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Lambret‐Frotte J, Smith G, Langdale JA. GOLDEN2-like1 is sufficient but not necessary for chloroplast biogenesis in mesophyll cells of C 4 grasses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:416-431. [PMID: 37882077 PMCID: PMC10953395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. In land plants, chloroplast biogenesis is regulated by a family of transcription factors named GOLDEN2-like (GLK). In C4 grasses, it has been hypothesized that genome duplication events led to the sub-functionalization of GLK paralogs (GLK1 and GLK2) to control chloroplast biogenesis in two distinct cell types: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Although previous characterization of golden2 (g2) mutants in maize has demonstrated a role for GLK2 paralogs in regulating chloroplast biogenesis in bundle sheath cells, the function of GLK1 has remained elusive. Here we show that, contrary to expectations, GLK1 is not required for chloroplast biogenesis in mesophyll cells of maize. Comparisons between maize and Setaria viridis, which represent two independent C4 origins within the Poales, further show that the role of GLK paralogs in controlling chloroplast biogenesis in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells differs between species. Despite these differences, complementation analysis revealed that GLK1 and GLK2 genes from maize are both sufficient to restore functional chloroplast development in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of S. viridis mutants. Collectively our results suggest an evolutionary trajectory in C4 grasses whereby both orthologs retained the ability to induce chloroplast biogenesis but GLK2 adopted a more prominent developmental role, particularly in relation to chloroplast activation in bundle sheath cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lambret‐Frotte
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3RBOxfordUK
- Present address:
NIAB, Park FarmVilla Road, ImpingtonCB24 9NZCambridgeUK
| | - Georgia Smith
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3RBOxfordUK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3RBOxfordUK
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Shimada S, Yanagawa Y, Munesada T, Horii Y, Kuriyama T, Kawashima M, Kondou Y, Yoshizumi T, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Makita Y, Matsui M. A collection of inducible transcription factor-glucocorticoid receptor fusion lines for functional analyses in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:595-607. [PMID: 35510416 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis possesses approximately 2000 transcription factors (TFs) in its genome. They play pivotal roles in various biological processes but analysis of their function has been hampered by the overlapping nature of their activities. To uncover clues to their function, we generated inducible TF lines using glucocorticoid receptor (GR) fusion techniques in Arabidopsis. These TF-GR lines each express one of 1255 TFs as a fusion with the GR gene. An average 14 lines of T2 transgenic TF-GR lines were generated for each TF to monitor their function. To evaluate these transcription lines, we induced the TF-GR lines of phytochrome-interacting factor 4, which controls photomorphogenesis, with synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. These phytochrome-interacting factor 4-GR lines showed the phenotype described in a previous report. We performed screening of the other TF-GR lines for TFs involved in light signaling under blue and far-red light conditions and identified 13 novel TF candidates. Among these, we found two lines showing higher anthocyanin accumulation under light conditions and we examined the regulating genes. These results indicate that the TF-GR lines can be used to dissect functionally redundant genes in plants and demonstrate that the TF-GR line collection can be used as an effective tool for functional analysis of TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Shimada
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagawa
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takachika Munesada
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of NanoBioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yoko Horii
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kuriyama
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mika Kawashima
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Youichi Kondou
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Kanto Gakuin University College of Science and Engineering, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshizumi
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 54 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8562, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuko Makita
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-0816, Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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3
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Yu W, Xue Z, Zhao X, Zhang R, Liu J, Guo S. Glyphosate-induced GhAG2 is involved in resistance to salt stress in cotton. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1131-1145. [PMID: 35243542 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The transcription of GhAG2 was strongly enhanced by glyphosate treatment. Overexpression of GhAG2 could improve plant tolerance to salt and salicylic acid stress. Although glyphosate has been widely used as an herbicide over the past decade owing to its high efficacy on weed controls and worldwide commercialization of glyphosate-resistant crops, little is known about the glyphosate-induced responses and transcriptional changes in cotton plants. Here, we report the identification of 26 differentially expressed genes after glyphosate treatment, among which, six highly up-regulated sequences share homology to cotton expressed sequence tags (ESTs) responsive to abiotic stresses. In addition, we cloned GhAG2, a gene whose transcription was strongly enhanced by glyphosate treatment and other abiotic stresses. Transgenic GhAG2 plants showed improved tolerance to salt, and salicylic acid (SA) stress. The results could open the door to exploring the function of the GhAG2 proteins, the glyphosate-induced transcriptional profiles, and the physiological biochemical responses in cotton and other crops. GhAG2 could also be used to improve salt stress tolerance through breeding and biotechnology in crops. Furthermore, these results could provide guidelines to develop a glyphosate-inducible system for controlled expression of targeted genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancong Yu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jiping Liu
