1
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Trecourt A, Donzel M, Alsadoun N, Allias F, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M. Relevance of Molecular Pathology for the Diagnosis of Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors of the Ovary: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5864. [PMID: 38136408 PMCID: PMC10741682 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) account for 8% of all primary ovarian neo-plasms. Accurate diagnosis is crucial since each subtype has a specific prognostic and treatment. Apart from fibrosarcomas, stromal tumors are benign while sex cord tumors may recur, sometimes with a significant time to relapse. Although the diagnosis based on morphology is straightforward, in some cases the distinction between stromal tumors and sex cord tumors may be tricky. Indeed, the immunophenotype is usually nonspecific between stromal tumors and sex cord tumors. Therefore, molecular pathology plays an important role in the diagnosis of such entities, with pathognomonic or recurrent alterations, such as FOXL2 variants in adult granulosa cell tumors. In addition, these neoplasms may be associated with genetic syndromes, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome for sex cord tumors with annular tubules, and DICER1 syndrome for Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs), for which the pathologist may be in the front line of syndromic suspicion. Molecular pathology of SCST is also relevant for patient prognosis and management. For instance, the DICER1 variant is associated with moderately to poorly differentiated SLCTS and a poorer prognosis. The present review summarizes the histomolecular criteria useful for the diagnosis of SCST, using recent molecular data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Trecourt
- Service de Pathologie Multi-Site—Site Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (M.D.); (N.A.); (F.A.)
- UR 3738, Centre pour l’Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (CICLY), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69921 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Donzel
- Service de Pathologie Multi-Site—Site Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (M.D.); (N.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Nadjla Alsadoun
- Service de Pathologie Multi-Site—Site Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (M.D.); (N.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Fabienne Allias
- Service de Pathologie Multi-Site—Site Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (M.D.); (N.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran
- Service de Pathologie Multi-Site—Site Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (M.D.); (N.A.); (F.A.)
- UR 3738, Centre pour l’Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (CICLY), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69921 Lyon, France
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2
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Llano E, Todeschini AL, Felipe-Medina N, Corte-Torres MD, Condezo YB, Sanchez-Martin M, López-Tamargo S, Astudillo A, Puente XS, Pendas AM, Veitia RA. The Oncogenic FOXL2 C134W Mutation Is a Key Driver of Granulosa Cell Tumors. Cancer Res 2023; 83:239-250. [PMID: 36409821 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCT) are the most common type of malignant ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. Most AGCTs carry the somatic variant c.402C>G (p.C134W) affecting the transcription factor FOXL2. Germline dominant variants in FOXL2 are responsible for blepharophimosis syndrome, which is characterized by underdevelopment of the eyelid. In this work, we generated a mouse model harboring the C134W variant of FOXL2 to evaluate in vivo the poorly understood oncogenic role of FOXL2. The mutation was dominant regarding eyelid hypoplasia, reminiscent of blepharophimosis syndrome. Interestingly, Foxl2+/C134W female mice had reduced fertility and developed AGCTs through a progression from abnormal ovaries with aberrant granulosa cells to ovaries with stromal hyperplasia and atypia and on to tumors in adut mice. The genes dysregulated in mouse AGCTs exhibited the hallmarks of cancer and were consistent with a gain-of-function of the mutated allele affecting TGFβ signaling. A comparison of these data with previous results on human AGCTs indicated similar deregulated pathways. Finally, a mutational analysis of mouse AGCT transcriptomic data suggested the absence of additional driver mutations apart from FOXL2-C134W. These results provide a clear in vivo example in which a single mutational hit triggers tumor development associated with profound transcriptomic alterations. SIGNIFICANCE A newly generated mouse model carrying a FOXL2 mutation characteristic of adult-type granulosa cell tumors shows that FOXL2 C134W shifts the transcriptome towards a signature of granulosa cell cancer and drives tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Llano
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Felipe-Medina
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - María D Corte-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias, Hospital Universitario del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yazmine B Condezo
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Sara López-Tamargo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias, Hospital Universitario del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendas
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
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3
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Bridges K, Yao HHC, Nicol B. Loss of Runx1 Induces Granulosa Cell Defects and Development of Ovarian Tumors in the Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214442. [PMID: 36430923 PMCID: PMC9697285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the RUNX1 gene are associated with a variety of malignancies, including female-related cancers. The role of RUNX1 as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene is tissue-dependent and varies based on the cancer type. Both the amplification and deletion of the RUNX1 gene have been associated with ovarian cancer in humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of Runx1 loss on ovarian pathogenesis in mice. A conditional loss of Runx1 in the somatic cells of the ovary led to an increased prevalence of ovarian tumors in aged mice. By the age of 15 months, 27% of Runx1 knockout (KO) females developed ovarian tumors that presented characteristics of granulosa cell tumors. While ovaries from young adult mice did not display tumors, they all contained abnormal follicle-like lesions. The granulosa cells composing these follicle-like lesions were quiescent, displayed defects in differentiation and were organized in a rosette-like pattern. The RNA-sequencing analysis further revealed differentially expressed genes in Runx1 KO ovaries, including genes involved in metaplasia, ovarian cancer, epithelial cell development, tight junctions, cell-cell adhesion, and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Together, this study showed that Runx1 is required for normal granulosa cell differentiation and prevention of ovarian tumor development in mice.
