More comprehensive forensic genetic marker analyses for accurate human remains identification using massively parallel DNA sequencing

Y-STR analysis of highly degraded DNA from skeletal remains over 70 years old

The goal of the following study is to clarify whether the skeletal remains over 70 years old from missing persons and their alleged relatives shared identical Y-STR loci. Nowadays, advances in ancient DNA extraction techniques and approaches of using multiple different Y-STRs have significantly increased the possibility of obtaining DNA profiles from highly degraded skeletal remains. Given the ages and conditions of the skeletal remains, ancient DNA extraction methods can be used to maximize the probability of DNA recovery. Considering that information about distant relatives is more relevant for long-term missing persons and alleged family members are male, Y-STR loci analysis is considered the most appropriate and informative approach for determining paternal lineage relationship. In this study, Y-STR genotypes obtained from these alleged relatives were identical to each other and to the alleles of missing persons' consensus profiles at more than 22 loci examined, whilst not being found in Y-STR population database from Y-Chromosome STR Haplotype Reference Database. Therefore, Missing Person No.7 and Missing Person No.18 have a patrilineal relationship with reference samples from Family1 and Family2, respectively. In addition, the fact that Y-STR haplotypes obtained from skeletal remains of missing persons and reference samples are not found in the Han Chinese people from East Asian demonstrates its rarity and further supports a paternal lineage relationship amongst them.

The forensic landscape and the population genetic analyses of Hainan Li based on massively parallel sequencing DNA profiling

Due to the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait by climate change and marine transition, Hainan island was isolated from the mainland southern China during the Last Glacial Maximum. Hainan island, located at the southernmost part of China and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula by the Qiongzhou Strait, laid on one of the modern human northward migration routes from Southeast Asia to East Asia. The Hlai language-speaking Li minority, the second largest population after Han Chinese in Hainan island, is the direct descendants of the initial migrants in Hainan island and has unique ethnic properties and derived characteristics; however, the forensic-associated studies on Hainan Li population are still insufficient. Hence, 136 Hainan Li individuals were genotyped in this study using the MPS-based ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit (DNA Primer Set A, DPMA) to characterize the forensic genetic polymorphism landscape, and DNA profiles were obtained from 152 different molecular genetic markers (27 autosomal STRs, 24 Y-STRs, 7 X-STRs, and 94 iiSNPs). A total of 419 distinct length variants and 586 repeat sequence sub-variants, with 31 novel alleles (at 17 loci), were identified across the 58 STR loci from the DNA profiles of Hainan Li population. We evaluated the forensic characteristics and efficiencies of DPMA, demonstrating that the STRs and iiSNPs in DPMA were highly polymorphic in Hainan Li population and could be employed in forensic applications. In addition, we set up three datasets, which included the genetic data of (i) iiSNPs (27 populations, 2640 individuals), (ii) Y-STRs (42 populations, 8281 individuals), and (iii) Y haplogroups (123 populations, 4837 individuals) along with the population ancestries and language families, to perform population genetic analyses separately from different perspectives. In conclusion, the phylogenetic analyses indicated that Hainan Li, with a southern East Asia origin and Tai-Kadai language-speaking language, is an isolated population relatively. But the genetic pool of Hainan Li influenced by the limited gene flows from other Tai-Kadai populations and Hainan populations. Furthermore, the establishment of isolated population models will be beneficial to clarify the exquisite population structures and develop specific genetic markers for subpopulations in forensic genetic fields.

Evaluation of a custom GeneRead™ massively parallel sequencing assay with 210 ancestry informative SNPs using the Ion S5™ and MiSeq platforms

