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Auzenbergs M, Maure C, Kang H, Clark A, Brady O, Sahastrabuddhe S, Abbas K. Programmatic considerations and evidence gaps for chikungunya vaccine introduction in countries at risk of chikungunya outbreaks: Stakeholder analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012075. [PMID: 38574163 PMCID: PMC11020901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya can have longstanding effects on health and quality of life. Alongside the recent approval of the world's first chikungunya vaccine by the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2023 and with new chikungunya vaccines in the pipeline, it is important to understand the perspectives of stakeholders before vaccine rollout. Our study aim is to identify key programmatic considerations and gaps in Evidence-to-Recommendation criteria for chikungunya vaccine introduction. We used purposive and snowball sampling to identify global, national, and subnational stakeholders from outbreak prone areas, including Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted and analysed using qualitative descriptive methods. We found that perspectives varied between tiers of stakeholders and geographies. Unknown disease burden, diagnostics, non-specific disease surveillance, undefined target populations for vaccination, and low disease prioritisation were critical challenges identified by stakeholders that need to be addressed to facilitate rolling out a chikungunya vaccine. Future investments should address these challenges to generate useful evidence for decision-making on new chikungunya vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Auzenbergs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Maure
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyolim Kang
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Brady
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kaja Abbas
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Mukhopadhyay K, Sengupta M, Misra SC, Majee K. Trends in emerging vector-borne viral infections and their outcome in children over two decades. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:464-479. [PMID: 37880334 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This review utilizes quatitative methods and bibliometric data to analyse the trends of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases, with a focus on their impact on pediatric population. To conduct this analysis, a systematic search of PubMed articles from the past two decades was performed, specifically looking at 26 different vector-borne viruses listed in WHO and CDC list of vector-borne viruses. The review found that diseases like Dengue, Zika, West Nile, and Chikungunya were frequently discussed in the literature. On the other hand, diseases such as Tick-borne encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Sindbis fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis showed an upward trend in publications, indicating potential resurgence. In addition to discussing trends and patterns, the review delves into the clinical manifestations and long-term effects of the top 10 viruses in children. It highlights various factors including deforestation, urbanization, global travel, and immunosuppression that contribute to disease emergence and resurgence. To effectively combat these vector-borne diseases, continuous surveillance is crucial. The review also emphasizes the importance of increased vaccination efforts and targeted research to address the health challenges they pose. IMPACT: This review employs quantitative analysis of publications to elucidate trends in emerging pediatric vector-borne viral diseases over two decades. Dengue, the most prevalent of these diseases, has spread to new regions. New strains of Japanese Encephalitis have caused outbreaks. Resurgence of Tick-borne Encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow Fever due to vaccine hesitancy has also transpired. Continuous global surveillance, increased vaccination, and research into novel therapeutics are imperative to combat the substantial morbidity and mortality burden these diseases pose for children worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallika Sengupta
- Microbiology, AIIMS Kalyani, Basantapur, Saguna, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Kiranmay Majee
- Student, AIIMS Kalyani, Basantapur, Saguna, West Bengal, India
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3
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Cherian N, Bettis A, Deol A, Kumar A, Di Fabio JL, Chaudhari A, Yimer S, Fahim R, Endy T. Strategic considerations on developing a CHIKV vaccine and ensuring equitable access for countries in need. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:123. [PMID: 37596253 PMCID: PMC10439111 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is an arboviral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) afflicting tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. It has been identified as a priority pathogen by the Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and as an emerging infectious disease (EID) necessitating further action as soon as possible by the World Health Organization (WHO). Recent studies suggest that disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to CHIKV infection are as high as 106,089 DALYs lost globally. Significant progress has been made in the development of several vaccines, aimed at preventing CHIKV infections. This perspective article summarizes CEPI's efforts and strategic considerations for developing a CHIKV vaccine and ensuring equitable access for CHIKV endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Cherian
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alison Bettis
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arminder Deol
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arun Kumar
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Amol Chaudhari
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solomon Yimer
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raafat Fahim
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Endy
- Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
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Mutapi F, Banda G, Woolhouse M. What does equitable global health research and delivery look like? Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) partnership as a case study. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-011028. [PMID: 36963785 PMCID: PMC10040064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current global push to identify and implement best practice for delivering maximum impact from development research in low-income and middle-income countries. Here, we describe a model of research and capacity building that challenges traditional approaches taken by western funders in Africa. Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) is a global health research and delivery partnership with a focus on strengthening health systems to combat neglected tropical diseases, malaria and emerging pathogens in Africa. Partners are academic and research institutions based in Ghana, Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa and the UK. Fifteen other African countries have participated in TIBA activities. With a starting budget of under £7 million, and in just 4 years, TIBA has had a verified impact on knowledge, policy practice and capacity building, and on national and international COVID-19 responses in multiple African countries. TIBA's impact is shown in context-specific metrics including: strengthening the evidence base underpinning international policy on neglected tropical diseases; 77% of research publications having Africa-based first and/or last authors; postgraduate, postdoctoral and professional training; career progression for African researchers and health professionals with no net brain drain from participating countries; and supporting African institutions. Training in real-time SARS-CoV-2 viral genome sequencing provided new national capabilities and capacities that contributed to both national responses and global health security through variant detection and tracking. TIBA's experience confirms that health research for Africa thrives when the agenda and priorities are set in Africa, by Africans, and the work is done in Africa. Here, we share 10 actionable recommendations for researchers and funders from our lessons learnt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mutapi
