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Ludwiczak A, Ciarkowska A, Rajabi Dehnavi A, Cárdenas-Pérez S, Piernik A. Growth Stage-, Organ- and Time-Dependent Salt Tolerance of Halophyte Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020462. [PMID: 36836819 PMCID: PMC9962771 DOI: 10.3390/life13020462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz. is a member of the diverse group of halophytes with the potential for the desalination and reclamation of degraded land. The adaptive processes of T. pannonicum to salinity habitats are still not well recognized. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of NaCl (0, 200, 400, and 800 mM) on: (1) two plant growth stages, (2) the activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of H2O2 and the proline in roots, stems, and leaves, and (3) the effect of long- and short-term salt stress on physiological responses. Germination, pot experiments, and a biochemical analysis were performed. The effective T. pannonicum's seed germination was achieved in the control. We demonstrated that halophyte's organs do not simply tolerate high-salt conditions. The activities of APX, POD, and catalase observed at 400 mM and 800 mM NaCl were varied between organs and revealed the following pattern: root > leaves > stem. Proline was preferentially accumulated in leaves that were more salt-tolerant than other organs. Salt stress enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of salinity stress indicators in a time-dependent manner. Our study has indicated that salt tolerance is a complex mechanism that depends on the growth phase, organs, and duration of salinity exposure. The results have potential for further proteomic and metabolomic analyses of adaptive salt tolerance processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwiczak
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Ciarkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ahmad Rajabi Dehnavi
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piernik
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Zhu Y, Kuang W, Leng J, Wang X, Qiu L, Kong X, Wang Y, Zhao Q. The apple 14-3-3 gene MdGRF6 negatively regulates salt tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1161539. [PMID: 37077638 PMCID: PMC10106762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1161539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 (GRF, general regulatory factor) regulatory proteins are highly conserved and are widely distributed throughout the eukaryotes. They are involved in the growth and development of organisms via target protein interactions. Although many plant 14-3-3 proteins were identified in response to stresses, little is known about their involvement in salt tolerance in apples. In our study, nineteen apple 14-3-3 proteins were cloned and identified. The transcript levels of Md14-3-3 genes were either up or down-regulated in response to salinity treatments. Specifically, the transcript level of MdGRF6 (a member of the Md14-3-3 genes family) decreased due to salt stress treatment. The phenotypes of transgenic tobacco lines and wild-type (WT) did not affect plant growth under normal conditions. However, the germination rate and salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco was lower compared to the WT. Transgenic tobacco demonstrated decreased salt tolerance. The transgenic apple calli overexpressing MdGRF6 exhibited greater sensitivity to salt stress compared to the WT plants, whereas the MdGRF6-RNAi transgenic apple calli improved salt stress tolerance. Moreover, the salt stress-related genes (MdSOS2, MdSOS3, MdNHX1, MdATK2/3, MdCBL-1, MdMYB46, MdWRKY30, and MdHB-7) were more strongly down-regulated in MdGRF6-OE transgenic apple calli lines than in the WT when subjected to salt stress treatment. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the roles of 14-3-3 protein MdGRF6 in modulating salt responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Kuang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Leng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyue Kong
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhao, ; Yongzhang Wang,
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhao, ; Yongzhang Wang,
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Salicornia europaea L. Functional Traits Indicate Its Optimum Growth. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081051. [PMID: 35448779 PMCID: PMC9033102 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salicornia europaea L. grows in areas periodically flooded by salty or brackish water. It has potential economic value, because it can be used as food, forage, or biofuel, and has potential in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Increasing interest in S. europaea is due to its extreme salt tolerance and well growth in marginal saline soils. However, the variation in its functional traits in response to environmental conditions is still poorly studied. There are still questions regarding the optimal level of salinity for different traits. Therefore, we worked to address the question if S. europaea traits from different scales are controlled by salinity level. Based on performed pot experiment, we found that almost all traits are salinity dependent but affected in different ways. We demonstrated that morphological, biomass, and anatomical properties indicate optimum growth between 200 and 400 mM NaCl and growth limitations at 0, 800, and 1000 mM NaCl. Moreover, we found the most affected traits which include photosynthetic pigments and protein content, plant surface area, peroxidase activity, and anatomic traits related to cell shape. Our results significantly expanded the knowledge about S. europaea functional traits variation in response to salinity, which can be important for discovering regulating processes and for possible future agricultural applications.