A custom GeneRead DNAseq SNP panel with 210 markers was evaluated using the Ion S5 and MiSeq sequencing platforms. Sensitivity, PCR cycle number, and the use of half volume of reagents for target enrichment and library preparation were tested. Furthermore, genotype concordance between results obtained with the different sequencing platforms and with known profiles generated using other sequencing assays was analysed. The GeneRead DNASeq SNP assay gave reproducible results with an input of 200 pg DNA on both platforms. A total of 204 loci were successfully sequenced. Three loci failed completely in the PCR amplification, and three additional loci displayed frequent locus drop-outs due to low read depth or high heterozygote imbalance. Overall, the read depth across the loci was more well-balanced with the MiSeq, while the heterozygote balance was less variable with the Ion S5. Noise levels were low on both platforms (median< 0.2 %). Two simple criteria for genotyping were applied: A minimum threshold of 45 reads and an acceptable heterozygote balance range of 0.3-3.0. Complete concordance between platforms was observed except for three genotypes in one of the poorly performing loci, rs1470637. This locus had relatively low read depths on both platforms, skewed heterozygote balance, and frequent locus drop-outs. There was also full genotype concordance between the results from the GeneRead assay and known profiles generated with the QIAseq and Ion AmpliSeq assays. The few discordant results were either due to locus drop-outs in the poorly performing loci or allele drop-outs in the QIAseq assay. Profiles with a minimum of 179 SNPs were obtained from four challenging case work samples (blood swabs, bone, or blood from a corpse). Overall, the GeneRead DNASeq assay showed considerable potential and could provide a reliable method for SNP genotyping in cases involving identification of individuals, prediction of phenotypic traits, and ancestry inference.

Massively parallel sequencing and STR analysis from partial bloody fingerprints enhanced with columnar thin films

Fingerprint enhancement often includes either physical or chemical approaches, such as fingerprint powder or cyanoacrylate fuming, to improve the quality of a fingerprint for visualization and analysis. However, these methods become more complex when fingerprints are partial bloody, and these procedures may interfere with downstream DNA analysis. Columnar thin film (CTF) deposition is a type of nanotechnology that utilizes an evaporant material to enhance a fingerprint under low-pressure conditions. Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is the traditional method employed in crime laboratories. When DNA is of poor quality and quantity, like that often obtained from fingerprints, little to no genetic information may be obtained. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be used to glean additional information when STR analysis fails. In this pilot study, 100 partial bloody fingerprints were collected from two donors and deposited on five different crime scene substrates, in which half were enhanced with CTFs and were graded for quality by an IAI-certified latent fingerprint examiner. CTF-developed fingerprints, on average, had higher grades compared to non-developed partial bloody fingerprints. STR analysis using Fusion 6C was performed to assess inhibition from the evaporant materials, in which no inhibition was observed. Sequencing of SNPs using the Precision ID Identity Panel was also employed, in which genetic information that could not be obtained from STRs was acquired with SNPs. Various sample types (i.e. pristine, low quality, and contaminated) utilized in this project demonstrated the acceptable performance of the Precision ID Identity Panel.

Improved STR analysis of degraded DNA from human skeletal remains through in-house MPS-STR panel

DNA analysis of degraded samples and low-copy number DNA derived from skeletal remains, one of the most challenging forensic tasks, is common in disaster victim identification and genetic analysis of historical materials. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) is a useful technique for STR analysis that enables the sequencing of smaller amplicons compared with conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE), which is valuable for the analysis of degraded DNA. In this study, 92 samples of human skeletal remains (70+ years postmortem) were tested using an in-house MPS-STR system designed for the analysis of degraded DNA. Multiple intrinsic factors of DNA from skeletal remains that affect STR typing were assessed. The recovery of STR alleles was influenced more by DNA input amount for amplification rather than DNA degradation, which may be attributed from the high quantity and quality of libraries prepared for MPS run. In addition, the higher success rate of STR typing was achieved using the MPS-STR system compared with a commercial CE-STR system by providing smaller sized fragments for amplification. The results can provide constructive information for the analysis of degraded sample, and this MPS-STR system will contribute in forensic application with regard to skeletal remain sample investigation.

Differentiation of Hispanic biogeographic ancestry with 80 ancestry informative markers

Ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can identify biogeographic ancestry (BGA); however, population substructure and relatively recent admixture can make differentiation difficult in heterogeneous Hispanic populations. Utilizing unrelated individuals from the Genomic Origins and Admixture in Latinos dataset (GOAL, n = 160), we designed an 80 SNP panel (Setser80) that accurately depicts BGA through STRUCTURE and PCA. We compared our Setser80 to the Seldin and Kidd panels via resampling simulations, which models data based on allele frequencies. We incorporated Admixed American 1000 Genomes populations (1000 G, n = 347), into a combined populations dataset to determine robustness. Using multinomial logistic regression (MLR), we compared the 3 panels on the combined dataset and found overall MLR classification accuracies: 93.2% Setser80, 87.9% Seldin panel, 71.4% Kidd panel. Naïve Bayesian classification had similar results on the combined dataset: 91.5% Setser80, 84.7% Seldin panel, 71.1% Kidd panel. Although Peru and Mexico were absent from panel design, we achieved high classification accuracy on the combined populations for Peru (MLR = 100%, naïve Bayes = 98%), and Mexico (MLR = 90%, naïve Bayes = 83.4%) as evidence of the portability of the Setser80. Our results indicate the Setser80 SNP panel can reliably classify BGA for individuals of presumed Hispanic origin.

