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de Jong TV, Pan Y, Rastas P, Munro D, Tutaj M, Akil H, Benner C, Chen D, Chitre AS, Chow W, Colonna V, Dalgard CL, Demos WM, Doris PA, Garrison E, Geurts AM, Gunturkun HM, Guryev V, Hourlier T, Howe K, Huang J, Kalbfleisch T, Kim P, Li L, Mahaffey S, Martin FJ, Mohammadi P, Ozel AB, Polesskaya O, Pravenec M, Prins P, Sebat J, Smith JR, Solberg Woods LC, Tabakoff B, Tracey A, Uliano-Silva M, Villani F, Wang H, Sharp BM, Telese F, Jiang Z, Saba L, Wang X, Murphy TD, Palmer AA, Kwitek AE, Dwinell MR, Williams RW, Li JZ, Chen H. A revamped rat reference genome improves the discovery of genetic diversity in laboratory rats. Cell Genom 2024; 4:100527. [PMID: 38537634 PMCID: PMC11019364 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The seventh iteration of the reference genome assembly for Rattus norvegicus-mRatBN7.2-corrects numerous misplaced segments and reduces base-level errors by approximately 9-fold and increases contiguity by 290-fold compared with its predecessor. Gene annotations are now more complete, improving the mapping precision of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomics datasets. We jointly analyzed 163 short-read whole-genome sequencing datasets representing 120 laboratory rat strains and substrains using mRatBN7.2. We defined ∼20.0 million sequence variations, of which 18,700 are predicted to potentially impact the function of 6,677 genes. We also generated a new rat genetic map from 1,893 heterogeneous stock rats and annotated transcription start sites and alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRatBN7.2 assembly, along with the extensive analysis of genomic variations among rat strains, enhances our understanding of the rat genome, providing researchers with an expanded resource for studies involving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan V de Jong
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanchao Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monika Tutaj
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Apurva S Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William Chow
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincenza Colonna
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council, Naples, Italy; Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy M Demos
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Peter A Doris
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erik Garrison
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hakan M Gunturkun
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victor Guryev
- Genome Structure and Ageing, University of Groningen, UMC, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Hourlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Panjun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fergal J Martin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Pejman Mohammadi
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Smith
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alan Tracey
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Flavia Villani
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Burt M Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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de Jong TV, Pan Y, Rastas P, Munro D, Tutaj M, Akil H, Benner C, Chen D, Chitre AS, Chow W, Colonna V, Dalgard CL, Demos WM, Doris PA, Garrison E, Geurts AM, Gunturkun HM, Guryev V, Hourlier T, Howe K, Huang J, Kalbfleisch T, Kim P, Li L, Mahaffey S, Martin FJ, Mohammadi P, Ozel AB, Polesskaya O, Pravenec M, Prins P, Sebat J, Smith JR, Solberg Woods LC, Tabakoff B, Tracey A, Uliano-Silva M, Villani F, Wang H, Sharp BM, Telese F, Jiang Z, Saba L, Wang X, Murphy TD, Palmer AA, Kwitek AE, Dwinell MR, Williams RW, Li JZ, Chen H. A revamped rat reference genome improves the discovery of genetic diversity in laboratory rats. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.13.536694. [PMID: 37214860 PMCID: PMC10197727 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The seventh iteration of the reference genome assembly for Rattus norvegicus-mRatBN7.2-corrects numerous misplaced segments and reduces base-level errors by approximately 9-fold and increases contiguity by 290-fold compared to its predecessor. Gene annotations are now more complete, significantly improving the mapping precision of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomics data sets. We jointly analyzed 163 short-read whole genome sequencing datasets representing 120 laboratory rat strains and substrains using mRatBN7.2. We defined ~20.0 million sequence variations, of which 18.7 thousand are predicted to potentially impact the function of 6,677 genes. We also generated a new rat genetic map from 1,893 heterogeneous stock rats and annotated transcription start sites and alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRatBN7.2 assembly, along with the extensive analysis of genomic variations among rat strains, enhances our understanding of the rat genome, providing researchers with an expanded resource for studies involving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan V de Jong
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanchao Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monika Tutaj
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Apurva S Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William Chow