- School of Biological Sciences. Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
- Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) Partnership, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geoffrey Banda
- Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) Partnership, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies Twitter, The University of Edinburgh School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) Partnership, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hakim MS, Aman AT. Understanding the Biology and Immune Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36680088 PMCID: PMC9863735 DOI: 10.3390/v15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, the causative agent of chikungunya fever, is generally characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, rash, myalgia, and headache. In some patients, acute chikungunya virus infection progresses to severe and chronic arthralgia that persists for years. Chikungunya infection is more commonly identified in tropical and subtropical regions. However, recent expansions and epidemics in the temperate regions have raised concerns about the future public health impact of chikungunya diseases. Several underlying factors have likely contributed to the recent re-emergence of chikungunya infection, including urbanization, human travel, viral adaptation to mosquito vectors, lack of effective control measures, and the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions. However, the true burden of chikungunya disease is most likely to be underestimated, particularly in developing countries, due to the lack of standard diagnostic assays and clinical manifestations overlapping with those of other endemic viral infections in the regions. Additionally, there have been no chikungunya vaccines available to prevent the infection. Thus, it is important to update our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chikungunya infection, its clinical manifestations, the diagnosis, and the development of chikungunya vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Lindqvist R, Benz C, Sereikaite V, Maassen L, Laursen L, Jemth P, Strømgaard K, Ivarsson Y, Överby AK. A Syntenin Inhibitor Blocks Endosomal Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and a Panel of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102202. [PMID: 36298757 PMCID: PMC9610207 DOI: 10.3390/v14102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are dependent on host factors in order to efficiently establish an infection and replicate. Targeting the interactions of such host factors provides an attractive strategy to develop novel antivirals. Syntenin is a protein known to regulate the architecture of cellular membranes by its involvement in protein trafficking and has previously been shown to be important for human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Here, we show that a highly potent and metabolically stable peptide inhibitor that binds to the PDZ1 domain of syntenin inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by blocking the endosomal entry of the virus. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitor also hampered chikungunya infection and strongly reduced flavivirus infection, which is completely dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis for their entry. In conclusion, we have identified a novel broad spectrum antiviral inhibitor that efficiently targets a broad range of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90186 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Benz
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vita Sereikaite
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Maassen
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Louise Laursen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Jemth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (A.K.Ö.)
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90186 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (A.K.Ö.)
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Masika MM, Korhonen EM, Smura T, Uusitalo R, Ogola J, Mwaengo D, Jääskeläinen AJ, Alburkat H, Gwon YD, Evander M, Anzala O, Vapalahti O, Huhtamo E. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Onyong-Nyong and Chikungunya Viruses in Febrile Patients of Rural Taita-Taveta County and Urban Kibera Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061286. [PMID: 35746757 PMCID: PMC9230508 DOI: 10.3390/v14061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several alphaviruses, such as chikungunya (CHIKV) and Onyong-nyong (ONNV), are endemic in Kenya and often cause outbreaks in different parts of the country. We assessed the seroprevalence of alphaviruses in patients with acute febrile illness in two geographically distant areas in Kenya with no previous record of alphavirus outbreaks. Blood samples were collected from febrile patients in health facilities located in the rural Taita-Taveta County in 2016 and urban Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi in 2017 and tested for CHIKV IgG and IgM antibodies using an in-house immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and a commercial ELISA test, respectively. A subset of CHIKV IgG or IgM antibody-positive samples were further analyzed using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) for CHIKV, ONNV, and Sindbis virus. Out of 537 patients, 4 (0.7%) and 28 (5.2%) had alphavirus IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively, confirmed on PRNT. We show evidence of previous and current exposure to alphaviruses based on serological testing in areas with no recorded history of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Muia Masika
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; (J.O.); (O.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +254-721770306
| | - Essi M. Korhonen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruut Uusitalo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Ogola
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; (J.O.); (O.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya;
| | - Dufton Mwaengo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya;
| | - Anne J. Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hussein Alburkat
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
| | - Yong-Dae Gwon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 SE Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 SE Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; (J.O.); (O.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, POB 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya;