The challenge of predicting human pigmentation traits in degraded bone samples with the MPS-based HIrisPlex-S system

Identification of human remains is an important part of human DNA analysis studies. STR and mitochondrial DNA markers are well suited for the analysis of degraded biological samples including bone material. However, these DNA markers may be useless when reference material is not available. In these cases, predictive DNA analysis can support the process of human identification by providing investigative leads. Forensic DNA phenotyping has progressed significantly by offering new methods based on massively parallel sequencing technology, but the frequent degradation processes observed in skeletal remains can make analysis of such samples challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of a recently established Ion AmpliSeq^TM HIrisPlex-S panel using Ion Torrent technology for analyzing bone samples that show different levels of DNA degradation. In total, 63 bone samples at post-mortem intervals up to almost 80 years were genotyped and eye, hair and skin colour predictions were performed using the HIrisPlex-S models. Following the recommended coverage thresholds, it was possible to establish full DNA profiles comprising of 41 DNA variants for 35 samples (55.6%). For 5 samples (7.9%) no DNA profiles were generated. The remaining 23 samples (36.5%) produced partial profiles and showed a clear underperformance of 3 HIrisPlex-S SNPs - rs1545397 (OCA2), rs1470608 (OCA2) and rs10756819 (BNC2), all used for skin colour prediction only. None of the 23 samples gave complete genotypes needed for skin colour prediction was obtained, and in 7 of them (25.9%) the 3 underperformed SNPs were the cause. At the same time, the prediction of eye and hair colour using complete IrisPlex and HIrisPlex profiles could be made for these 23 samples in 20 (87.0%) and 12 cases (52.2%), respectively. Complete HIrisPlex-S profiles were generated from as little as 49 pg of template DNA. Five samples for which the HIrisPlex-S analysis failed, consistently failed in standard STR analysis. Importantly, the 3 underperforming SNPs produced significantly lower number of reads in good quality samples. Nonetheless, the AUC loss resulting from missing data for these 3 SNPs is not considered large (≤0.004) and the prediction of pigmentation from partial profiles is also available in the current HPS tool. The study shows that DNA degradation and the resulting loss of data are the most serious challenge to DNA phenotyping of skeletal remains. Although the newly developed HIrisPlex-S panel has been successfully validated in the current research, primer redesign for the 3 underperforming SNPs in the MPS design should be considered in the future.

Utility of the Ion S5™ and MiSeq FGx™ sequencing platforms to characterize challenging human remains

Often in missing persons' and mass disaster cases, the samples remaining for analysis are hard tissues such as bones, teeth, nails, and hair. These remains may have been exposed to harsh environmental conditions, which pose challenges for downstream genotyping. Short tandem repeat analysis (STR) via capillary electrophoresis (CE) is still the gold standard for DNA typing; however, a newer technology known as massively parallel sequencing (MPS) could improve upon our current techniques by typing different and more markers in a single analysis, and consequently improving the power of discrimination. In this study, bone and tooth samples exposed to a variety of DNA insults (cremation, embalming, decomposition, thermal degradation, and fire) were assessed and sequenced using the Precision ID chemistry and a custom AmpliSeq™ STR and iiSNP panel on the Ion S5™ System, and the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit on the MiSeq FGx™ system, as well as the GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification Kit on the 3500™ Genetic Analyzer. The results demonstrated that using traditional CE-based genotyping performed as expected, producing a partial or full DNA profile for all samples, and that both sequencing chemistries and platforms were able to recover sufficient STR and SNP information from a majority of the same challenging samples. Run metrics including profile completeness and mean read depth produced good results with each system, considering the degree of damage of some samples. Most sample insults (except decomposed) produced similar numbers of alleles for both MPS systems. Comparable markers produced full concordance between the two platforms.

