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Jia F, Wang Y, Chen Z, Jin J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Tang H, Wang Y, Fan P. 10-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid reduces vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation via interacting with Toll-like receptor 4. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2025; 140:156534. [PMID: 40054182 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/15/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 10-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid (10-HDA), a unique and marker compound in royal jelly, has a wide range of bio-activities. However, its role in regulating inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), which is essential to a set of vascular diseases, is still unknown. PURPOSE Our study aimed to investigate whether 10-HDA exerts effect on VSMC inflammation via interacting with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pivotal inflammatory initiator. METHODS A package of proteins, which might participate in TLR4-mediated signaling, influenced by 10-HDA were analyzed in mouse VSMCs with Angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Accordingly, pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and anti-oxidants that are closely relevant to inflammatory process were determined. The possible mode for 10-HDA interacting with TLR4 was also characterized. Moreover, involvement of a key miRNA in 10-HDA regulating VSMC inflammation was identified. RESULTS In the presence of Ang Ⅱ, 10-HDA inhibited the TLR4 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In such occasion, 10-HDA hindered the up-regulation of specificity protein 1 (SP1) and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit (PPP6C), the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, TGF-β-activated kinase 1, and nuclear factor-κB p56, as well as the enhancement of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88. Apart from SP1 and PPP6C, the level change of these proteins by 10-HDA was similar with LPS stimulation. The effect might be resulted from 10-HDA blocking TLR4 through multiple atomic interactions. 10-HDA mitigated the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-6, as well as increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in the Ang Ⅱ- or LPS-induced VSMCs. Correspondingly, the level of ROS was attenuated and the anti-oxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase were fortified. The data indicated the anti-inflammatory potential of 10-HDA in VSMCs, which was associated with 10-HDA's capability of relieving oxidative stress. Additionally, the expression of miR-17-5p was saved by 10-HDA from Ang Ⅱ- or LPS-treated VSMCs, which might be relevant to SP1 and PPP6C targeting. CONCLUSION The present work of 10-HDA, for the first time, revealed its ability to alleviate VSMC inflammation by targeting TLR4 and therefore modulate the downstream inflammatory participants. Our data will cast light on the utilization of 10-HDA in VSMC inflammation-related vascular disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Animals
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Mice
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jia
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingxian Jin
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huaijian Tang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pei Fan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Song D, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wang M, Tang H, Fang J, Song Z, Ma Q, Geng J. The amelioration effect of sesamoside on inflammatory response in septic shock. BMC Immunol 2025; 26:15. [PMID: 40050706 PMCID: PMC11884088 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-025-00695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Sepsis shock is caused by a systemic infection characterized by circulatory disorders and metabolic abnormalities. Microorganisms or their toxins enter the bloodstream, releasing inflammatory mediators and triggering systemic inflammatory reactions, leading to multiple organ dysfunction and even failure. To explore new treatment methods, we studied the improvement effect of sesamoside on the inflammatory response in septic shock. We performed in vitro experiments and animal models. We found that sesamoside reduced inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and NO. Sesamoside inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK and downregulated the expression of NLRP3, reducing the systemic inflammatory response. In addition, sesamoside reduces multi-organ injuries in LPS-induced septic shock and restricts the nuclear localization of P65 to regulate the immune response, enhance immune function, and help restore cell metabolism and organ function. This study reveals the improved effect of sesamoside on inflammatory response in septic shock, providing new ideas and methods for treating septic shock. Future research will explore the mechanism of action of sesamoside and its clinical application value in the treatment of septic shock. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Haojie Tang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Zhuoyang Song
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Qingyang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China