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.K.); (T.S.); (R.U.); (A.J.J.); (H.A.); (O.V.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Nyamwaya DK, Otiende M, Mwango L, Kariuki SM, Otieno B, Omuoyo DO, Githinji G, Kitsao BS, Karanja HK, Gitonga JN, de Laurent ZR, Davies A, Mwarumba S, Agoti CN, Thumbi SM, Hamaluba MM, Newton CR, Bejon P, Warimwe GM. Incidence of chikungunya virus infections among Kenyan children with neurological disease, 2014-2018: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003994. [PMID: 35550620 PMCID: PMC9135332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological complications due to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection have been described in different parts of the world, with children being disproportionately affected. However, the burden of CHIKV-associated neurological disease in Africa is currently unknown and given the lack of diagnostic facilities in routine care it is possible that CHIKV is an unrecognized etiology among children with encephalitis or other neurological illness. METHODS AND FINDINGS We estimated the incidence of CHIKV infection among children hospitalized with neurological disease in Kilifi County, coastal Kenya. We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to systematically test for CHIKV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from children aged <16 years hospitalized with symptoms of neurological disease at Kilifi County Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. Clinical records were linked to the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System and population incidence rates of CHIKV infection estimated. There were 18,341 pediatric admissions for any reason during the 5-year study period, of which 4,332 (24%) had CSF collected. The most common clinical reasons for CSF collection were impaired consciousness, seizures, and coma (47%, 22%, and 21% of all collections, respectively). After acute investigations done for immediate clinical care, CSF samples were available for 3,980 admissions, of which 367 (9.2%) were CHIKV RT-PCR positive. Case fatality among CHIKV-positive children was 1.4% (95% CI 0.4, 3.2). The annual incidence of CHIKV-associated neurological disease varied between 13 to 58 episodes per 100,000 person-years among all children <16 years old. Among children aged <5 years, the incidence of CHIKV-associated neurological disease was 77 per 100,000 person-years, compared with 20 per 100,000 for cerebral malaria and 7 per 100,000 for bacterial meningitis during the study period. Because of incomplete case ascertainment due to children not presenting to hospital, or not having CSF collected, these are likely minimum estimates. Study limitations include reliance on hospital-based surveillance and limited CSF sampling in children in coma or other contraindications to lumbar puncture, both of which lead to under-ascertainment of incidence and of case fatality. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that CHIKV infections are relatively more common than cerebral malaria and bacterial meningitis among children hospitalized with neurological disease in coastal Kenya. Given the wide distribution of CHIKV mosquito vectors, studies to determine the geographic extent of CHIKV-associated neurological disease in Africa are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilian Mwango
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alun Davies
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Washington, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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9
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Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020354. [PMID: 35208808 PMCID: PMC8878743 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, which originated in Kenya, spread to the Indian ocean and the Indian subcontinent, and then expanded through Southeast Asia in the previous decade. It carried an adaptive mutation E1-A226V, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. However, the IOL CHIKV of the most recent outbreaks during 2016–2020 in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand, and Kenya lacked E1-A226V but carried E1-K211E and E2-V264A. Recent CHIKV genome sequences of the Maldives and Thailand were determined, and their phylogenetic relationships were further investigated together with IOL sequences reported in 2004–2020 in the database. The results showed that the ancestral IOLs diverged to a sub-lineage E1-K211E/E2-V264A, probably in India around 2008, and caused sporadic outbreaks in India during 2010–2015 and in Kenya in 2016. The massive expansion of this new sub-lineage occurred after the acquisition of E1-I317V in other neighboring and remote regions in 2014–2020. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree indicated that independent clades formed according to the geographical regions and introduction timing. The present results using all available partial or full sequences of the recent CHIKVs emphasized the dynamics of the IOL sub-lineages in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa.
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Kampango A, Furu P, Sarath DL, Haji KA, Konradsen F, Schiøler KL, Alifrangis M, Saleh F, Weldon CW. Risk factors for occurrence and abundance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes bromeliae at hotel compounds in Zanzibar. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:544. [PMID: 34686195 PMCID: PMC8539800 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A field survey was performed to investigate local environmental factors promoting occurrence and abundance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. bromeliae mosquitoes at hotel compounds in the south-east coastal region of Zanzibar Island. Methods The potential risk factors were determined using generalized linear mixed models. Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. indices such as container index (CI) and pupae per container (PPC) index were also estimated. Results Aedes aegypti and Ae. bromeliae were the most abundant vector species, accounting for 70.8% of all Aedes mosquitoes collected. The highest CI was observed for plastic containers irrespective of the season, whereas the highest PPC was observed for coconut shells and aluminium containers in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The risk of Aedes mosquito occurrence and abundance were significantly associated with presence of plastic containers, coconut shells, used tyres and steel containers. These were discarded in shaded places, in the open and gardens, or found in plant nurseries. Conclusion This study shows that Aedes species of global health significance occur at hotel compounds on this part of Zanzibar Island. The occurrence and abundance are sustained by the presence of abundant and poorly managed solid wastes and containers used for gardening tasks. This highlights an urgent need for the adoption of area-wide environmentally sustainable Aedes mosquito management interventions that also integrate solid waste management and ornamental plant production practices for reducing the risk of arboviral disease epidemics. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05005-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayubo Kampango
- Sector de Estudos de Vetores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Vila de Marracuene, EN1, Parcela N°3943, Província de Maputo, Mozambique. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UP), Hatfield, South Africa.
| | - Peter Furu
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Divakara L Sarath
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration (SACTRC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Khamis A Haji
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme (ZAMEP), Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin L Schiøler
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fatma Saleh
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UP), Hatfield, South Africa
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