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4
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Andersson N, Haltia UM, Färkkilä A, Wong SC, Eloranta K, Wilson DB, Unkila-Kallio L, Pihlajoki M, Kyrönlahti A, Heikinheimo M. Analysis of Non-Relapsed and Relapsed Adult Type Granulosa Cell Tumors Suggests Stable Transcriptomes during Tumor Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:686-698. [PMID: 35723333 PMCID: PMC8928977 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-type granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) is a rare ovarian malignancy characterized by slow growth and hormonal activity. The prognosis of AGCT is generally favorable, but one-third of patients with low-stage disease experience a late relapse, and over half of them die of AGCT. To identify markers that would distinguish patients at risk for relapse, we performed Lexogen QuantSeq 3′ mRNA sequencing on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded, archival AGCT tissue samples tested positive for the pathognomonic Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2) mutation. We compared the transcriptomic profiles of 14 non-relapsed archival primary AGCTs (follow-up time 17–26 years after diagnosis) with 13 relapsed primary AGCTs (follow-up time 1.7–18 years) and eight relapsed tumors (follow-up time 2.8–18.9 years). Non-relapsed and relapsed primary AGCTs had similar transcriptomic profiles. In relapsed tumors three genes were differentially expressed: plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP) was upregulated (p = 0.01), whereas argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) (p = 0.01) and perilipin 4 (PLIN4) (p = 0.02) were downregulated. PLVAP upregulation was validated using tissue microarray RNA in situ hybridization. In our patient cohort with extremely long follow-up, we observed similar gene expression patterns in both primary AGCT groups, suggesting that relapse is not driven by transcriptomic changes. These results reinforce earlier findings that molecular markers do not predict AGCT behavior or risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Andersson
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (K.E.); (A.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Ulla-Maija Haltia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (U.-M.H.); (A.F.); (L.U.-K.)
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (U.-M.H.); (A.F.); (L.U.-K.)
- Research Program for Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katja Eloranta
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (K.E.); (A.K.); (M.H.)
| | - David B. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leila Unkila-Kallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (U.-M.H.); (A.F.); (L.U.-K.)
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (K.E.); (A.K.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antti Kyrönlahti
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (K.E.); (A.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (K.E.); (A.K.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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5
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Pilsworth JA, Todeschini AL, Neilson SJ, Cochrane DR, Lai D, Anttonen M, Heikinheimo M, Huntsman DG, Veitia RA. FOXL2 in adult-type granulosa cell tumour of the ovary: oncogene or tumour suppressor gene? J Pathol 2021; 255:225-231. [PMID: 34338304 DOI: 10.1002/path.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A recurrent mutation in FOXL2 (c.402C>G; p.C134W) is present in over 95% of adult-type granulosa cell tumours (AGCTs). In contrast, various loss-of-function mutations in FOXL2 lead to the development of blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). BPES is characterised by an eyelid malformation often accompanied with primary ovarian insufficiency. Two recent studies suggest that FOXL2 C402G is a gain- or change-of-function mutation with altered DNA-binding specificity. Another study proposes that FOXL2 C402G is selectively targeted for degradation, inducing somatic haploinsufficiency, suggesting its role as a tumour suppressor. The latter study relies on data indicative of an FOXL2 allelic imbalance in AGCTs. Here we present RNA-seq data as genetic evidence that no real allelic imbalance is observed at the transcriptomic level in AGCTs. Additionally, there is no loss of protein expression in tumours harbouring the mutated allele. These data and other features of this mutation compared to other oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes argue strongly against FOXL2 being a tumour suppressor in this context. Given the likelihood that FOXL2 C402G is oncogenic, targeting the variant protein or its downstream consequences is the most viable path forward to identifying an effective treatment for this cancer. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Pilsworth
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Todeschini
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | | - Dawn R Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel Lai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mikko Anttonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Biologie F. Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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6