| | - Jing Geng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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Ozguner Y, Altınsoy S, Kültüroğlu G, Unal D, Ergil J, Neşelioğlu S, Erel Ö. The effects of dexmedetomidine on thiol/disulphide homeostasis in coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2024; 24:402. [PMID: 39511476 PMCID: PMC11542366 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-024-02794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) plays a pivotal role in various physiological mechanisms, including antioxidant defence, detoxification, apoptosis, regulation of enzyme activities and cellular signal transduction. TDH can be used as a biomarker to detect oxidative stress (OS) levels and ischemia status in the tissues. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is a procedure associated with high oxidative stress. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist anaesthetic agent, has antioxidant effects. In this study, the effects of dexmedetomidine on oxidative stress in CABG surgery were investigated. METHODS Patients who underwent on-pump CABG surgery were divided into two groups: those receiving dexmedetomidine (Group D) and those not receiving dexmedetomidine (Group C). From anesthesia induction to the end of surgery, patients in Group D received intravenous infusions of 0.05-0.2 mcg/kg/min remifentanil and 0.2-0.7 mcg/kg/h dexmedetomidine. Patients in Group C received intravenous infusion of 0.05-0.2 mcg/kg/min remifentanil. Blood samples were collected from the patients 30 min before induction of anesthesia (T1), 30 min after removal of the aortic cross-clamp (T2), and at the end of the surgery (T3). Thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) was assessed using a novel method. A novel automated method enables the determination of native thiols, total thiols and disulfides levels in plasma, allowing the calculation of their respective ratios. RESULTS In patients receiving dexmedetomidine, lower postoperative levels of disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, and disulfide/total thiol, along with higher native thiol/total thiol, were observed compared to the control group. (p < 0.05) Postoperative native thiol and total thiol levels were similar for both groups. (p > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: In our study, through dynamic thiol-disulfide measurements, we found that levels of oxidative stress (OS) were lower in patients who received dexmedetomidine. We believe that the positive effects of dexmedetomidine on OS could be beneficial in CABG surgery. Furthermore, we anticipate that with further studies conducted in larger patient cohorts, the clinical utilization of dexmedetomidine will become more widespread. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05895331 / 06.07.2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozguner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Savaş Altınsoy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Kültüroğlu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Unal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Julide Ergil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelioğlu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Carnet Le Provost K, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Bezu L. Trial watch: dexmedetomidine in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2327143. [PMID: 38481729 PMCID: PMC10936656 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2327143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist that is widely used in intensive and anesthetic care for its sedative and anxiolytic properties. DEX has the capacity to alleviate inflammatory pain while limiting immunosuppressive glucocorticoid stress during major surgery, thus harboring therapeutic benefits for oncological procedures. Recently, the molecular mechanisms of DEX-mediated anticancer effects have been partially deciphered. Together with additional preclinical data, these mechanistic insights support the hypothesis that DEX-induced therapeutic benefits are mediated via the stimulation of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Similarly, published clinical trials including ancillary studies described an immunostimulatory role of DEX during the perioperative period of cancer surgery. The impact of DEX on long-term patient survival remains elusive. Nevertheless, DEX-mediated immunostimulation offers an interesting therapeutic option for onco-anesthesia. Our present review comprehensively summarizes data from preclinical and clinical studies as well as from ongoing trials with a distinct focus on the role of DEX in overcoming (tumor microenvironment (TME)-imposed) cancer therapy resistance. The objective of this update is to guide clinicians in their choice toward immunostimulatory onco-anesthetic agents that have the capacity to improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Carnet Le Provost
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département Anesthésie, Chirurgie et Interventionnel, Villejuif, France
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Chen X, Yang G, Zhan J, Li S, He F, Fan G. Mesoporous silica-based nanocarriers with dual response to pH and ROS for enhanced anti-inflammation therapy of 5-demethylnobiletin against psoriasis-like lesions. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123373. [PMID: 37673281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease accompanied with chronic papulosquamous lesions and multiple comorbidities that considerably affect patients' quality of life. In order to develop an enhanced therapeutic strategy for psoriasis, 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DN), a kind of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) with high anti-inflammatory activity, was delivered in vitro and in vivo by the nanocarrier of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) both in the human keratinocytes HaCaT cell line and the mouse model with psoriasis-like lesions. The drug-loaded nanocarrier system (MSNs@5-DN) significantly improved the biocompatibility and bioavailability of 5-DN. Investigations at cell biological, histopathological, and molecular levels revealed the pharmacological mechanism of the drug delivery system, including the inhibition of inflammatory responses by downregulating the proinflammatory cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The upregulation of anti‑inflammatory cytokine of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and microRNA-17-5p, a critical regulator of the PTEN/AKT pathway, was also observed. The psoriasis-like lesions were markedly ameliorated in the mouse models treated with MSNs@5-DN. The designed drug-loading system shows an enhanced therapeutic outcome for psoriasis-like lesion compared with free 5-DN. This study revealed the synergistic effect of functionalized MSNs loaded with PMFs on the clinical treatment of human psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Guliang Yang