Mitochondrial DNA in human identification: a review

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) presents several characteristics useful for forensic studies, especially related to the lack of recombination, to a high copy number, and to matrilineal inheritance. mtDNA typing based on sequences of the control region or full genomic sequences analysis is used to analyze a variety of forensic samples such as old bones, teeth and hair, as well as other biological samples where the DNA content is low. Evaluation and reporting of the results requires careful consideration of biological issues as well as other issues such as nomenclature and reference population databases. In this work we review mitochondrial DNA profiling methods used for human identification and present their use in the main cases of humanidentification focusing on the most relevant issues for forensics.

Identity informative SNP associations in the UK Biobank

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are amenable to genotyping DNA from degraded, inhibited, and/or ancient substrates due to their relatively small amplicon size. Though they have clear advantages over traditional short tandem repeat (STR) typing for specific casework scenarios, the advances in massively parallel sequencing (MPS) have drastically increased the utility of this marker type. The biallelic nature of SNPs makes them individually less informative than STRs due to limited heterozygosity; however, in sufficiently large multiplexes, identity informative SNPs (iiSNPs) may produce combined random match probabilities comparable to STR typing. Multiple MPS library preparation kits now include iiSNPs and similar to STRs, these loci have been rigorously characterized during multiplex development. The relative accessibility of genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics enables re-investigation of forensically relevant targets in high-quality datasets. Here, 4085 GWASs from the UK Biobank European datasets (UKB; 787 ≤ N ≤ 361,194) were mined for iiSNPs typed by the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit (Verogen). Seven iiSNPs had genome-wide association (p ≤ 5 × 10^-8) with 17 phenotypes in UKB Europeans. Most notably, these relationships involve two outwardly visible characteristics: standing height (rs907100; β = 0.011, p = 1.35 × 10^-10) and hair/balding patterns (rs2399332; β = -0.009, p = 3.83 × 10^-8). The remaining associations involve red blood cell characteristics and measures of lung function. Though these traits are highly polygenic and the individual SNP effects described here have been refuted empirically, we describe the importance and ease of exploring high-quality, freely accessible data to continuously and robustly characterize new and existing forensically relevant loci.

Mixture deconvolution by massively parallel sequencing of microhaplotypes

Short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRs) are the standard markers for forensic human identification. STRs are highly polymorphic loci analyzed using a direct PCR-to-CE (capillary electrophoresis) approach. However, STRs have limitations particularly when dealing with complex mixtures. These include slippage of the polymerase during amplification causing stutter fragments that can be indistinguishable from minor contributor alleles, preferential amplification of shorter alleles, and limited number of loci that can be effectively co-amplified with CE. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS), by enabling a higher level of multiplexing and actual sequencing of the DNA, provides forensic practitioners an increased power of discrimination offered by the sequence of STR alleles and access to new sequence-based markers. Microhaplotypes (i.e., microhaps or MHs) are emerging multi-allelic loci of two or more SNPs within < 300 bp that are highly polymorphic, have alleles all of the same length, and do not generate stutter fragments. The growing number of loci described in the literature along with initial mixture investigations supports the potential for microhaps to aid in mixture interpretation and the purpose of this study was to demonstrate that practically. A panel of 36 microhaplotypes, selected from a set of over 130 loci, was tested with the Ion S5™ MPS platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific) on single-source samples, synthetic two-to-six person mixtures at different concentrations/contributor ratios, and on crime scene-like samples. The panel was tested both in multiplex with STRs and SNPs and individually. The analysis of single-source samples showed that the allele coverage ratio across all loci was 0.88 ± 0.08 which is in line with the peak height ratio of STR alleles in CE. In mixture studies, results showed that the input DNA can be much higher than with conventional CE, without the risk of oversaturating the detection system, enabling an increased sensitivity for the minor contributor in imbalanced mixtures with abundant amounts of DNA. Furthermore, the absence of stutter fragments simplifies the interpretation. On casework-like samples, MPS of MHs enabled the detection of a higher number of alleles from minor donors than MPS and CE of STRs. These results demonstrated that MPS of microhaplotypes can complement STRs and enhance human identification practices when dealing with complex imbalanced mixtures.

