Phylogenomic and evolutionary dynamics of inverted repeats across Angelica plastomes

Chloroplast genomics unravels taxonomic status and evolutionary relationships in Euphorbia fauriei and E. pekinensis

Euphorbia fauriei, a perennial plant endemic to South Korea, exhibits both morphological characteristics and intricate genetic identities akin to E. pekinensis. This study aimed to provide clarity on the taxonomic status of E. faurirei and E. pekinensis through a comprehensive chloroplast genome analysis. Additionally, we sequenced the Acalypha australis chloroplast genome as an outgroup for the construction of a phylogenetic tree with other Euphorbia species. The three chloroplast genomes, ranging from 162,834 bp to 168,832 bp, displayed typical quadripartite structures. The Euphorbia genomes contained 111 unique genes, whereas the A. australis genome contained two additional protein-coding genes (PCGs), rpl32 and rps16. Comparative analysis unveiled the loss of rpl32 and rps16 as synapomorphic characteristics in Euphorbia, whereas the loss of infA occurred across Euphorbiaceae. High collinearity and sequence similarity were observed among Euphorbia species, accompanied by significant inversion regions in the E. pekinensis chloroplast genomes from China and Japan, indicating regional genetic variability. Nucleotide substitution analysis revealed that the ndh group exhibited the highest KA/KS values (0.224), whereas the atp, psa, psb and rps groups had the lowest. Phylogenomic analysis utilizing whole genomes, PCGs, and intron and intergenic regions consistently demonstrated that E. pekinensis from South Korea clusters closely with E. fauriei. These findings challenge the current taxonomic distinction between E. pekinensis and E. fauriei in Korea, suggesting that while they exhibit distinct characteristics, E. fauriei should be considered a closely related subspecies rather than the same species as E. pekinensis. This study emphasizes the need for population studies to clarify the taxonomic relationships between E. pekinensis and E. fauriei.

Insights into the nuclear-organelle DNA integration in Cicuta virosa (Apiaceae) provided by complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes

BACKGROUND

Gene transfer between the organelles and the nucleus plays a central role in shaping plant genome evolution. The identification and analysis of nuclear DNA of plastid (NUPTs) and mitochondrial (NUMTs) origins are important for exploring the extent of intracellular DNA transfer in genomes.

RESULTS

We report the complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes (plastome and mitogenome) of Cicuta virosa (Apiaceae) as well as a draft nuclear genome using high-fidelity (HiFi) PacBio sequencing technologies. The C. virosa plastome (154,449 bp) is highly conserved, with a quadripartite structure, whereas the mitogenome (406,112 bp) exhibits two chromosomes (352,718 bp and 53,394 bp). The mitochondrial-encoded genes (rpl2, rps14, rps19, and sdh3) were successfully transferred to the nuclear genome. Our findings revealed extensive DNA transfer from organelles to the nucleus, with 6,686 NUPTs and 6,237 NUMTs detected, covering nearly the entire plastome (99.93%) and a substantial portion of the mitogenome (77.04%). These transfers exhibit a range of sequence identities (80-100%), suggesting multiple transfer events over evolutionary timescales. Recent DNA transfer between organelles and the nucleus is more frequent in mitochondria than that in plastids.

CONCLUSIONS

This study contributes to the understanding of ongoing genome evolution in C. virosa and underscores the significance of the organelle-nuclear genome interplay in plant species. Our findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that shape organelle genomes in Apiaceae, with implications for broader plant genome evolution.

Phylogenomics and adaptive evolution of hydrophytic umbellifers (tribe Oenantheae, Apioideae) revealed from chloroplast genomes

BACKGROUND

Tribe Oenantheae consists mainly of aquatic species within the Apioideae. The unique morphology and habitat distinguish this group from other Apioideae groups. However, the genomic information of these group species has not been widely developed, and the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution remain unclear.

RESULTS

We provide comparative analyses on 30 chloroplast genomes of this tribe representing five genera to explore the molecular variation response to plant adaptations. The Oenantheae chloroplast genomes presented typical quadripartite structures, with sizes ranging from 153,024 bp to 155,006 bp. Gene content and order were highly conserved with no significant expansion or contraction observed. Seven regions (rps16 intron-trnK, rpoB-trnC, trnE-trnT-psbD, petA-psbJ, ndhF-rpl32-trnL, ycf1a-rps15, and ycf1a gene) were identified as remarkable candidate DNA markers for future studies on species identification, biogeography, and phylogeny of tribe Oenantheae. Our study elucidated the relationships among the genera of tribe Oenantheae and subdivided the genera of Sium and Oenanthe. However, relationships among the Oenanthe I clade remain to be further clarified. Eight positively selected genes (accD, rbcL, rps8, ycf1a, ycf1b, ycf2, ndhF, and ndhK) were persuasively detected under site models tests, and these genes might have played roles in Oenantheae species adaptation to the aquatic environments.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide sufficient molecular markers for the subsequent molecular studies of the tribe Oenantheae, and promote the understanding of the adaptation of the Oenantheae species to aquatic environments.

Chloroplast genome characteristic, comparative and phylogenetic analyses in Capsicum (Solanaceae)

BACKGROUND

Capsicum (Solanaceae) is a globally important vegetable crop and is also used therapeutically in traditional medicine systems. However, little is known of the genetic variation within the commonly grown cultivars, the evolutionary relationships and differences in the chloroplast (cp.) genomes between Capsicum species remain unclear.

RESULTS

The cp. genomes of 32 Capsicum varieties in three species from 6 countries were investigated. The cp. genome of Capsicum was found to be ~ 156 kb in length and to contain 113 unique genes, of which 79 encoded proteins, 30 encoded transfer tRNAs, and 4 were for ribosomal RNAs. The 32 varieties that we chose for study represented 13 genotypes, containing a total of 608 indels, 83 SNPs, 47 SSRs and 281-306 repeat sequences. We then included several previously sequenced Capsicum cp. genomes, and found that the nine investigated species showed a number of differences in the characteristics of the four IR boundaries, and it was the non-coding regions that contained the most variable regions. We conducted a phylogenetic reconstruction using the cp. genomes of 43 representative species of Solanaceae, and the resulting phylogeny generally reflected the currently accepted classification, with the species of the pungent group having close relationship with one another.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Capsicum chloroplast genomes, revealing significant variations in IR boundaries and other genomic features. These findings enhance our understanding of Capsicum evolution and genetic diversity.

