We conclude that individuals with at least one R allele of the R577X polymorphism seems to be more susceptible to the effects of hypoxia during the acclimatization process and may develop AMS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Muller Bottura
- 1Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP, Botucatu Street, 862, First Floor, Vila Clementino, SP, ZIP, São Paulo, 04023062 Brazil
| | | | - Debora Cristina Hipolide
- 1Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP, Botucatu Street, 862, First Floor, Vila Clementino, SP, ZIP, São Paulo, 04023062 Brazil
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Genetic variability of five ADRB2 polymorphisms among Mexican Amerindian ethnicities and the Mestizo population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225030. [PMID: 31790415 PMCID: PMC6886845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mexican population is characterized by high and particular admixture, and the picture of variants associated with disease remains unclear. Here we investigated the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Mexican population. We focused on two non-synonymous and three synonymous SNPs in the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2), which plays key roles in energy balance regulation. These SNPs were genotyped in 2,011 Mexican Amerindians (MAs) belonging to 62 ethnic groups and in 1,980 geographically matched Mexican Mestizos (MEZs). The frequency distribution of all five ADRB2 variants significantly differed between MAs, MEZs, and other continental populations (CPs) from the 1000 Genomes database. Allele frequencies of the three synonymous SNPs rs1042717A, rs1042718A, and rs1042719C were significantly higher in Mexican individuals, particularly among MAs, compared to in the other analyzed populations (P<0.05). The non-synonymous ADRB2 Glu27 allele (rs1042714G), which is associated with several common conditions, showed the lowest frequency in MAs (0.03) compared to other populations worldwide. Among MEZs, this allele showed a frequency of 0.15, intermediate between that in MAs and in Iberians (0.43). Moreover, Glu27 was the only SNP exhibiting a geographic gradient within the MEZ population (from 0.22 to 0.11), reflecting admixed mestizo ancestry across the country. Population differentiation analysis demonstrated that Glu27 had the highest FST value in MAs compared with Europeans (CEU) (0.71), and the lowest between MAs and Japanese (JPT) (0.01), even lower than that observed between MAs and MEZs (0.08). This analysis demonstrated the genetic diversity among Amerindian ethnicities, with the most extreme FST value (0.34) found between the Nahuatls from Morelos and the Seris. This is the first study of ADRB2 genetic variants among MA ethnicities. Our findings add to our understanding of the genetic contribution to variability in disease susceptibility in admixed populations.
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Ding X, Chen Y, Yang J, Li G, Niu H, He R, Zhao J, Ning H. Characteristics of Familial Lung Cancer in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China. Front Oncol 2018; 8:637. [PMID: 30619770 PMCID: PMC6305406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer has inherited susceptibility and show familial aggregation, the characteristics of familial lung cancer exhibit population heterogeneity. Despite previous studies, familial lung cancer in China's Yunnan-Guizhou plateau remains understudied. Methods: Between 2015 and 2017, 1,023 lung cancer patients (residents of Yunnan-Guizhou plateau) were enrolled with no limitation on other parameters, 152 subjects had familial lung cancer. Clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed and compared, 4,754 lung cancer patients from NCI-GDC were used to represent a general population. Results: Familial lung cancer (FLC) subjects showed unique characters: early-onset; increased rate of female, adenocarcinoma, stage IV and other cancer history; unbalance in anatomic sites; all ruling out significant difference in smoking status. Unbalanced distribution of co-existing diseases or symptoms was also discovered. FLC patients were more likely to develop benign lesions (polyps, nodules, cysts) early in life, especially early-growth of multiple pulmonary nodules at higher frequency. Typical diseases with family history like diabetes and hypertension were also increased in FLC population. Compared to GDC data, our subject population was younger: the age peak of our FLC group was in 50-59; our sporadic group had an age peak around 60; while GDC patients' age peak was in 60-69. Importantly, the biggest difference happened in age 40-49: our FLC group and sporadic group had 3 times and 2 times higher ratio than GDC population, respectively. Moreover, the age peaks of our FLC males and FLC females were both in 50-59; while our sporadic females had the age peak in 50-59, much earlier than sporadic males (around 60-69); reflecting gender-specific or age-specific characters in our subject population. Conclusions: Familial lung cancer in China's Yunnan-Guizhou plateau showed unique clinicopathologic characters, differences were found in gender, age, histologic type, TNM stage and co-existing diseases or symptoms. Identification of hereditary factors which lead to increased lung cancer risk will be a challenge of both scientific and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Jiapeng Yang
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Guangjian Li
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Huatao Niu
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Rui He
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Huanqi Ning
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, China
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Paul S, Gangwar A, Bhargava K, Khurana P, Ahmad Y. Diagnosis and prophylaxis for high-altitude acclimatization: Adherence to molecular rationale to evade high-altitude illnesses. Life Sci 2018; 203:171-176. [PMID: 29698652 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of zero side-effect, prescription-less prophylactics and diagnostic markers of acclimatization status lead to many suffering from high altitude illnesses. Although not fully translated to the clinical setting, many strategies and interventions are being developed that are aimed at providing an objective and tangible answer regarding the acclimatization status of an individual as well as zero side-effect prophylaxis that is cost-effective and does not require medical supervision. This short review brings together the twin problems associated with high-altitude acclimatization, i.e. acclimatization status and zero side-effect, easy-to-use prophylaxis, for the reader to comprehend as cogs of the same phenomenon. We describe current research aimed at preventing all the high-altitude illnesses by considering them an assault on redox and energy homeostasis at the molecular level. This review also entails some proteins capable of diagnosing either acclimatization or high-altitude illnesses. The future strategies based on bioinformatics and systems biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Anamika Gangwar
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Pankaj Khurana
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India.