Massively parallel sequencing techniques for forensics: A review

DNA sequencing, starting with Sanger's chain termination method in 1977 and evolving into the next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques of today that employ massively parallel sequencing (MPS), has become essential in application areas such as biotechnology, virology, and medical diagnostics. Reflected by the growing number of articles published over the last 2-3 years, these techniques have also gained attention in the forensic field. This review contains a brief description of first, second, and third generation sequencing techniques, and focuses on the recent developments in human DNA analysis applicable in the forensic field. Relevance to the forensic analysis is that besides generation of standard STR-profiles, DNA repeats can also be sequenced to look for polymorphisms. Furthermore, additional SNPs can be sequenced to acquire information on ancestry, paternity or phenotype. The current MPS systems are also very helpful in cases where only a limited amount of DNA or highly degraded DNA has been secured from a crime scene. If enough autosomal DNA is not present, mitochondrial DNA can be sequenced for maternal lineage analysis. These developments clearly demonstrate that the use of NGS will grow into an indispensable tool for forensic science.

DNA recovery and analysis from skeletal material in modern forensic contexts

The generation of a DNA profile from skeletal remains is an important part of the identification process in both mass disaster and unidentified person cases. Since bones and teeth are often the only biological materials remaining after exposure to environmental conditions, intense heat, certain traumatic events and in cases where a significant amount of time has passed since the death of the individual, the ability to purify large quantities of informative DNA from these hard tissues would be beneficial. Since sampling the hard tissues for genetic analysis is a destructive process, it is important to understand those environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to DNA preservation. This will serve as a brief introduction to these topics, since skeletal sampling strategies and molecular taphonomy have been discussed in depth elsewhere. Additionally advances in skeletal DNA extraction and analysis will be discussed. Currently there is great variation in the DNA isolation methods used by laboratories to purify DNA from the hard tissues; however, a standardized set of short tandem repeat (STR) loci is analyzed by many US laboratories to allow for comparisons across samples and jurisdictions. Recent advances have allowed for the generation of DNA profiles from smaller quantities of template DNA and have expanded the number of loci analyzed for greater discriminatory power and predictions regarding the geographic ancestry and phenotype of the individual. Finally, utilizing databases and expanding the number of comparison samples will be discussed in light of their role in the identification process.

Implementing a biogeographic ancestry inference service for forensic casework

The Centre of Forensic Sciences has validated the Precision ID Ancestry Panel on the Ion S5™ Massively Parallel Sequencing instrument for use in forensic casework. The focus of this paper is the development of reporting guidelines for implementation of the biogeographic ancestry inference service based on the Admixture Prediction results produced using the Torrent Suite™ Software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The Admixture Prediction algorithm estimates the genetic ancestry of a sample using seven root populations (Europe, East Asia, Oceania, America, Africa, South Asia, and Southwest Asia). For individuals that declared a single ancestry, there was a high correlation between the declared ancestry and the ancestry predicted by the algorithm. However, some individuals with declared ancestries of Southern Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia and Horn of Africa had Admixture Predictions that were composed of two or more root populations at 20% or greater. For individuals with known admixed ancestry, the major component of their declaration was included in their results in all but one case. Based on these results, reporting guidelines were developed and subsequently evaluated using the Admixture Predictions of additional samples. This paper discusses the development and evaluation of these reporting guidelines, along with an implementation plan for forensic casework.

A review of bioinformatic methods for forensic DNA analyses

Short tandem repeats, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and whole mitochondrial analyses are three classes of markers which will play an important role in the future of forensic DNA typing. The arrival of massively parallel sequencing platforms in forensic science reveals new information such as insights into the complexity and variability of the markers that were previously unseen, along with amounts of data too immense for analyses by manual means. Along with the sequencing chemistries employed, bioinformatic methods are required to process and interpret this new and extensive data. As more is learnt about the use of these new technologies for forensic applications, development and standardization of efficient, favourable tools for each stage of data processing is being carried out, and faster, more accurate methods that improve on the original approaches have been developed. As forensic laboratories search for the optimal pipeline of tools, sequencer manufacturers have incorporated pipelines into sequencer software to make analyses convenient. This review explores the current state of bioinformatic methods and tools used for the analyses of forensic markers sequenced on the massively parallel sequencing (MPS) platforms currently most widely used.

Investigation of the STR loci noise distributions of PowerSeq™ Auto System

Aim

To characterize the noise and stutter distribution of 23 short tandem repeats (STRs) included in the PowerSeq^TM Auto System.

