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Arias-Ulloa CA, Gómez-Salgado J, Escobar-Segovia K, García-Iglesias JJ, Fagundo-Rivera J, Ruiz-Frutos C. Psychological distress in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 87:297-312. [PMID: 38081703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Healthcare workers serving during the COVID-19 pandemic may have been exposed to high work overload, which may have had an impact on their physical, mental, and social health. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with psychological distress among healthcare workers serving during the COVID-19 pandemic from January 2020 to December 2022. METHODS A systematic review was conducted based on the 2020 PRISMA statement. Articles were searched in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. RESULTS A total of 59 articles were included in this systematic review. It was observed that the prevalence of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic was high. Female sex, being a nurse, being young, living alone/being single, and having a chronic disease or psychiatric disorder history are the main risk factors at the personal level. Other occupational and pandemic-related factors such as having many years of work experience, the presence of COVID-19 symptoms and contact history, not enough sleep, having lower family support and limited social relationships, fear of infecting friends and family, having a reduced perception of protection by personal protective equipment, working on the frontline, and having longer service duration were found to be factors influencing the development of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS There are personal, interpersonal, and organizational risk factors that can lead to the occurrence of psychological distress among healthcare staff working during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arturo Arias-Ulloa
- Faculty of Engineering in Mechanics and Production Sciences, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, 090902 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Kenny Escobar-Segovia
- Faculty of Engineering in Earth Sciences, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, 090902 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Juan Jesús García-Iglesias
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Javier Fagundo-Rivera
- Centro Universitario de Enfermería Cruz Roja, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Frutos
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Fattori A, Comotti A, Mazzaracca S, Consonni D, Bordini L, Colombo E, Brambilla P, Bonzini M. Long-Term Trajectory and Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers' Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic: A 24 Month Longitudinal Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4586. [PMID: 36901597 PMCID: PMC10002366 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown the substantial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers' (HCWs) mental health, however, it mostly relies on data collected during the early stages of COVID-19. The aim of this study is to assess the long-term trajectory of HCWs' mental health and the associated risk factors. METHODS a longitudinal cohort study was carried out in an Italian hospital. At Time 1 (July 2020-July 2021), 990 HCWs took part in the study and completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)questionnaire. McNemar's test measured changes in symptoms' trajectories, and random effects models evaluated risk factors associated with scores above the cut-off. RESULTS 310 HCWs participated to the follow-up evaluation (Time 2; July 2021-July 2022). At Time 2, scores above cut-offs were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than at Time 1 for all scales (23% vs. 48% for GHQ-12; 11% vs. 25% for IES-R; 15% vs. 23% for GAD-7). Risk factors for psychological impairment were being a nurse (IES-R: OR 4.72, 95% CI 1.71-13.0; GAD-7: OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.44-7.17), a health assistant (IES-R: OR 6.76, 95% CI 1.30-35.1), or having had an infected family member (GHQ-12: OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.01-3.83). Compared to Time 1, gender and experience in COVID-19 units lost significance with psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS data over more than 24 months from the pandemic onset showed improvement of HCWs' mental health; our findings suggested the need to tailor and prioritize preventive actions towards healthcare workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fattori
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Comotti
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzaracca
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bordini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Trasplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Gesi C, Cirnigliaro G, Achilli F, Cerioli M, Cafaro R, Boscacci M, Dell’Osso B. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic First Wave on Healthcare Workers: A New Perspective from Qualifying PTSD Criterion A to Assessing Post-Traumatic Growth. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051862. [PMID: 36902649 PMCID: PMC10003652 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic growth (PTG) and specific traumatic events have been poorly explored in the literature focusing on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among healthcare workers (HWs) tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. In a large sample of Italian HWs, we investigated the kinds of traumatic events and whether PTG affects the risk of PTSD, along with its prevalence and features, during the first COVID-19 wave. COVID-19-related stressful events, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and PTG Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) scores were collected through an online survey. Out of 930 HWs included in the final sample, 257 (27.6%) received a provisional PTSD diagnosis based on IES-R scores. Events referring to the overall pandemic (40%) and to a threat to a family member (31%) were reported as the most stressful events. Female sex, previous mental disorders, job seniority, unusual exposure to sufferance and experiencing a threat to one's family significantly increased the provisional PTSD diagnosis' risk, while being a physician, the availability of personal protective equipment and moderate/greater scores on the PTGI-SF spiritual change domain were found to be protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Gesi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cirnigliaro