Phylogenomic analysis and dynamic evolution of chloroplast genomes of Clematis nannophylla

Clematis nannophylla is a perennial shrub of Clematis with ecological, ornamental, and medicinal value, distributed in the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China. This study successfully determined the chloroplast (cp) genome of C. nannophylla, reconstructing a phylogenetic tree of Clematis. This cp genome is 159,801 bp in length and has a typical tetrad structure, including a large single-copy, a small single-copy, and a pair of reverse repeats (IRa and IRb). It contains 133 unique genes, including 89 protein-coding, 36 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Additionally, 66 simple repeat sequences, 50 dispersed repeats, and 24 tandem repeats were found; many of the dispersed and tandem repeats were between 20-30 bp and 10-20 bp, respectively, and the abundant repeats were located in the large single copy region. The cp genome was relatively conserved, especially in the IR region, where no inversion or rearrangement was observed, further revealing that the coding regions were more conserved than the noncoding regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. nannophylla is more closely related to C. fruticosa and C. songorica. Our analysis provides reference data for molecular marker development, phylogenetic analysis, population studies, and cp genome processes to better utilise C. nannophylla.

Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of 10 Artemisia selengensis resources based on high-throughput sequencing

BACKGROUND

Artemisia selengensis, classified within the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, is a perennial herb recognized for its dual utility in culinary and medicinal domains. There are few studies on the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis, and the phylogeographic classification is vague, which makes phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary studies very difficult.

RESULTS

The chloroplast genomes of 10 A. selengensis in this study were highly conserved in terms of gene content, gene order, and gene intron number. The genome lengths ranged from 151,148 to 151,257 bp and were typical of a quadripartite structure with a total GC content of approximately 37.5%. The chloroplast genomes of all species encode 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Due to the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeats (IR), the overlap of ycf1 and ndhF genes occurred at the inverted repeats B (IRB) and short single copy sequence (SSC) boundaries. According to a codon use study, the frequent base in the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis' third codon position was A/T. The number of SSR repeats was 42-44, most of which were single nucleotide A/T repeats. Sequence alignment analysis of the chloroplast genome showed that variable regions were mainly distributed in single copy regions, nucleotide diversity values of 0 to 0.009 were calculated by sliding window analysis, 8 mutation hotspot regions were detected, and coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Analysis of non-synonymous substitution (Ka) and synonymous substitution (Ks) revealed that accD, rps12, petB, and atpF genes were affected by positive selection and no genes were affected by neutral selection. Based on the findings of the phylogenetic analysis, Artemisia selengensis was sister to the genus Artemisia Chrysanthemum and formed a monophyletic group with other Artemisia genera.

CONCLUSIONS

In this research, the present study systematically compared the chloroplast genomic features of A. selengensis and provided important information for the study of the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis and the evolutionary relationships among Asteraceae species.

Molecular evidence provides new insights into the evolutionary origin of an ancient traditional Chinese medicine, the domesticated "Baizhi"

Introduction

"Baizhi" is a famous herbal medicine in China, and it includes four landraces named as 'Hangbaizhi', 'Chuanbaizhi', 'Qibaizhi', and 'Yubaizhi'. Long-term artificial selection had caused serious degradation of these germplasms. Determining the wild progenitor of the landraces would be benefit for their breed improvements. Previous studies have suggested Angelica dahurica var. dahurica, A. dahurica var. formosana, or A. porphyrocaulis as potential candidates, but the conclusion remains uncertain, and their phylogenetic relationships are still in controversy.

Methods

In this study, the genetic variation and phylogenetic analyses of these species and four landraces were conducted on the basis of both the nrITS and plastome datasets.

Results

Genetic variation analysis showed that all 8 population of four landraces shared only one ITS haplotype, meanwhile extremely low variation occurred within 6 population at plastid genome level. Both datasets supported the four landraces might be originated from a single wild germplasm. Phylogenetic analyses with both datasets revealed largely consistent topology using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood methods. Samples of the four landraces and all wild A. dahurica var. dahurica formed a highly supported monophyletic clade, and then sister to the monophyly clade comprised by samples of A. porphyrocaulis, while four landraces were clustered into one clade, which further clustered with a mixed branches of A. porphyrocaulis and A. dahurica var. dahurica to form sister branches for plastid genomes. Furthermore, the monophyletic A. dahurica var. formosana was far distant from the A. dahurica var. dahurica-"Baizhi" clade in Angelica phylogeny. Such inferences was also supported by the evolutionary patterns of nrITS haplotype network and K2P genetic distances. The outcomes indicated A. dahurica var. dahurica is most likely the original plant of "Baizhi".

Discussion

Considering of phylogenetic inference and evolutionary history, the species-level status of A. dahurica var. formosana should be accepted, and the taxonomic level and phylgenetic position of A. porphyrocaulis should be further confirmed. This study preliminarily determined the wild progenitor of "Baizhi" and clarified the phylogenetic relationships among A. dahurica var. dahurica, A. dahurica var. formosana and A. porphyrocaulis, which will provide scientific guidance for wild resources protections and improvement of "Baizhi".

Chemical Relationship among Genetically Authenticated Medicinal Species of Genus Angelica

The genus Angelica comprises various species utilized for diverse medicinal purposes, with differences attributed to the varying levels or types of inherent chemical components in each species. This study employed DNA barcode analysis and HPLC analysis to genetically authenticate and chemically classify eight medicinal Angelica species (n = 106) as well as two non-medicinal species (n = 14) that have been misused. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed differences ranging from 11 to 117 bp, while psbA-trnH showed variances of 3 to 95 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all samples except Angelica sinensis into the same cluster, with some counterfeits forming separate clusters. Verification using the NCBI database confirmed the feasibility of species identification. For chemical identification, a robust quantitative HPLC analysis method was developed for 46 marker compounds. Subsequently, two A. reflexa-specific and seven A. biserrata-specific marker compounds were identified, alongside non-specific markers. Moreover, chemometric clustering analysis reflecting differences in chemical content between species revealed that most samples formed distinct clusters according to the plant species. However, some samples formed mixed clusters containing different species. These findings offer crucial insights for the standardization and quality control of medicinal Angelica species.

Sequence characteristics, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of the Cucurbita ficifolia (Cucurbitaceae) chloroplasts genome

BACKGROUND

Curcubita ficifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae) has high value as a food crop and medicinal plant, and also has horticultural value as rootstock for other melon species. China is home to many different cultivars, but the genetic diversity of these resources and the evolutionary relationships among them, as well as the differences between C. ficifolia and other Cucurbita species, remain unclear.