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Ahmed SIY, Ibrahim ME, Khalil EAG. High altitude and pre-eclampsia: Adaptation or protection. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:128-132. [PMID: 28673571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive genes of high altitude can also be protective in diseases like preeclampsia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer, Parkinson Disease and Cancer, which may result from deregulation of hypoxia pathway. The example of pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy were studied to see if the hypoxia-induced disorders can be dragged towards adaptation. Here, we analyse the genetic variants that are known to be associated with adaptation to high altitude hypoxia. Our results demonstrated that the genetic variants of EPAS1, ADAM9, and EGLN1 increased approximately three-fold in the cases of preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancy. This may suggest the ability of the hypoxic cells of preeclampsia to respond to the high selective pressure of hypoxia with a higher degree of genetic variability, which can lead to adaptation. Signs of "acclimatisation" were seen both in cases and controls but with higher frequencies in controls. This can be a new approach that follows patients' genetic selection and susceptibility of individuals for adaptability, which could be enhanced by drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Y Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Muntaser E Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eltahir A G Khalil
- Field & Research Stations, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Malhotra S, Preet K, Tomar A, Rawat S, Singh S, Singh I, Varte LR, Chatterjee T, Pal MS, Sarkar S. Polygenic study of endurance-associated genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T) in male Gorkha soldiers. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:17. [PMID: 28444615 PMCID: PMC5405041 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Gorkhas, a sub-mountainous population of the Himalayan region, are known for strength and bravery. In the present study when “Gorkha” is used without brackets, we are mentioning Gorkhas of Tibeto-Burman origin. Physical capability, strength and endurance are important components of fitness associated with genetic traits. The aim of this study was to examine the endurance potential of male Gorkha soldiers, based on endurance-related genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg (R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T). Methods Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 374 male Gorkha soldiers (Tibeto-Burman). These frequencies were compared with frequencies obtained from Gorkha (Indo-Aryan), high-altitude natives (Tibeto-Burman) and Indian lowlanders (Indo-Aryan). “Total genotype score” (TGS) was calculated from accumulated combination of polymorphisms with maximum value “100” for theoretically “optimal” polygenic score. Probability of occurrence of “optimal” endurance profile was also determined. Results ACE II genotypic frequency was highest in Tamangs followed by Gurungs, Rais, Limbus and Magars. No statistical difference in genotypic and allelic frequency of ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X) was noted within the groups. Rais showed the highest CKMM A allele frequency (0.908) compared to other Gorkha (Tibeto-Burman) groups. Limbus and Tamangs showed the highest eNOS G allele frequency (0.938 and 0.915, respectively) compared to that of other groups. Probability of male Gorkha soldiers possessing a theoretically optimal polygenic endurance profile for four candidate polymorphisms was ~3.35% (1 in 30). Four percent of the population of male Gorkha soldiers (15 in 374) exhibited an optimal TGS 100, and 16% exhibited TGS 87 for endurance compared to male Indian soldiers belonging to the lowland (Indo-Aryan) and Gorkha (Indo-Aryan) populations suggesting an overall more “favourable” polygenic profile in the male Gorkha soldier (Tibeto-Burman) population. Conclusions This study presents evidence of higher frequency of endurance-associated genes in the Gorkhas implying thereby that such genetically endowed individuals from the population may be selected and trained for achieving excellence in endurance-related elite sports activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Malhotra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Kiran Preet
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Arvind Tomar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE). Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sayar Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Inderjeet Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - L Robert Varte
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Tirthankar Chatterjee
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - M S Pal
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Soma Sarkar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India.
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