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Schubert J, Li Y, Mendes MA, Fei D, Dickinson H, Moore I, Baroux C. A procedure for Dex-induced gene transactivation in Arabidopsis ovules. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:41. [PMID: 35351175 PMCID: PMC8962214 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the genetic and molecular control of plant reproduction often requires the deployment of functional approaches based on reverse or forward genetic screens. The loss-of-function of essential genes, however, may lead to plant lethality prior to reproductive development or to the formation of sterile structures before the organ-of-interest can be analyzed. In these cases, inducible approaches that enable a spatial and temporal control of the genetic perturbation are extremely valuable. Genetic induction in reproductive organs, such as the ovule, deeply embedded in the flower, is a delicate procedure that requires both optimization and validation. RESULTS Here we report on a streamlined procedure enabling reliable induction of gene expression in Arabidopsis ovule and anther tissues using the popular pOP/LhGR Dex-inducible system. We demonstrate its efficiency and reliability using fluorescent reporter proteins and histochemical detection of the GUS reporter gene. CONCLUSION The pOP/LhGR system allows for a rapid, efficient, and reliable induction of transgenes in developing ovules without compromising developmental progression. This approach opens new possibilities for the functional analysis of candidate regulators in sporogenesis and gametogenesis, which is otherwise affected by early lethality in conventional, stable mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schubert
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanru Li
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Danli Fei
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hugh Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Célia Baroux
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Optogenetic and Chemical Induction Systems for Regulation of Transgene Expression in Plants: Use in Basic and Applied Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031737. [PMID: 35163658 PMCID: PMC8835832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous and ubiquitous expression of foreign genes sometimes results in harmful effects on the growth, development and metabolic activities of plants. Tissue-specific promoters help to overcome this disadvantage, but do not allow one to precisely control transgene expression over time. Thus, inducible transgene expression systems have obvious benefits. In plants, transcriptional regulation is usually driven by chemical agents under the control of chemically-inducible promoters. These systems are diverse, but usually contain two elements, the chimeric transcription factor and the reporter gene. The commonly used chemically-induced expression systems are tetracycline-, steroid-, insecticide-, copper-, and ethanol-regulated. Unlike chemical-inducible systems, optogenetic tools enable spatiotemporal, quantitative and reversible control over transgene expression with light, overcoming limitations of chemically-inducible systems. This review updates and summarizes optogenetic and chemical induction methods of transgene expression used in basic plant research and discusses their potential in field applications.
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Samalova M, Moore I. The steroid-inducible pOp6/LhGR gene expression system is fast, sensitive and does not cause plant growth defects in rice (Oryza sativa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:461. [PMID: 34627147 PMCID: PMC8501728 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inducible systems for transgene expression activated by a chemical inducer or an inducer of non-plant origin are desirable tools for both basic plant research and biotechnology. Although, the technology has been widely exploited in dicotyledonous model plants such as Arabidopsis, it has not been optimised for use with the monocotyledonous model species, namely rice. We have adapted the dexamethasone-inducible pOp6/LhGR system for rice and the results indicated that it is fast, sensitive and tightly regulated, with high levels of induction that remain stable over several generations. Most importantly, we have shown that the system does not cause negative growth defects in vitro or in soil grown plants. Interestingly in the process of testing, we found that another steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, is a more potent inducer in rice than dexamethasone. We present serious considerations for the construct design to avoid undesirable effects caused by the system in plants, leakiness and possible silencing, as well as simple steps to maximize translation efficiency of a gene of interest. Finally, we compare the performance of the pOp6/LhGR system with other chemically inducible systems tested in rice in terms of the properties of an ideal inducible system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Mallano AI, Li W, Tabys D, Chao C, Yang Y, Anwar S, Almas HI, Nisa ZU, Li Y. The soybean GmNFY-B1 transcription factor positively regulates flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1589-1599. [PMID: 33512627 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) gene family regulates numbers of flowering processes. Two independent transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing (OX) GmNFY-B1 and GmNFYB1-GR (GmNFYB1 fused with the glucocorticoid receptor) were used to investigate the function of NFY-B1 in flowering. Furthermore, GmNFYB1-GR lines were chemically