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincenza Colonna
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics; The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Wendy M Demos
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Peter A Doris
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center For Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erik Garrison
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hakan M Gunturkun
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victor Guryev
- Genome Structure and Ageing, University of Groningen, UMC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Hourlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Panjun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fergal J Martin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Pejman Mohammadi
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Smith
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alan Tracey
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Flavia Villani
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Burt M Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Park JJC, Kim DH, Kim MS, Sayed AEDH, Hagiwara A, Hwang UK, Park HG, Lee JS. Comparative genome analysis of the monogonont marine rotifer Brachionus manjavacas Australian strain: Potential application for ecotoxicology and environmental genomics. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 180:113752. [PMID: 35617743 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to analyze the whole-genome sequence of B. manjavacas Australian (Aus.) strain through combination of Oxford Nanopore long-read seq, resulting in a total length of 108.1 Mb and 75 contigs. Genome-wide detoxification related gene families in B. manjavacas Aus. strain were comparatively analyzed with those previously identified in other Brachionus spp., including B. manjavacas German (Ger.) strain. Most of the subfamilies in detoxification related families (CYPs, GSTs, and ABCs) were highly conserved and confirmed orthologous relationship with Brachionus spp., and with accumulation of genome data, clear differences between genomic repertoires were demonstrated the marine and the freshwater species. Furthermore, strain-specific genetic variations were present between the Aus. and Ger. strains of B. manjavacas. This whole-genome analysis provides in-depth review on the genomic structural differences for detoxification-related gene families and further provides useful information for comparative ecotoxicological studies and evolution of detoxification mechanisms in Brachionus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jun Chul Park
- Département des Sciences, Université Sainte-Anne, Church Point, NS B0W 1M0, Canada
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Clark KC, Wagner VA, Holl KL, Reho JJ, Tutaj M, Smith JR, Dwinell MR, Grobe JL, Kwitek AE. Body Composition and Metabolic Changes in a Lyon Hypertensive Congenic Rat and Identification of Ercc6l2 as a Positional Candidate Gene. Front Genet 2022; 13:903971. [PMID: 35812759 PMCID: PMC9263446 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.903971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central obesity is genetically complex, and its exponential increase in the last decades have made it a critical public health issue. The Lyon Hypertensive (LH) rat is a well-characterized hypertensive model that also exhibits spontaneous and profound differences in body weight and adiposity, relative to its metabolically healthy control, the Lyon Normotensive (LN) rat. The mechanisms underlying the body weight differences between these strains are not well-understood, thus a congenic model (LH17LNa) was developed where a portion of the proximal arm of LN chromosome 17 is introgressed on the LH genomic background to assess the contribution of LN alleles on obesity features. Male and female LH17LNa rats were studied, but male congenics did not significantly differ from LH in this study. Female LH17LNa rats exhibited decreases in total body growth, as well as major alterations to their body composition and adiposity. The LH17LNa female rats also showed decreases in metabolic rate, and a reduction in food intake. The increased adiposity in the female LH17LNa rats was specific to abdominal white adipose tissue, and this phenomenon was further explained by significant hypertrophy in those adipocytes, with no evidence of adipocyte hyperplasia. Sequencing of the parental strains identified a novel frameshift mutation in the candidate gene Ercc6l2, which is involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair, and is implicated in premature aging. The discovery of the significance of Ercc6l2 in the context of female-specific adipocyte biology could represent a novel role of DNA repair failure syndromes in obesity pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C. Clark
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Valerie A. Wagner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Katie L. Holl
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - John J. Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Monika Tutaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Melinda R. Dwinell
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anne E. Kwitek, ; Justin L. Grobe,
| | - Anne E. Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anne E. Kwitek, ; Justin L. Grobe,
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