RESULTS

We investigated the chloroplast (cp) genomes of 160 C. ficifolia individuals from 31 populations in Yunnan, a major C. ficifolia production area in China. We found that the cp genome of C. ficifolia is ~151 kb and contains 128 genes, of which 86 are protein coding genes, 34 encode tRNA, and eight encode rRNAs. We also identified 64 SSRs, mainly AT repeats. The cp genome was found to contain a total of 204 SNP and 57 indels, and a total of 21 haplotypes were found in the 160 study individuals. The reverse repeat (IR) region of C. ficifolia contained a few differences compared with this region in the six other Cucurbita species. Sequence difference analysis demonstrated that most of the variable regions were concentrated in the single copy (SC) region. Moreover, the sequences of the coding regions were found to be more similar among species than those of the non-coding regions. The phylogenies reconstructed from the cp genomes of 61 representative species of Cucurbitaceae reflected the currently accepted classification, in which C. ficifolia is sister to the other Cucurbita species, however, different interspecific relationships were found between Cucurbita species.

CONCLUSIONS

These results will be valuable in the classification of C. ficifolia genetic resources and will contribute to our understanding of evolutionary relationships within the genus Cucurbita.

Complete chloroplast genome of Angelica hirsutiflora Liu et al. 1961 (Apiaceae)

Angelica hirsutiflora Liu et al.1961, is a perennial herb in the Apiaceae family that is endemic to Taiwan. In this study, the complete circular chloroplast genome of A. hirsutiflora was reconstructed and annotated using Illumina sequencing. The size of the chloroplast genome is 154,266 bp, consisting of two inverted repeats (IRs, 25,075 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,569 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,547 bp). The GC content of the chloroplast genome is 37.6%. There are 114 different genes in the chloroplast genome of A. hirsutiflora, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that A. hirsutiflora forms a distinct clade, and separated from other species within the genus Angelica. This study provided insights into the evolutionary relationships among different species of Angelica.

Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Melanosciadium (Apiaceae), Based on Plastid Genomes and Morphological Evidence

Melanosciadium is considered a monotypic genus and is also endemic to the southwest of China. No detailed phylogenetic studies or plastid genomes have been identified in Melanosciadium. In this study, the plastid genome sequence and nrDNA sequence were used for the phylogenetic analysis of Melanosciadium and its related groups. Angelica tsinlingensis was previously considered a synonym of Hansenia forbesii. Similarly, Ligusticum angelicifolium was previously thought to be the genus Angelica or Ligusticopsis. Through field observations and morphological evidence, we believe that the two species are more similar to M. pimpinelloideum in leaves, umbel rays, and fruits. Meanwhile, we found a new species from Anhui Province (eastern China) that is similar to M. pimpinelloideum and have named it M. Jinzhaiensis. We sequenced and assembled the complete plastid genomes of these species and another three Angelica species. The genome comparison results show that M. pimpinelloideum, A. tsinlingensis, Ligusticum angelicifolium, and M. jinzhaiensis have similarities to each other in the plastid genome size, gene number, and length of the LSC and IR regions; the plastid genomes of these species are distinct from those of the Angelica species. In addition, we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships using both plastid genome sequences and nrDNA sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. tsinlingensis, M. pimpinelloideum, L. angelicifolium, and M. jinzhaiensis are closely related to each other and form a monophyletic group with strong support within the Selineae clade. Consequently, A. tsinlingensis and L. angelicifolium should be classified as members of the genus Melanosciadium, and suitable taxonomical treatments have been proposed. Meanwhile, a comprehensive description of the new species, M. jinzhaiensis, is presented, encompassing its habitat environment and detailed morphological traits.

The complete plastomes of thirteen Libanotis (Apiaceae, Apioideae) plants: comparative and phylogenetic analyses provide insights into the plastome evolution and taxonomy of Libanotis

BACKGROUND

The genus Libanotis Haller ex Zinn, nom. cons., a contentious member of Apiaceae, encompasses numerous economically and medicinally significant plants, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across Eurasia. Despite many previous taxonomic insights into it, phylogenetic studies of the genus are still lacking. And the establishment of a robust phylogenetic framework remains elusive, impeding advancements and revisions in the taxonomic system for this genus. Plastomes with greater variability in their genetic characteristics hold promise for building a more robust Libanotis phylogeny.

RESULTS

During our research, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated complete plastomes for twelve Libanotis species belong to three sections and two closely related taxa. We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis through totally thirteen Libanotis plastomes for the genus, including an additional plastome that had been published. Our results suggested that Libanotis plastome was highly conserved between different subclades, while the coding regions were more conserved than the non-coding regions, and the IR regions were more conserved than the single copy regions. Nevertheless, eight mutation hotspot regions were identified among plastomes, which can be considered as candidate DNA barcodes for accurate species identification in Libanotis. The phylogenetic analyses generated a robustly framework for Libanotis and revealed that Libanotis was not a monophyletic group and their all three sections were polygenetic. Libanotis schrenkiana was sister to L. sibirica, type species of this genus, but the remainders scattered within Selineae.

CONCLUSION

The plastomes of Libanotis exhibited a high degree of conservation and was effective in enhancing the support and resolution of phylogenetic analyses within this genus. Based on evidence from both phylogeny and morphology, we propose the recognition of "Libanotis sensu stricto" and provide taxonomic recommendations for other taxa that previously belonged to Libanotis. In conclusion, our study not only revealed the phylogenetic position and plastid evolution of Libanotis, but also provided new insights into the phylogeny of the family Apiaceae and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Selineae.

Assembly and comparative analysis of the first complete mitochondrial genome of a traditional Chinese medicine Angelica biserrata (Shan et Yuan) Yuan et Shan

Duhuo, a member of the Angelica family, is widely used to treat ailments such as rheumatic pain. It possesses a diverse array of bioactivities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, as recent pharmacological research has revealed. Nevertheless, the mtDNA of Angelica species remains relatively unexplored. To address this gap, we sequenced and assembled the mtDNA of A. biserrata to shed light on its genetic mechanisms and evolutionary pathways. Our investigation indicated a distinctive multi-branched conformation in the A. biserrata mtDNA. A comprehensive analysis of protein-coding sequences (PCGs) across six closely related species revealed the presence of 11 shared genes in their mitochondrial genomes. Intriguingly, positive selection emerged as a significant factor in the evolution of the atp4, matR, nad3, and nad7 genes. In addition, our data highlighted a recurring trend of homologous fragment migration between chloroplast and mitochondrial organelles. We identified 13 homologous fragments spanning both chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The phylogenetic tree established a close relationship between A. biserrata and Saposhnikovia divaricata. To sum up, our research would contribute to the application of population genetics and evolutionary studies in the genus Acanthopanax and other genera in the Araliaceae family.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Angelica (Apiaceae) in Taiwan with a new species A. aliensis

BACKGROUND

Angelica L. sensu lato is a taxonomically complex genus, and many studies have utilized morphological and molecular features to resolve its classification issues. In Taiwan, there are six taxa within Angelica, and their taxonomic treatments have been a subject of controversy. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis incorporating morphological and molecular (cpDNA and nrDNA) characteristics to revise the taxonomic treatments of Angelica in Taiwan.