treated with dexamethasone (Dex, synthetic steroid hormone), cycloheximide (Cyc, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis), and ethanol to examine their effects on different flowering related marker genes. Our results indicated that the transgenic lines produced longer hypocotyl lengths and had fewer numbers of rosette leaves compared to the wild-type and nf-yb1 mutant plants under both long and short-day (LD and SD) conditions. The qRT-PCR assays revealed that transcript levels of all flowering time regulating genes, i.e. SOC, FLC, FT, TSF, LFY, GI2, AGL, and FCA showed higher transcript abundance in lines OX GmNFYB1-GR. However, FT and GI genes showed higher transcript levels under Dex and Dex/Cyc treatments compared to Cyc and ethanol. Additionally, 24 differentially expressed genes were identified and verified through RNA-seq and RT-qPCR in GmNF-YB1-GR lines under Cyc and Dex/Cyc treatments from which 14 genes were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated. These genes are involved in regulatory functions of circadian rhythm, regulation of flower development in photoperiodic, and GA pathways. The overexpression of GmNF-YB1 and GmNF-YB1-GR promote flowering through the higher expression of flowering-related genes. Further GmNF-YB1 and its attachment with the GR receptor can regulate its target genes under Dex/Cyc treatment and might act as flowering inducer under LD and SD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Inayat Mallano
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dina Tabys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Chen Chao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumera Anwar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Iqra Almas
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaib Un Nisa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Yongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Harrington SA, Backhaus AE, Fox S, Rogers C, Borrill P, Uauy C, Richardson A. A heat-shock inducible system for flexible gene expression in cereals. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:137. [PMID: 33072173 PMCID: PMC7557097 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional characterisation of genes using transgenic methods is increasingly common in cereal crops. Yet standard methods of gene over-expression can lead to undesirable developmental phenotypes, or even embryo lethality, due to ectopic gene expression. Inducible expression systems allow the study of such genes by preventing their expression until treatment with the specific inducer. When combined with the Cre-Lox recombination system, inducible promoters can be used to initiate constitutive expression of a gene of interest. Yet while these systems are well established in dicot model plants, like Arabidopsis thaliana, they have not yet been implemented in grasses. RESULTS Here we present an irreversible heat-shock inducible system developed using Golden Gate-compatible components which utilises Cre recombinase to drive constitutive gene expression in barley and wheat. We show that a heat shock treatment of 38 °C is sufficient to activate the construct and drive expression of the gene of interest. Modulating the duration of heat shock controls the density of induced cells. Short durations of heat shock cause activation of the construct in isolated single cells, while longer durations lead to global construct activation. The system can be successfully activated in multiple tissues and at multiple developmental stages and shows no activation at standard growth temperatures (~ 20 °C). CONCLUSIONS This system provides an adaptable framework for use in gene functional characterisation in cereal crops. The developed vectors can be easily adapted for specific genes of interest within the Golden Gate cloning system. By using an environmental signal to induce activation of the construct, the system avoids pitfalls associated with consistent and complete application of chemical inducers. As with any inducible system, care must be taken to ensure that the expected construct activation has indeed taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha Fox
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Christian Rogers
- ENSA, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR UK
| | - Philippa Borrill
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Annis Richardson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
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Gomez-Zavaglia A, Mejuto JC, Simal-Gandara J. Mitigation of emerging implications of climate change on food production systems. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109256. [PMID: 32517948 PMCID: PMC7176580 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Crops, livestock and seafood are major contributors to global economy. Agriculture and fisheries are especially dependent on climate. Thus, elevated temperatures and carbon dioxide levels can have large impacts on appropriate nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability and various other critical performance conditions. Changes in drought and flood frequency and severity can pose severe challenges to farmers and threaten food safety. In addition, increasingly warmer water temperatures are likely to shift the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species, ultimately disrupting ecosystems. In general, climate change will probably have negative implications for farming, animal husbandry and fishing. The effects of climate change must be taken into account as a key aspect along with other evolving factors with a potential impact on agricultural production, such as changes in agricultural practices and technology; all of them with a serious impact on food availability and price. This review is intended to provide critical and timely information on climate change and its implications in the food production/consumption system, paying special attention to the available mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina.
| | - J C Mejuto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain.
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense Spain.
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