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0239042904
| | - Francesco Achilli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerioli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Cafaro
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Boscacci
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CRC “Aldo Ravelli” for Neurotechnology & Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio dei Meccanismi Molecolari alla Base delle Patologie Neuro-Psico-Geriatriche, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Comotti A, Fattori A, Greselin F, Bordini L, Brambilla P, Bonzini M. Psychometric Evaluation of GHQ-12 as a Screening Tool for Psychological Impairment of Healthcare Workers Facing COVID-19 Pandemic. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2023; 114:e2023009. [PMID: 36790406 PMCID: PMC9987474 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v114i1.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a widely used tool, both in clinical and research settings, due to its brevity and easy administration. Researchers often adopt a dichotomous measurement method, considering a total score above or below a certain threshold. This leads to an extreme simplification of the gathered data and therefore to the loss of clinical details. In a multi-step evaluation study aimed at assessing health care workers' mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic, GHQ-12 proved to be the most effective tool to detect psychological distress compared to other scales adopted. These results led to deepen the understanding of GHQ-12 properties through a statistical study by focusing on items' properties and characteristics. METHODS GHQ-12 responses were analyzed using Item Response Theory (IRT), a suitable method for scale assessment. Instead of considering the single overall score, in which each item accounts equally, it focuses on individual items' characteristics. Moreover, IRT models were applied combined with the latent class (LC) analysis, aiming to the determination of subgroups of individuals according to their level of psychological distress. RESULTS GHQ-12 was administered to 990 health-care workers and responses were scored using the binary method (0-0-1-1). We applied the two-parameter logistic (2-PL) model, finding that the items showed different ways of responses and features. The latent class analysis classified subjects into three sub-groups according to their responses to GHQ-12 only: 47% of individuals with general well-being, 38% expressing signs of discomfort without severity and 15% of subjects with a high level of impairment. This result almost reproduces subjects' classification obtained after administering the six questionnaires of the study protocol. CONCLUSIONS Accurate statistical techniques and a deep understanding of the latent factors underlying the GHQ-12 resulted in a more effective usage of such psychometric questionnaire - i.e. a more refined gathering of data and a significant time and resource efficiency. We underlined the need to maximize the extraction of data from questionnaires and the necessity of them being less lengthy and repetitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Comotti
- Occupational Health Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Fattori
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Greselin
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Bordini
- Occupational Health Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy and Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bonzini
- Occupational Health Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy and Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Fattori A, Comotti A, Bordini L, Dollard MF, Bonzini M. Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) at middle management level in the healthcare sector: A contribution to the Italian validation of psychosocial safety climate-4. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1046286. [PMID: 36518957 PMCID: PMC9742354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) refers to workers' shared perceptions of organizational policies, practices and procedures for the protection of psychological health and safety. PSC offers a multilevel organizational approach that expands traditional models of workplace stress, giving a more comprehensive understanding of occupational health and safety issues. Although considerable research on psychosocial risks in the healthcare sector has been conducted, few studies have explored the role of PSC among healthcare workers at middle management level. Additionally, no validated version of PSC is available in Italian language. The aim of this study is to contribute to the validation of the Italian 4-item version of the PSC and to explore this theory within the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) among a sample of Italian healthcare workers by testing PSC at the middle management level. Methods We used cross-sectional data from 276 employees working in 17 different wards in a large Italian hospital. Intra-class coefficient (ICC) coefficient and agreement index were used to test PSC as a climate construct (data nested to hospital ward level). We performed hierarchical linear models to test