RESULTS

As a result of our research, we have revised the classification between A. dahurica var. formosana and A. pubescens and merged two varieties of A. morrisonicola into a single taxon. A new taxon, A. aliensis, has been identified and found to share a close relationship with A. tarokoensis. Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics data, it has been determined that the former three taxa should be grouped into the Eurasian Angelica clade, while the remaining four taxa should belong to the littoral Angelica clade. Furthermore, Angelica species in Taiwan distributed at higher altitudes displayed higher genetic diversity, implying that the central mountain range of Taiwan serves as a significant reservoir of plant biodiversity. Genetic drift, such as bottlenecks, has been identified as a potential factor leading to the fixation or reduction of genetic diversity of populations in most Angelica species. We provide key to taxa, synopsis, phenology, and distribution for each taxon of Taiwan.

CONCLUSIONS

Our comprehensive analysis of morphological and molecular features has shed light on the taxonomic complexities within Angelica in Taiwan, resolving taxonomic issues and providing valuable insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Angelica in Taiwan.

Intrageneric structural variation in organelle genomes from the genus Dystaenia (Apiaceae): genome rearrangement and mitochondrion-to-plastid DNA transfer

Introduction

During plant evolution, intracellular DNA transfer (IDT) occurs not only from organelles to the nucleus but also between organelles. To further comprehend these events, both organelle genomes and transcriptomes are needed.

Methods

In this study, we constructed organelle genomes and transcriptomes for two Dystaenia species and described their dynamic IDTs between their nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, or plastid and mitochondrial genomes (plastome and mitogenome).

Results and Discussion

We identified the putative functional transfers of the mitochondrial genes 5' rpl2, rps10, rps14, rps19, and sdh3 to the nucleus in both Dystaenia species and detected two transcripts for the rpl2 and sdh3 genes. Additional transcriptomes from the Apicaceae species also provided evidence for the transfers and duplications of these mitochondrial genes, showing lineage-specific patterns. Intrageneric variations of the IDT were found between the Dystaenia organelle genomes. Recurrent plastid-to-mitochondrion DNA transfer events were only identified in the D. takeshimana mitogenome, and a pair of mitochondrial DNAs of plastid origin (MIPTs) may generate minor alternative isoforms. We only found a mitochondrion-to-plastid DNA transfer event in the D. ibukiensis plastome. This event may be linked to inverted repeat boundary shifts in its plastome. We inferred that the insertion region involved an MIPT that had already acquired a plastid sequence in its mitogenome via IDT. We propose that the MIPT acts as a homologous region pairing between the donor and recipient sequences. Our results provide insight into the evolution of organelle genomes across the family Apiaceae.

Complete plastid genome structure of 13 Asian Justicia (Acanthaceae) species: comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses

BACKGROUND

Justicia L. is the largest genus in Acanthaceae Juss. and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Previous phylogenetic studies have proposed a general phylogenetic framework for Justicia based on several molecular markers. However, their studies were mainly focused on resolution of phylogenetic issues of Justicia in Africa, Australia and South America due to limited sampling from Asia. Additionally, although Justicia plants are of high medical and ornamental values, little research on its genetics was reported. Therefore, to improve the understanding of its genomic structure and relationships among Asian Justicia plants, we sequenced complete chloroplast (cp.) genomes of 12 Asian plants and combined with the previously published cp. genome of Justicia leptostachya Hemsl. for further comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses.

RESULTS

All the cp. genomes exhibit a typical quadripartite structure without genomic rearrangement and gene loss. Their sizes range from 148,374 to 151,739 bp, including a large single copy (LSC, 81,434-83,676 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 16,833-17,507 bp) and two inverted repeats (IR, 24,947-25,549 bp). GC contents range from 38.1 to 38.4%. All the plastomes contain 114 genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and 4 rRNAs. IR variation and repetitive sequences analyses both indicated that Justicia grossa C. B. Clarke is different from other Justicia species because its lengths of ndhF and ycf1 in IRs are shorter than others and it is richest in SSRs and dispersed repeats. The ycf1 gene was identified as the candidate DNA barcode for the genus Justicia. Our phylogenetic results showed that Justicia is a polyphyletic group, which is consistent with previous studies. Among them, J. grossa belongs to subtribe Tetramerinae of tribe Justicieae while the other Justicia members belong to subtribe Justiciinae. Therefore, based on morphological and molecular evidence, J. grossa should be undoubtedly recognized as a new genus. Interestingly, the evolutionary history of Justicia was discovered to be congruent with the morphology evolution.

CONCLUSION

Our study not only elucidates basic features of Justicia whole plastomes, but also sheds light on interspecific relationships of Asian Justicia plants for the first time.

Plastome evolution in the genus Sium (Apiaceae, Oenantheae) inferred from phylogenomic and comparative analyses

BACKGROUND

Sium L. (Apiaceae) is a small genus distributed primarily in Eurasia, with one species also occurring in North America. Recently, its circumscription has been revised to include 10 species, however, the phylogenetic relationships within its two inclusive clades were poorly supported or collapsed in previous studies based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS or cpDNA sequences. To identify molecular markers suitable for future intraspecific phylogeographic and population genetic studies, and to evaluate the efficacy of plastome in resolving the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of six Sium species were sequenced.

RESULTS

The Sium plastomes exhibited typical quadripartite structures of Apiaceae and most other higher plant plastid DNAs, and were relatively conserved in their size (153,029-155,006 bp), gene arrangement and content (with 114 unique genes). A total of 61-67 SSRs, along with 12 highly divergent regions (trnQ, trnG-atpA, trnE-trnT, rps4-trnT, accD-psbI, rpl16, ycf1-ndhF, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL, ndhE-ndhG, ycf1a and ycf1b) were discovered in the plastomes. No significant IR length variation was detected showing that plastome evolution was conserved within this genus. Phylogenomic analysis based on whole chloroplast genome sequences produced a highly resolved phylogenetic tree, in which the monophyly of Sium, as well as the sister relationship of its two inclusive clades were strongly supported.