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Cárdenas-Pérez S, Niedojadło K, Mierek-Adamska A, Dąbrowska GB, Piernik A. Maternal salinity influences anatomical parameters, pectin content, biochemical and genetic modifications of two Salicornia europaea populations under salt stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2968. [PMID: 35194050 PMCID: PMC8863803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicornia europaea is among the most salt-tolerant of plants, and is widely distributed in non-tropical regions. Here, we investigated whether maternal habitats can influence different responses in physiology and anatomy depending on environmental conditions. We studied the influence of maternal habitat on S. europaea cell anatomy, pectin content, biochemical and enzymatic modifications under six different salinity treatments of a natural-high-saline habitat (~ 1000 mM) (Ciechocinek [Cie]) and an anthropogenic-lower-saline habitat (~ 550 mM) (Inowrocław [Inw]). The Inw population showed the highest cell area and roundness of stem water storing cells at high salinity and had the maximum proline, carotenoid, protein, catalase activity within salt treatments, and a maximum high and low methyl esterified homogalacturonan content. The Cie population had the highest hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase activity along with the salinity gradient. Gene expression analysis of SeSOS1 and SeNHX1 evidenced the differences between the studied populations and suggested the important role of Na+ sequestration into the vacuoles. Our results suggest that the higher salt tolerance of Inw may be derived from a less stressed maternal salinity that provides a better adaptive plasticity of S. europaea. Thus, the influence of the maternal environment may provide physiological and anatomical modifications of local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cárdenas-Pérez
- Chair of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - K Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - A Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - G B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - A Piernik
- Chair of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Araus JL, Rezzouk FZ, Thushar S, Shahid M, Elouafi IA, Bort J, Serret MD. Effect of irrigation salinity and ecotype on the growth, physiological indicators and seed yield and quality of Salicornia europaea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110819. [PMID: 33568309 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The euhalophyte species Salicornia europaea is cultivated for oilseed and as a fodder crop in various parts of the world. In saline coastal environments it possesses great potential for the subsistence of the most disadvantaged farmers. We investigated the effect of salinity levels in irrigation water on the germination capacity, shoot biomass and seed productivity as well as diverse quality traits (nitrogen content in shoots and seeds and fatty acids, in seeds) and physiological traits (stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and ion content) of two accessions collected in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The three salinity levels tested were irrigation with fresh water (0.3 dS m-1), brackish water (25 dS m-1) and sea water (40 dS m-1). In addition, a hypersaline condition (80 dS m-1) was also tested for germination. The best germination rates were achieved with seeds exposed to fresh and brackish water, while imbibition with sea water decreased germination by half and hypersaline water inhibited it almost totally. However, the best irrigation regime in terms of biomass and seed yield involved brackish water. Moreover, rising salinity in the irrigation increased the stable isotope composition of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N), together with the Na+ and K+ of shoots and seeds, and the lipid levels of seeds, while the total nitrogen content and the profile of major fatty acids of seeds did not change. Differences between the two ecotypes existed for growth and seed yield with the best ecotype exhibiting lower δ13C and higher K+ in both shoots and seeds, lower Na+ and higher δ15N in shoots, and lower N in seeds, together with differences in major fatty acids. Physiological mechanisms behind the response to irrigation salinity and the ecotypic differences are discussed in terms of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Araus
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Fatima Zahra Rezzouk
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sumitha Thushar
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ismahane A Elouafi
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jordi Bort
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria D Serret
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
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