mediation and moderation effects. Results The Italian version of PSC-4 proved to have good psychometric properties and confirmed its role as a group-level construct (α = 0.84; ICC = 0.16). Multilevel random coefficient models showed PSC was associated with Job demands (Effort: B = -0.36, SE = 0.07; Emotional demands: B = -0.03, SE = 0.01) and Job resources (Reward: B = 1.16, SE = 0.01; Physical work environment: B = 0.06, SE = 0.01). Results confirmed the indirect effect of PSC on Psychological (Burnout) and Occupational health (Job satisfaction) outcomes supporting the role of Job resources and Job demands as mediators. The multilevel analysis did not find a significant interaction terms between PSC and Job demands on Burnout therefore the moderation hypothesis was not supported. Discussion The Italian version of PSC-4 is a valid tool to evaluate PSC. These findings sustain the multilevel framework of PSC and the significant role played by mid-leaders in both the health impairment and motivational path. Further studies should explore the buffering effect of PSC at higher baseline levels as well as the adoption of PSC as a target for occupational health intervention the Italian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fattori
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Comotti
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bordini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Maureen F. Dollard
- PSC Global Observatory, Centre for Workplace Excellence, Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matteo Bonzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
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Postpandemic Stress Disorder among Health Care Personnel: A Cross-Sectional Study (Silesia, Poland). Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:1816537. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1816537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Postpandemic stress disorder (PPSD) is an unofficial term that refers to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder resulting from increased stress, anxiety, and trauma associated with unpleasant life experiences. Many scientific studies indicate that symptoms of increased stress, job burnout, anxiety, and depressive disorders are associated with medical personnel performing their professional duties around COVID-19 patients. Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms that may indicate the presence of PPSD symptoms—depression, anxiety, and stress—in medical personnel. Material and Methods. The survey included 300 people, representatives of medical personnel. The group was divided into two sections. The first section numbered 150 and consisted of personnel in direct contact with COVID-19 patients (FR); the second group also consisted of 150 medical professionals, who but no longer directly involved in helping with COVID-19 cases (SR). The survey was conducted by indirect survey method using CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). The survey used a questionnaire technique. A proprietary tool enriched with standardized psychometric scales: BDI, GAD-7, FCV-19S, and PSS-10 was used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney
statistical tests were used in the statistical processing of the data. The probability level was 0.05. Results. Statistical inference made it clear that mental health problems that may indicate trauma are mainly present in the FR group. These symptoms decreased slightly in comparison between periods 2020 and 2021 (
). Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among first responders. To ensure the psychological well-being of first responders, early assessment and care of mild depression, anxiety, and stress should be promoted to prevent the development of moderate and severe forms.
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Andhavarapu S, Yardi I, Bzhilyanskaya V, Lurie T, Bhinder M, Patel P, Pourmand A, Tran QK. Post-traumatic stress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114890. [PMID: 36260970 PMCID: PMC9573911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased healthcare worker (HCW) susceptibility to mental illness. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and possible factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched PubMed, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases up to May 4th, 2022. We performed random effects meta-analysis and moderator analyses for the prevalence of PTSD-relevant symptoms and severe PTSD symptoms. We identified 1276 studies, reviewed 209 full-text articles, and included 119 studies (117,143 participants) with a total of 121 data points in our final analysis. 34 studies (24,541 participants) reported prevalence of severe PTSD symptoms. Approximately 25.2% of participants were physicians, 42.8% nurses, 12.4% allied health professionals, 8.9% auxiliary health professionals, and 10.8% "other". The pooled prevalence of PTSD symptoms among HCWs was 34% (95% CI, 0.30-0.39, I2 >90%), and 14% for severe PTSD (95% CI, 0.11 - 0.17, I2 >90%). The introduction of COVID vaccines was associated with a sharp decline in the prevalence of PTSD, and new virus variants were associated with small increases in PTSD rates. It is important that policies work towards allocating adequate resources towards protecting the well-being of healthcare workers to minimize adverse consequences of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanketh Andhavarapu
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Isha Yardi
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vera Bzhilyanskaya
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tucker Lurie
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mujtaba Bhinder
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Priya Patel