CONCLUSIONS

The plastome sequences could greatly improve phylogenetic resolution, and will provide genomic resources and potential markers useful for future studies of the genus.

Chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogeny of the sinodielsia clade (apiaceae: apioideae)

BACKGROUND

The Sinodielsia clade of the subfamily Apioideae (Apiacieae) was established in 2008, and it is composed of 37 species from 17 genera. Its circumscription is still poorly delimited and unstable, and interspecific relationships in the clade lack comprehensive analysis. Chloroplast (cp.) genomes provide valuable and informative data sources for evolutionary biology and have been widely used in studies on plant phylogeny. To infer the phylogenetic history of the Sinodielsia clade, we assembled complete cp. genomes of 39 species and then performed phylogenetic analysis based on these cp. genome sequence data combined with 66 published cp. genomes from 16 genera relative to the Sinodielsia clade.

RESULTS

These 39 newly assembled genomes had a typical quadripartite structure with two inverted repeat regions (IRs: 17,599-31,486 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC: 82,048-94,046 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC: 16,343-17,917 bp). The phylogenetic analysis showed that 19 species were clustered into the Sinodielsia clade, and they were divided into two subclades. Six mutation hotspot regions were detected from the whole cp. genomes among the Sinodielsia clade, namely, rbcL-accD, ycf4-cemA, petA-psbJ, ycf1-ndhF, ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1, and it was found that ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1 were highly variable in the 105 sampled cp. genomes.

CONCLUSION

The Sinodielsia clade was subdivided into two subclades relevant to geographical distributions, except for cultivated and introduced species. Six mutation hotspot regions, especially ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1, could be used as potential DNA markers in the identification and phylogenetic analyses of the Sinodielsia clade and Apioideae. Our study provided new insights into the phylogeny of the Sinodielsia clade and valuable information on cp. genome evolution in Apioideae.

Genetic diversity and population divergence of Leonurus japonicus and its distribution dynamic changes from the last interglacial to the present in China

BACKGROUND

Leonurus japonicus, a significant medicinal plant known for its therapeutic effects on gynecological and cardiovascular diseases, has genetic diversity that forms the basis for germplasm preservation and utilization in medicine. Despite its economic value, limited research has focused on its genetic diversity and divergence.

RESULTS

The avg. nucleotide diversity of 59 accessions from China were 0.00029 and hotspot regions in petN-psbM and rpl32-trnL_(UAG) spacers, which can be used for genotype discrimination. These accessions divided into four clades with significant divergence. The four subclades, which split at approximately 7.36 Ma, were likely influenced by the Hengduan Mountains uplift and global temperature drop. The initial divergence gave rise to Clade D, with a crown age estimated at 4.27 Ma, followed by Clade C, with a crown age estimated at 3.39 Ma. The four clades were not showed a clear spatial distribution. Suitable climatic conditions for the species were identified, including warmest quarter precipitation 433.20 mm ~ 1,524.07 mm, driest month precipitation > 12.06 mm, and coldest month min temp > -4.34 °C. The high suitability distribution showed contraction in LIG to LGM, followed by expansion from LGM to present. The Hengduan Mountains acted as a glacial refuge for the species during climate changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reflected a clear phylogenetic relationships and divergence within species L. japonicus and the identified hotspot regions could facilitate the genotype discrimination. The divergence time estimation and suitable area simulation revealed evolution dynamics of this species and may propose conservation suggestions and exploitation approaches in the future.

The complete chloroplast genome of Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. (Urticaceae), an important kind of traditional Chinese medicine in China

Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. is an important Chinese medicine. Here, the complete chloroplast genome of U. angustifolia was assembled and characterized. The length of the chloroplast genome was 146,679 bp with the typical quadripartite structure, containing two inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,595 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 79,820 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,669 bp. The whole chloroplast genome of U. angustifolia contains 111 genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Nucleotide variability analysis identified three hotspot regions (trnK-rps16, ndhF-rps32, and ycf1b) for genomic divergence and 52 simple sequence repeats. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genomes exhibited that U. angustifolia formed a clade with Urtica lobatifolia and Hesperocnide tenella.

Insights into the phylogeny and chloroplast genome evolution of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae)

BACKGROUND

Eriocaulon is a wetland plant genus with important ecological value, and one of the famous taxonomically challenging groups among angiosperms, mainly due to the high intraspecific diversity and low interspecific variation in the morphological characters of species within this genus. In this study, 22 samples representing 15 Eriocaulon species from China, were sequenced and combined with published samples of Eriocaulon to test the phylogenetic resolution using the complete chloroplast genome. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the chloroplast genomes were performed to investigate the chloroplast genome evolution of Eriocaulon.

RESULTS

The 22 Eriocaulon chloroplast genomes and the nine published samples were proved highly similar in genome size, gene content, and order. The Eriocaulon chloroplast genomes exhibited typical quadripartite structures with lengths from 150,222 bp to 151,584 bp. Comparative analyses revealed that four mutation hotspot regions (psbK-trnS, trnE-trnT, ndhF-rpl32, and ycf1) could serve as effective molecular markers for further phylogenetic analyses and species identification of Eriocaulon species. Phylogenetic results supported Eriocaulon as a monophyletic group. The identified relationships supported the taxonomic treatment of section Heterochiton and Leucantherae, and the section Heterochiton was the first divergent group. Phylogenetic tree supported Eriocaulon was divided into five clades. The divergence times indicated that all the sections diverged in the later Miocene and most of the extant Eriocaulon species diverged in the Quaternary. The phylogeny and divergence times supported rapid radiation occurred in the evolution history of Eriocaulon.

CONCLUSION

Our study mostly supported the taxonomic treatment at the section level for Eriocaulon species in China and demonstrated the power of phylogenetic resolution using whole chloroplast genome sequences. Comparative analyses of the Eriocaulon chloroplast genome developed molecular markers that can help us better identify and understand the evolutionary history of Eriocaulon species in the future.