- National Research Center of Rice Deep Process and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Feng He
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
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Seong H, Jeong D, Kim EH, Yoon KS, Na D, Yoon SZ, Cho JE. MicroRNA-323-5p Involved in Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning Impart Neuroprotection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1518. [PMID: 37763638 PMCID: PMC10532972 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cerebral ischemia is one of the major preoperative complications. Dexmedetomidine is a well-known sedative-hypnotic agent that has potential organ-protective effects. We examine the miRNAs associated with preconditioning effects of dexmedetomidine in cerebral ischemia. Materials and Methods: Transient infarcts were induced in mice via reperfusion after temporary occlusion of one side of the middle cerebral artery. A subset of these mice was exposed to dexmedetomidine prior to cerebral infarction and miRNA profiling of the whole brain was performed. We administered dexmedetomidine and miRNA-323-5p mimic/inhibitor to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation astrocytes. Additionally, we administered miR-323-5p mimic and inhibitor to mice via intracerebroventricular injection 2 h prior to induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: The infarct volume was significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine-preconditioned mice. Analysis of brain samples revealed an increased expression of five miRNAs and decreased expression of three miRNAs in the dexmedetomidine-pretreated group. The viability of cells significantly increased and expression of miR-323-5p was attenuated in the dexmedetomidine-treated oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation groups. Transfection with anti-miR-323-5p contributed to increased astrocyte viability. When miRNA-323-5p was injected intraventricularly, infarct volume was significantly reduced when preconditioned with the miR-323-5p inhibitor compared with mimic and negative control. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine has a protective effect against transient neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury and eight specific miRNAs were profiled. Also, miRNA-323-5p downregulation has a cell protective effect under ischemic conditions both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest the potential of the miR-323-5p inhibitor as a therapeutic agent against cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyoung Seong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daun Jeong
- Institute for Healthcare Service Innovation, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Hwi Kim
- Institute for Healthcare Service Innovation, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Na
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Zhoo Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Eun Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: Implications of Anesthesia on Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030739. [PMID: 36765695 PMCID: PMC9913216 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health issue and a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, surgery is the mainstay of cancer treatment for solid tumors. However, tumor cells are known to disseminate into the vascular and lymphatic systems during surgical manipulation. Additionally, surgery-induced stress responses can produce an immunosuppressive environment that is favorable for cancer relapse. Up to 90% of cancer-related deaths are the result of metastatic disease after surgical resection. Emerging evidence shows that the interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) not only play decisive roles in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis but also have profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a pleiotropic cytokine contributing to both physiological and pathological processes, is one of the main mediators of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the TME. Because TNF-α signaling may modulate the course of cancer, it can be therapeutically targeted to ameliorate clinical outcomes. As the incidence of cancer continues to grow, approximately 80% of cancer patients require anesthesia during cancer care for diagnostic, therapeutic, or palliative procedures, and over 60% of cancer patients receive anesthesia for primary surgical resection. Numerous studies have demonstrated that perioperative management, including surgical manipulation, anesthetics/analgesics, and other supportive care, may alter the TME and cancer progression by affecting inflammatory or immune responses during cancer surgery, but the literature about the impact of anesthesia on the TNF-α production and cancer progression is limited. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of the implications of anesthesia on cancers from the insights of TNF-α release and provides future anesthetic strategies for improving oncological survival.
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