- The Research Associate Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ali Pourmand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Quincy K Tran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Suite T3N45, Baltimore, MD 21043, United States; Program in Trauma, The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Mangialavori S, Riva F, Froldi M, Carabelli S, Caimi B, Rossi P, Delle Fave A, Calicchio G. Psychological Distress and Resilience among Italian Healthcare Workers of Geriatric Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Geriatr Nurs 2022; 46:132-136. [PMID: 35700680 PMCID: PMC9135690 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed healthcare workers (HW) to heavy workload and psychological distress. This study was aimed to investigate distress levels among Italian physicians, nurses, rehabilitation professionals and healthcare assistants working in geriatric and long-term care services, and to explore the potential role of resilience as a protective resource. The General Health Questionnaire-12, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and a demographic survey were completed by 708 Italian HWs. Distress and resilience levels were compared between professionals through ANOVA; the contribution of sex, age, professional role, and resilience to distress was explored through regression analyses. Physicians reported significantly higher resilience and distress levels than rehabilitation professionals and healthcare assistants respectively. Women, HWs aged above 45, physicians, and participants reporting low resilience levels were at higher risk for distress. Findings suggest the importance of supporting HW's resilience to counterbalance the pandemic related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mangialavori
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Riva
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Froldi
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Carabelli
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Caimi
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Rossi
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Delle Fave
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calicchio
- Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Cantù F, Biagianti B, Lisi I, R Zanier E, Bottino N, Fornoni C, Gallo F, Ginex V, Tombola V, Zito S, Colombo E, Stocchetti N, Brambilla P. Psychotherapeutic and psychiatric intervention in COVID-19 patients and their relatives: the DigiCOVID trial protocol (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e39080. [PMID: 36228130 PMCID: PMC9674079 DOI: 10.2196/39080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting the mental health of both patients with COVID-19 and the general population. As current guidelines are limiting in-person contacts to reduce the spread of the virus, the development of a digital approach to implement in psychiatric and psychological consultations is needed. In this paper, we present the DigiCOVID protocol, a digital approach to offer remote, personalized psychological and psychiatric support to former or current patients with COVID-19 and their relatives. Objective The main goal of this project is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the DigiCOVID protocol. Furthermore, we also aim to assess the impact of the abovementioned protocol by means of pre-post changes in psychological clinical variables. Methods Participants undergo an initial telephonic screening to ensure inclusion criteria are met. Secondly, participants complete a video-assisted neuropsychological IQ test as well as web-based self-reports of health and general well-being. Participants are then assigned to a psychotherapist who offers 8 teletherapy sessions. At the end of the therapy cycle, the web-based questionnaires are administered for a posttreatment evaluation. Results As of April 2022, we enrolled a total of 122 participants, of which 94 have completed neuropsychological tests and web-based questionnaires. Conclusions Our study aims at testing the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of DigiCOVID, a remote telemedicine protocol for the improvement of psychological and psychiatric health in patients with COVID-19 and their relatives. To date, the approach used seems to be feasible and highly customizable to patients’ needs, and therefore, the DigiCOVID protocol might pave the way for future telepsychiatry-based interventions. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05231018; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05231018?term=NCT05231018 &draw=2&rank=1 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39080
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cantù
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Bruno Biagianti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Department of Research and Development, Posit Science Corporation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ilaria Lisi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Bottino
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallo
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Ginex
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Tombola
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvana Zito
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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10
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Yang BJ, Yen CW, Lin SJ, Huang CH, Wu JL, Cheng YR, Hsieh CC, Hsiao FH. Emergency nurses' burnout levels as the mediator of the relationship between stress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:2861-2871. [PMID: 35307874 PMCID: PMC9111628 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bey-Jing Yang
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Yen
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Ju Lin
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Lin Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Cheng
- Clinical Psychology Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Hsieh