Plastid Phylogenomics Provide Evidence to Accept Two New Members of Ligusticopsis (Apiaceae, Angiosperms)

Peucedanum nanum and P. violaceum are recognized as members of the genus Peucedanum because of their dorsally compressed mericarps with slightly prominent dorsal ribs and narrowly winged lateral ribs. However, these species are not similar to other Peucedanum taxa but resemble Ligusticopsis in overall morphology. To check the taxonomic positions of P. nanum and P. violaceum, we sequenced their complete plastid genome (plastome) sequences and, together with eleven previously published Ligusticopsis plastomes, performed comprehensively comparative analyses. The thirteen plastomes were highly conserved and similar in structure, size, GC content, gene content and order, IR borders, and the patterns of codon bias, RNA editing, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Nevertheless, twelve mutation hotspots (matK, ndhC, rps15, rps8, ycf2, ccsA-ndhD, petN-psbM, psbA-trnK, rps2-rpoC2, rps4-trnT, trnH-psbA, and ycf2-trnL) were selected. Moreover, both the phylogenetic analyses based on plastomes and on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences robustly supported that P. nanum and P. violaceum nested in Ligusticopsis, and this was further confirmed by the morphological evidence. Hence, transferring P. nanum and P. violaceum into Ligusticopsis genus is reasonable and convincing, and two new combinations are presented.

The phylogeny of Seseli (Apiaceae, Apioideae): insights from molecular and morphological data

BACKGROUND

The genus Seseli L., which consists of 125-140 species distributed in the Old World from western Europe and northwestern Africa to China and Japan, is one of the largest and most taxonomically difficult genera of Apiaceae Lindl. Although several previous studies have been conducted on Seseli based on limited morphological characteristics and molecular fragments, a robust and comprehensive phylogeny of Seseli remains elusive. Plastomes provide abundant genetic information and have been widely used in studying plant phylogeny and evolution. Consequently, we newly generated the complete plastomes of eleven Seseli taxa. We combined plastome data and morphological characteristics to investigate the phylogeny of Seseli.

RESULTS

In our study, we observed that the genome length, gene numbers, IR/SC borders, and repeat composition of the eleven Seseli plastomes were variable. Several appropriate mutation hotspot regions may be developed as candidate DNA barcodes for evolution, phylogeny, and species identification of Seseli. The phylogenetic results identified that Seseli was not a monophyletic group. Moreover, the eleven newly sequenced Seseli taxa did not cluster with S. tortuosum (the type species of Seseli, belonging to the tribe Selineae), where S. delavayi clustered with Eriocycla belonging to the tribe Echinophoreae and the other ten belonged to Selineae. The comparative plastome and morphological characteristics analyses confirmed the reliability of the phylogenetic analyses and implied the complex evolution of Seseli.

CONCLUSION

Combining molecular and morphological data is efficient and useful for studying the phylogeny of Seseli. We suggest that "a narrow sense" of Seseli will be meaningful for further study and the current taxonomic system of Seseli needs to be revised. In summary, our study can provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic framework of Seseli.

Sequence Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Artemisia argyi Chloroplast Genome

Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van is an important Asteraceae species with a high medicinal value. There are abundant A. argyi germplasm resources in Asia, especially in China, but the evolutionary relationships of these varieties and the systematic localization of A. argyi in the family Asteraceae are still unclear. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of 72 A. argyi varieties were systematically analyzed. The 72 varieties originated from 47 regions in China at different longitudes, latitudes and altitudes, and included both wild and cultivated varieties. The A. argyi cp genome was found to be ∼151 kb in size and to contain 114 genes, including 82 protein-coding, 28 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. The number of short sequence repeats (SSRs) in A. argyi cp genomes ranged from 35 to 42, and most of them were mononucleotide A/T repeats. A total of 196 polymorphic sites were detected in the cp genomes of the 72 varieties. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the genetic relationship between A. argyi varieties had a weak relationship with their geographical distribution. Furthermore, inverted repeat (IR) boundaries of 10 Artemisia species were found to be significantly different. A sequence divergence analysis of Asteraceae cp genomes showed that the variable regions were mostly located in single-copy (SC) regions and that the coding regions were more conserved than the non-coding regions. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 43 protein-coding genes common to 67 Asteraceae species. The resulting tree was consistent with the traditional classification system; Artemisia species were clustered into one group, and A. argyi was shown to be closely related to Artemisia lactiflora and Artemisia montana. In summary, this study systematically analyzed the cp genome characteristics of A. argyi and compared cp genomes of Asteraceae species. The results provide valuable information for the definitive identification of A. argyi varieties and for the understanding of the evolutionary relationships between Asteraceae species.

Complete Chloroplast Genome of Cnidium monnieri (Apiaceae) and Comparisons with Other Tribe Selineae Species

Cnidium monnieri is an economically important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. monnieri was determined using the Illumina paired-end sequencing, the GetOrganelle de novo assembly strategy, as well as the GeSeq annotation method. Our results showed that the cp genome was 147,371 bp in length with 37.4% GC content and included a large single-copy region (94,361 bp) and a small single-copy region (17,552 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (17,729 bp). A total of 129 genes were contained in the cp genome, including 85 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. We also investigated codon usage, RNA editing, repeat sequences, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), IR boundaries, and pairwise Ka/Ks ratios. Four hypervariable regions (trnD-trnY-trnE-trnT, ycf2, ndhF-rpl32-trnL, and ycf1) were identified as candidate molecular markers for species authentication. The phylogenetic analyses supported non-monophyly of Cnidium and C. monnieri located in tribe Selineae based on the cp genome sequences and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The incongruence of the phylogenetic position of C. monnieri between ITS and cpDNA phylogenies suggested that C. monnieri might have experienced complex evolutions with hybrid and incomplete lineage sorting. All in all, the results presented herein will provide plentiful chloroplast genomic resources for studies of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and species authentication of C. monnieri. Our study is also conducive to elucidating the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic position of Cnidium.

Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of six Kenya Polystachya (Orchidaceae) species based on the complete chloroplast genome sequences

BACKGROUND

Polystachya Hook. is a large pantropical orchid genus (c. 240 species) distributed in Africa, southern Asia and the Americas, with the center of diversity in Africa. Previous studies on species of this genus have not obtained the complete chloroplast genomes, structures and variations. Additionally, the phylogenetic position of the genus in the Orchidaceae is still controversial and uncertain. Therefore, in this study, we sequenced the complete plastomes of six Kenya Polystachya species based on genome skimming, subjected them to comparative genomic analysis, and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships with other Orchidaceae species.