Methods

Raw FASTQ files were analyzed using STRait Razor v2s to display alleles and coverage. The sequence noise was divided into several categories: noise at allele position, noise at -1 repeat position, and artifact. The average relative percentages of locus coverage for each noise, stutter, and allele were calculated from the samples used for this locus noise analysis.

Results

Stutter products could be routinely observed at the -2 repeat position, -1 repeat position, and +1 repeat position of alleles. Sequence noise at the allele position ranged from 10.22% to 28.81% of the total locus coverage. At the allele position, individual noise reads were relatively low.

Conclusion

The data indicate that noise generally will be low. In addition, the PowerSeq^TM Auto System could capture nine flanking region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that would not be observed by other current kits for massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of STRs.

Population and performance analyses of four major populations with Illumina's FGx Forensic Genomics System

The MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System (Illumina) enables amplification and massively parallel sequencing of 59 STRs, 94 identity informative SNPs, 54 ancestry informative SNPs, and 24 phenotypic informative SNPs. Allele frequency and population statistics data were generated for the 172 SNP loci included in this panel on four major population groups (Chinese, African Americans, US Caucasians, and Southwest Hispanics). Single-locus and combined random match probability values were generated for the identity informative SNPs. The average combined STR and identity informative SNP random match probabilities (assuming independence) across all four populations were 1.75E-67 and 2.30E-71 with length-based and sequence-based STR alleles, respectively. Ancestry and phenotype predictions were obtained using the ForenSeq™ Universal Analysis System (UAS; Illumina) based on the ancestry informative and phenotype informative SNP profiles generated for each sample. Additionally, performance metrics, including profile completeness, read depth, relative locus performance, and allele coverage ratios, were evaluated and detailed for the 725 samples included in this study. While some genetic markers included in this panel performed notably better than others, performance across populations was generally consistent. The performance and population data included in this study support that accurate and reliable profiles were generated and provide valuable background information for laboratories considering internal validation studies and implementation.

Evaluating 130 microhaplotypes across a global set of 83 populations

Today the primary DNA markers used in forensics are short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms (STRPs), initially selected because they are highly polymorphic. However, the increasingly common need to deal with samples with a mixture of DNA from two or more individuals sometimes is complicated by the inherent stutter involved with PCR amplification, especially in strongly unbalanced mixtures when the minor component coincides with the stutter range of the major component. Also, the STRPs in use provide little evidence of ancestry of a single source sample beyond broad "continental" resolution. Methodologies for analyzing DNA have become much more powerful in recent years. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) is a new method being considered for routine use in forensics. Primarily to aid in mixture deconvolution and avoid the issue of stutter, we have begun to investigate a new type of forensic marker, microhaplotype loci, that will provide useful information on mixtures of DNA and on ancestry when typed using massively parallel sequencing (MPS). We have identified 130 loci and estimated their haplotype (allele) frequencies in 83 different population samples. Many of these loci are shown to be highly informative for individual identification and for mixture identification and deconvolution.

STRait Razor v2s: Advancing sequence-based STR allele reporting and beyond to other marker systems

STRait Razor has provided the forensic community a free-to-use, open-source tool for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) data. STRait Razor v2s (SRv2s) allows users to capture physically phased haplotypes within the full amplicon of both commercial (ForenSeq) and "early access" panels (PowerSeq, Mixture ID). STRait Razor v2s may be run in batch mode to facilitate population-level analysis and is supported by all Unix distributions (including MAC OS). Data are reported in tables in string (haplotype), length-based (e.g., vWA allele 14), and International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG)-recommended (vWA [CE 14]-GRCh38-chr12:5983950-5984049 (TAGA)₁₀ (CAGA)₃ TAGA) formats. STRait Razor v2s currently contains a database of ∼2500 unique sequences. This database is used by SRv2s to match strings to the appropriate allele in ISFG-recommended format. In addition to STRs, SRv2s has configuration files necessary to capture and report haplotypes from all marker types included in these multiplexes (e.g., SNPs, InDels, and microhaplotypes). To facilitate mixture interpretation, data may be displayed from all markers in a format similar to that of electropherograms displayed by traditional forensic software. The download package for SRv2s may be found at https://www.unthsc.edu/graduate-school-of-biomedical-sciences/molecular-and-medical-genetics/laboratory-faculty-and-staff/strait-razor.