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Hsiu Hsiao
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Bonzini M, Comotti A, Fattori A, Cantù F, Colombo E, Tombola V, Myslymi E, Gatti M, Stucchi G, Nava C, Bordini L, Riboldi L, Brambilla P. One Year Facing COVID. Systematic Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated With Mental Distress Among Hospital Workers in Italy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:834753. [PMID: 35356719 PMCID: PMC8960067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.834753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Italy was the first Western country affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that still constitutes a severe challenge for healthcare workers (HCWs), with a deep impact on their mental health. Several studies confirmed that a considerable proportion of HCW developed adverse psychological impairment (PsI). To focus on preventive and rehabilitation measures, it is fundamental to identify individual and occupational risk factors. We systematically assessed possible PsI among all employees in a large university hospital in Italy, using validated psychometric scales in the context of occupational health surveillance. METHODS In the period of July 2020 to July 2021, we enrolled 990 HCWs. For each subject, the psychological wellbeing was screened in two steps. The first-level questionnaire collected gender, age, occupational role, personal and occupational COVID-19 exposure, general psychological discomfort (GHQ-12), post-traumatic stress symptoms (IES-R), and anxiety (GAD-7). Workers showing PsI (i.e., test scores above the cutoff in at least one among GHQ-12, IES-R, and GAD-7) have been further investigated by the second-level questionnaire (psycho-diagnostic) composed by PHQ-9, DES-II, and SCL-90 scales. If the second-level showed clinically relevant symptoms, then we offered individual specialist treatment (third level). RESULTS Three hundred sixteen workers (32%) presented signs of PsI at the first-level screening questionnaire. Women, nurses, and subjects engaged in the COVID-19 area and with an infected family member showed significantly higher PsI risk. PsI prevalence was strongly associated with the pandemic trend in the region but sensibly decreased after January 2021, when almost all workers received the vaccination. A proportion of subjects with PsI presented clinically relevant symptoms (second-level screening) on PHQ-9 (35%), DES (20%), and SCL-90 (28%). These symptoms were associated neither to direct working experience with patients with COVID-19 nor to COVID-19 experience in the family and seemed not to be influenced by the pandemic waves or workers vaccination. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of psychological wellbeing of all hospital workers, directly or indirectly exposed to pandemic consequences, constitutes a unique condition to detect individual, occupational, and non-occupational risk factors for PsI in situations of high stress and/or disasters, as well as variables associated with symptom chronicization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonzini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Comotti
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Fattori
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Cantù
- School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Tombola
- Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Gatti
- School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stucchi
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Nava
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bordini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Riboldi
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
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12
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Biagianti B, Zito S, Fornoni C, Ginex V, Bellani M, Bressi C, Brambilla P. Developing a Brief Tele-Psychotherapy Model for COVID-19 Patients and Their Family Members. Front Psychol 2021; 12:784685. [PMID: 34925187 PMCID: PMC8674425 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting the mental health of COVID-19 patients and family members. Given the restrictions limiting in person contact to reduce the spread of the virus, a digital approach is needed to tackle the psychological aftermath of the pandemic. We present the development of a brief remote psychotherapy program for COVID-19 patients and/or their relatives. Methods: We first reviewed the literature on psychotherapeutic interventions for COVID-19 related symptoms. Based on this evidence, we leveraged ongoing clinical experiences with COVID-19 survivors and family members to design an intervention model that could be disseminated and integrated into the workflow of the mental health system. Results: This 8-session model -inspired by constructivist and hermeneutic-phenomenological therapies- serves COVID-19 patients during hospitalization, remission and recovery. This model can also be delivered to people dealing with the COVID-19 hospitalization/discharge of a family member, or the loss of a family member due to COVID-19. Conclusion: We described a remote psychotherapeutic approach to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic psychological aftermath. To date, the approach seems feasible and highly customizable to patients' needs. Studies are underway to test its preliminary efficacy. Once proven efficacious, this treatment model could provide a blueprint for future tele-psychology wide-scale interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Biagianti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Zito
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ginex
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Psychiatry, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bressi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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