RESULTS

The results exhibited that the chloroplast genomes had a typical quadripartite structure with conserved genome arrangement and moderate divergence. The plastomes of the six Polystachya species ranged from 145,484 bp to 149,274 bp in length and had an almost similar GC content of 36.9-37.0%. Gene annotation revealed 106-109 single-copy genes. In addition, 19 genes are duplicated in the inverted regions, and 16 genes each possessd one or more introns. Although no large structural variations were observed among the Polystachya plastomes, about 1 kb inversion was found in Polystachya modesta and all 11 ndh genes in the Polystachya plastomes were lost or pseudogenized. Comparative analysis of the overall sequence identity among six complete chloroplast genomes confirmed that for both coding and non-coding regions in Polystachya, SC regions exhibit higher sequence variation than IRs. Furthermore, there were various amplifications in the IR regions among the six Polystachya species. Most of the protein-coding genes of these species had a high degree of codon preference. We screened out SSRs and found seven relatively highly variable loci. Moreover, 13 genes were discovered with significant positive selection. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the six Polystachya species formed a monophyletic clade and were more closely related to the tribe Vandeae. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Orchidaceae inferred from the 85 chloroplast genome sequences were generally consistent with previous studies and robust.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study is the initial report of the complete chloroplast genomes of the six Polystachya species, elucidates the structural characteristics of the chloroplast genome of Polystachya, and filters out highly variable sequences that can contribute to the development of DNA markers for use in the study of genetic variability and evolutionary studies in Polystachya. In addition, the phylogenetic results strongly support that the genus of Polystachya is a part of the tribe Vandeae.

Complete chloroplast genome features of the model heavy metal hyperaccumulator Arabis paniculata Franch and its phylogenetic relationships with other Brassicaceae species

Arabis paniculata Franch (Brassicaceae) has been widely used for the phytoremediation of heavy mental, owing to its hyper tolerance of extreme Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations. However, studies on its genome or plastid genome are scarce. In the present study, we obtained the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. paniculata via de novo assembly through the integration of Illumina reads and PacBio subreads. The cp genome presents a typical quadripartite cycle with a length of 153,541 bp, and contains 111 unigenes, with 79 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNAs and 4 rRNAs. Codon usage analysis showed that the codons for leucine were the most frequent codons and preferentially ended with A/U. Synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous (Ka) substitution rate analysis indicated that the unigenes, ndhF and rpoC2, related to "NADH-dehydrogenase" and "RNA polymerase" respectively, underwent the lowest purifying selection pressure. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Arabis flagellosa and A. hirsuta are more similar to each other than to A. paniculata, and Arabis is the closest relative of Draba among all Brassicaceae genera. These findings provide valuable information for the optimal exploitation of this model species as a heavy-metal hyperaccumulator.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01151-1.

Plastid Phylogenomic Analysis of Tordylieae Tribe (Apiaceae, Apioideae)

Based on the nrDNA ITS sequence data, the Tordylieae tribe is recognized as monophyletic with three major lineages: the subtribe Tordyliinae, the Cymbocarpum clade, and the Lefebvrea clade. Recent phylogenomic investigations showed incongruence between the nuclear and plastid genome evolution in the tribe. To assess phylogenetic relations and structure evolution of plastomes in Tordylieae, we generated eleven complete plastome sequences using the genome skimming approach and compared them with the available data from this tribe and close relatives. Newly assembled plastomes had lengths ranging from 141,148 to 150,103 base pairs and contained 122-127 genes, including 79-82 protein-coding genes, 35-37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. We observed substantial differences in the inverted repeat length and gene content, accompanied by a complex picture of multiple JLA and JLB shifts. In concatenated phylogenetic analyses, Tordylieae plastomes formed at least three not closely related lineages with plastomes of the Lefebvrea clade as a sister group to plastomes from the Selineae tribe. The newly obtained data have increased our knowledge on the range of plastome variability in Apiaceae.

The complete plastomes of seven Peucedanum plants: comparative and phylogenetic analyses for the Peucedanum genus

BACKGROUND

The Peucedanum genus is the backbone member of Apiaceae, with many economically and medically important plants. Although the previous studies on Peucedanum provide us with a good research basis, there are still unclear phylogenetic relationships and many taxonomic problems in Peucedanum, and a robust phylogenetic framework of this genus still has not been obtained, which severely hampers the improvement and revision of taxonomic system for this genus. The plastid genomes possessing more variable characters have potential for reconstructing a robust phylogeny in plants.

RESULTS

In the current study, we newly sequenced and assembled seven Peucedanum plastid genomes. Together with five previously published plastid genomes of Peucedanum, we performed a comprehensively comparative analyses for this genus. Twelve Peucedanum plastomes were similar in terms of genome structure, codon bias, RNA editing sites, and SSRs, but varied in genome size, gene content and arrangement, and border of SC/IR. Fifteen mutation hotspot regions were identified among plastid genomes that can serve as candidate DNA barcodes for species identification in Peucedanum. Our phylogenetic analyses based on plastid genomes generated a phylogeny with high supports and resolutions for Peucedanum that robustly supported the non-monophyly of genus Peucedanum.

CONCLUSION

The plastid genomes of Peucedanum showed both conservation and diversity. The plastid genome data were efficient and powerful for improving the supports and resolutions of phylogeny for the complex Peucedanum genus. In summary, our study provides new sights into the plastid genome evolution, taxonomy, and phylogeny for Peucedanum species.

Chloroplast Genome Evolution and Species Identification of Styrax (Styracaceae)

The genus Styrax L. consists of approximately 130 species distributed in the Americas, eastern Asia, and the Mediterranean region. The phylogeny and evolutionary history of this genus are not clear. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and the method for species identification will be critical for the evolution of this genus. In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of 17 Styrax samples and added 17 additional chloroplast genome sequences from GenBank. The data were used to investigate chloroplast genome evolution, infer phylogenetic relationships, and access the species identification rate within Styrax. The Styrax chloroplast genome contains typical quadripartite structures, ranging from 157,641 bp to 159,333 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 114 unique genes. The P distance among the Styrax species ranged from 0.0003 to 0.00611. Seventeen small inversions and SSR sites were discovered in the Styrax chloroplast genome. By comparing with the chloroplast genome sequences, six mutation hotspots were identified, and the markers ycf1b and trnT-trnL were identified as the best Styrax-specific DNA barcodes. The specific barcodes and superbarcode exhibited higher discriminatory power than universal barcodes. Chloroplast phylogenomic results improved the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of Styrax compared to previous analyses.

