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Fialho S, Trieu-Cuot P, Ferreira P, Oliveira L. Could P2X7 receptor be a potencial target in neonatal sepsis? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:112969. [PMID: 39241519 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNIGME) estimates that every year 2.5 million neonates die in their first month of life, accounting for nearly one-half of deaths in children under 5 years of age. Neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality. The worldwide burden of bacterial sepsis is expected to increase in the next decades due to the lack of effective molecular therapies to replace the administration of antibiotics whose efficacy is compromised by the emergence of resistant strains. In addition, prolonged exposure to antibiotics can have negative effects by increasing the risk of infection by other organisms. With the global burden of sepsis increasing and no vaccine nor other therapeutic approaches proved efficient, the World Health Organization (WHO) stresses the need for new therapeutic targets for sepsis treatment and infection prevention (WHO, A73/32). In response to this unresolved clinical issue, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a key component of the inflammatory cascade, has emerged as a potential target for treating inflammatory/infection diseases. Indeed numerous studies have demonstrated the relevance of the purinergic system as a pharmacological target in addressing immune-mediated inflammatory diseases by regulating immunity, inflammation, and organ function. In this review, we analyze key features of sepsis immunopathophysiology focusing in neonatal sepsis and on how the immunomodulatory role of P2X7R could be a potential pharmacological target for reducing the burden of neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sales Fialho
- Department of ImmunoPhysiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-positif, Paris, France
| | - Paula Ferreira
- Department of ImmunoPhysiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Oliveira
- Department of ImmunoPhysiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP)/Rise Health, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Leite-Aguiar R, Bello-Santos VG, Castro NG, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Techniques for evaluating the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor function in macrophages and microglial cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 532:113727. [PMID: 38997100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Resident macrophages are tissue-specific innate immune cells acting as sentinels, constantly patrolling their assigned tissue to maintain homeostasis, and quickly responding to pathogenic invaders or molecular danger signals molecules when necessary. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), when released to the extracellular medium, acts as a danger signal through specific purinergic receptors. Interaction of ATP with the purinergic receptor P2X7 activates macrophages and microglial cells in different pathological conditions, triggering inflammation. The highly expressed P2X7 receptor in these cells induces cell membrane permeabilization, inflammasome activation, cell death, and the production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and nitrogen and oxygen-reactive species. This review explores the techniques to evaluate the functional and molecular aspects of the P2X7 receptor, particularly in macrophages and microglial cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry are essential for assessing gene and protein expression in these cell types. Evaluation of P2X7 receptor function involves the use of ATP and selective agonists and antagonists and diverse techniques, including electrophysiology, intracellular calcium measurements, ethidium bromide uptake, and propidium iodide cell viability assays. These techniques are crucial for studying the role of P2X7 receptors in immune responses, neuroinflammation, and various pathological conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functional and molecular aspects of the P2X7 receptor in macrophages and microglia is vital for unraveling its involvement in immune modulation and its potential as a therapeutic target. The methodologies presented and discussed herein offer valuable tools for researchers investigating the complexities of P2X7 receptor signaling in innate immune cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..
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Acuña-Castillo C, Escobar A, García-Gómez M, Bachelet VC, Huidobro-Toro JP, Sauma D, Barrera-Avalos C. P2X7 Receptor in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages: Implications in Antigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2495. [PMID: 38473744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor, a member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, is a non-selective ion channel. Over the years, it has been associated with various biological functions, from modulating to regulating inflammation. However, its emerging role in antigen presentation has captured the scientific community's attention. This function is essential for the immune system to identify and respond to external threats, such as pathogens and tumor cells, through T lymphocytes. New studies show that the P2X7 receptor is crucial for controlling how antigens are presented and how T cells are activated. These studies focus on antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. This review examines how the P2X7 receptor interferes with effective antigen presentation and activates T cells and discusses the fundamental mechanisms that can affect the immune response. Understanding these P2X7-mediated processes in great detail opens up exciting opportunities to create new immunological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Moira García-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Vivienne C Bachelet
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Av. Del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba 8580000, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
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Kargarpour Z, Cicko S, Köhler TC, Zech A, Stoshikj S, Bal C, Renner A, Idzko M, El-Gazzar A. Blocking P2Y2 purinergic receptor prevents the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1310098. [PMID: 38179047 PMCID: PMC10765495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1310098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality resulting from a direct or indirect injury of the lung. It is characterized by a rapid alveolar injury, lung inflammation with neutrophil accumulation, elevated permeability of the microvascular-barrier leading to an aggregation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs, followed by impaired oxygenation in the arteries and eventual respiratory failure. Very recently, we have shown an involvement of the Gq-coupled P2Y2 purinergic receptor (P2RY2) in allergic airway inflammation (AAI). In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of the P2RY2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS mouse model. We found that the expression of P2ry2 in neutrophils, macrophages and lung tissue from animals with LPS-induced ARDS was strongly upregulated at mRNA level. In addition, ATP-neutralization by apyrase in vivo markedly attenuated inflammation and blocking of P2RY2 by non-selective antagonist suramin partially decreased inflammation. This was indicated by a reduction in the number of neutrophils, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in the BALF, microvascular plasma leakage and reduced features of inflammation in histological analysis of the lung. P2RY2 blocking has also attenuated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration into the interstitium of the lungs in ARDS mouse model. Consistently, treatment of P2ry2 deficient mice with LPS lead to an amelioration of the inflammatory response showed by reduced number of neutrophils and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. In attempts to identify the cell type specific role of P2RY2, a series of experiments with conditional P2ry2 knockout animals were performed. We observed that P2ry2 expression in neutrophils, but not in the airway epithelial cells or CD4+ cells, was associated with the inflammatory features caused by ARDS. Altogether, our findings imply for the first time that increased endogenous ATP concentration via activation of P2RY2 is related to the pathogenesis of LPS-induced lung inflammation and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ARDS and predictably assess new treatments in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanja Cicko
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Köhler
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Slagjana Stoshikj
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bal
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Renner
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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