Complete pan-plastome sequences enable high resolution phylogenetic classification of sugar beet and closely related crop wild relatives

Background

As the major source of sugar in moderate climates, sugar-producing beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) have a high economic value. However, the low genetic diversity within cultivated beets requires introduction of new traits, for example to increase their tolerance and resistance attributes – traits that often reside in the crop wild relatives. For this, genetic information of wild beet relatives and their phylogenetic placements to each other are crucial. To answer this need, we sequenced and assembled the complete plastome sequences from a broad species spectrum across the beet genera Beta and Patellifolia, both embedded in the Betoideae (order Caryophyllales). This pan-plastome dataset was then used to determine the wild beet phylogeny in high-resolution.

Results

We sequenced the plastomes of 18 closely related accessions representing 11 species of the Betoideae subfamily and provided high-quality plastome assemblies which represent an important resource for further studies of beet wild relatives and the diverse plant order Caryophyllales. Their assembly sizes range from 149,723 bp (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) to 152,816 bp (Beta nana), with most variability in the intergenic sequences. Combining plastome-derived phylogenies with read-based treatments based on mitochondrial information, we were able to suggest a unified and highly confident phylogenetic placement of the investigated Betoideae species.

Our results show that the genus Beta can be divided into the two clearly separated sections Beta and Corollinae. Our analysis confirms the affiliation of B. nana with the other Corollinae species, and we argue against a separate placement in the Nanae section. Within the Patellifolia genus, the two diploid species Patellifolia procumbens and Patellifolia webbiana are, regarding the plastome sequences, genetically more similar to each other than to the tetraploid Patellifolia patellaris. Nevertheless, all three Patellifolia species are clearly separated.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our wild beet plastome assemblies represent a new resource to understand the molecular base of the beet germplasm. Despite large differences on the phenotypic level, our pan-plastome dataset is highly conserved. For the first time in beets, our whole plastome sequences overcome the low sequence variation in individual genes and provide the molecular backbone for highly resolved beet phylogenomics. Hence, our plastome sequencing strategy can also guide genomic approaches to unravel other closely related taxa.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08336-8.

Heterogeneous Genetic Diversity Estimation of a Promising Domestication Medicinal Motherwort Leonurus Cardiaca Based on Chloroplast Genome Resources

Leonurus cardiaca has a long history of use in western herbal medicine and is applied for the treatment of gynaecological conditions, anxiety, and heart diseases. Because of its botanical relationship to the primary Chinese species, L. japonicus, and extensive medical indications that go beyond the traditional indications for the Chinese species, it is a promising medicinal resource. Therefore, the features of genetic diversity and variability in the species have been prioritized. To explore these issues, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of 22 accessions of L. cardiaca from different geographical locations worldwide using high-throughput sequencing. The results indicate that L. cardiaca has a typical quadripartite structure and range from 1,51,236 bp to 1,51,831 bp in size, forming eight haplotypes. The genomes all contain 114 distinct genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes and four ribosomal RNA genes. Comparative analysis showed abundant diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 22 accessions. Codon usage showed highly similar results for L. cardiaca species. The phylogenetic and network analysis indicated 22 accessions forming four clades that were partly related to the geographical distribution. In summary, our study highlights the advantage of chloroplast genome with large data sets in intraspecific diversity evaluation and provides a new tool to facilitate medicinal plant conservation and domestication.

Complete chloroplast genome sequences of the medicinal plant Piper hancei

Chloroplast genome sequences have been used in phylogenetic and population genetics studies. Here, we assembled the chloroplast genome of Piper hancei Maxim. that is a traditional Chinese medicine. The genome length was 161,476 bp and included a pair of inverted repeats of 27,058 bp, a large single-copy region of 89,144 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,216 bp. It contained 113 different genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA), and four ribosomal RNA genes. Moreover, we also identified 82 SSRs. The phylogenetic inference based on the whole chloroplast genome of 20 taxa showed P. hancei was sister to P. kadsura.

Chloroplast phylogenomics and divergence times of Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae)

Background

Crape myrtles, belonging to the genus Lagerstroemia L., have beautiful paniculate inflorescences and are cultivated as important ornamental tree species for landscaping and gardening. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Lagerstroemia have remained unresolved likely caused by limited sampling and the insufficient number of informative sites used in previous studies.

Results

In this study, we sequenced 20 Lagerstroemia chloroplast genomes and combined with 15 existing chloroplast genomes from the genus to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times within Lagerstroemia. The phylogenetic results indicated that this genus is a monophyletic group containing four clades. Our dating analysis suggested that Lagerstroemia originated in the late Paleocene (~ 60 Ma) and started to diversify in the middle Miocene. The diversification of most species occurred during the Pleistocene. Four variable loci, trnD-trnY-trnE, rrn16-trnI, ndhF-rpl32-trnL and ycf1, were discovered in the Lagerstroemia chloroplast genomes.

Conclusions

The chloroplast genome information was successfully utilized for molecular characterization of diverse crape myrtle samples. Our results are valuable for the global genetic diversity assessment, conservation and utilization of Lagerstroemia.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07769-x.

Backbone phylogeny and evolution of Apioideae (Apiaceae): New insights from phylogenomic analyses of plastome data

Traditional phylogenies inferred from chloroplast DNA fragments have not obtained a well-resolved evolutionary history for the backbone of Apioideae, the largest subfamily of Apiaceae. In this study, we applied the genome skimming approach of next-generation sequencing to address whether the lack of resolution at the tip of the Apioideae phylogenetic tree is due to limited information loci or the footprint of ancient radiation. A total of 90 complete chloroplast genomes (including 23 newly sequenced genomes and covering 20 major clades of Apioideae) were analyzed (RAxML and MrBayes) to provide a phylogenomic reconstruction of Apioideae. Dating analysis was also implemented using BEAST to estimate the origin and divergence time of the major clades. As a result, the early divergences of Apioideae have been clarified but the relationship among its distally branching clades (Group A) was only partially resolved, with short internal branches pointing to an ancient radiation scenario. Four major clades, Tordyliinae I, Pimpinelleae I, Apieae and Coriandreae, were hypothesized to have originated from chloroplast capture events induced by early hybridization according to the incongruence between chloroplast-based and nrDNA-based phylogenetic trees. Furthermore, the variable and nested distribution of junction positions of LSC (Large single copy region) and IR_B (inverted repeat region B) in Group A may reflect incomplete lineage sorting within this group, which possibly contributed to the unclear phylogenetic relationships among these clades inferred from plastome data. Molecular clock analysis revealed the chloroplast capture events mainly occurred during the middle to late Miocene, providing a geological and climate context for the evolution of Apioideae.