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Pilsworth JA, Cochrane DR, Neilson SJ, Moussavi BH, Lai D, Munzur AD, Senz J, Wang YK, Zareian S, Bashashati A, Wong A, Keul J, Staebler A, van Meurs HS, Horlings HM, Kommoss S, Kommoss F, Oliva E, Färkkilä AEM, Gilks B, Huntsman DG. Adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: a FOXL2-centric disease. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:243-252. [PMID: 33428330 PMCID: PMC8072996 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult-type granulosa cell tumors (aGCTs) account for 90% of malignant ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors and 2-5% of all ovarian cancers. These tumors are usually diagnosed at an early stage and are treated with surgery. However, one-third of patients relapse between 4 and 8 years after initial diagnosis, and there are currently no effective treatments other than surgery for these relapsed patients. As the majority of aGCTs (>95%) harbor a somatic mutation in FOXL2 (c.C402G; p.C134W), the aim of this study was to identify genetic mutations besides FOXL2 C402G in aGCTs that could explain the clinical diversity of this disease. Whole-genome sequencing of 10 aGCTs and their matched normal blood was performed to identify somatic mutations. From this analysis, a custom amplicon-based panel was designed to sequence 39 genes of interest in a validation cohort of 83 aGCTs collected internationally. KMT2D inactivating mutations were present in 10 of 93 aGCTs (10.8%), and the frequency of these mutations was similar between primary and recurrent aGCTs. Inactivating mutations, including a splice site mutation in candidate tumor suppressor WNK2 and nonsense mutations in PIK3R1 and NLRC5, were identified at a low frequency in our cohort. Missense mutations were identified in cell cycle-related genes TP53, CDKN2D, and CDK1. From these data, we conclude that aGCTs are comparatively a homogeneous group of tumors that arise from a limited set of genetic events and are characterized by the FOXL2 C402G mutation. Secondary mutations occur in a subset of patients but do not explain the diverse clinical behavior of this disease. As the FOXL2 C402G mutation remains the main driver of this disease, progress in the development of therapeutics for aGCT would likely come from understanding the functional consequences of the FOXL2 C402G mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Pilsworth
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Dawn R Cochrane
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Samantha J Neilson
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Bahar H Moussavi
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Daniel Lai
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Aslı D Munzur
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Janine Senz
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Yi Kan Wang
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sina Zareian
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ali Bashashati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Adele Wong
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Jacqueline Keul
- Department of Women's HealthTübingen University HospitalTübingenGermany
| | - Annette Staebler
- Institute of Pathology and NeuropathologyTübingen University HospitalTübingenGermany
| | - Hannah S van Meurs
- Department of GynecologyCenter for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van LeeuwenhoekAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Kommoss
- Department of Women's HealthTübingen University HospitalTübingenGermany
| | - Friedrich Kommoss
- Institute of Pathology, Medizin Campus BodenseeFriedrichshafenGermany
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Anniina EM Färkkilä
- Research Program for Systems OncologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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7
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Secchi C, Benaglio P, Mulas F, Belli M, Stupack D, Shimasaki S. FOXO1 mitigates the SMAD3/FOXL2 C134W transcriptomic effect in a model of human adult granulosa cell tumor. J Transl Med 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 33639972 PMCID: PMC7913442 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult granulosa cell tumor (aGCT) is a rare type of stromal cell malignant cancer of the ovary characterized by elevated estrogen levels. aGCTs ubiquitously harbor a somatic mutation in FOXL2 gene, Cys134Trp (c.402C < G); however, the general molecular effect of this mutation and its putative pathogenic role in aGCT tumorigenesis is not completely understood. We previously studied the role of FOXL2C134W, its partner SMAD3 and its antagonist FOXO1 in cellular models of aGCT. METHODS In this work, seeking more comprehensive profiling of FOXL2C134W transcriptomic effects, we performed an RNA-seq analysis comparing the effect of FOXL2WT/SMAD3 and FOXL2C134W/SMAD3 overexpression in an established human GC line (HGrC1), which is not luteinized, and bears normal alleles of FOXL2. RESULTS Our data shows that FOXL2C134W/SMAD3 overexpression alters the expression of 717 genes. These genes include known and novel FOXL2 targets (TGFB2, SMARCA4, HSPG2, MKI67, NFKBIA) and are enriched for neoplastic pathways (Proteoglycans in Cancer, Chromatin remodeling, Apoptosis, Tissue Morphogenesis, Tyrosine Kinase Receptors). We additionally expressed the FOXL2 antagonistic Forkhead protein, FOXO1. Surprisingly, overexpression of FOXO1 mitigated 40% of the altered genome-wide effects specifically related to FOXL2C134W, suggesting it can be a new target for aGCT treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic data provide novel insights into potential genes (FOXO1 regulated) that could be used as biomarkers of efficacy in aGCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Secchi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Mulas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martina Belli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dwayne Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Sun S, Fei K, Zhang G, Wang J, Yang Y, Guo W, Yang Z, Wang J, Xue Q, Gao Y, He J. Construction and Comprehensive Analyses of a METTL5-Associated Prognostic Signature With Immune Implication in Lung Adenocarcinomas. Front Genet 2021; 11:617174. [PMID: 33679869 PMCID: PMC7933593 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.617174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), patients of different stages have strong heterogeneity, and their overall prognosis varies greatly. Thus, exploration of novel biomarkers to better clarify the characteristics of LUAD is urgent. Multi-omics information of LUAD patients were collected form TCGA. Three independent LUAD cohorts were obtained from gene expression omnibus (GEO). A multi-omics correlation analysis of METTL5 was performed in TCGA dataset. To build a METTL5-associated prognostic score (MAPS). Spathial and random forest methods were first applied for feature selection. Then, LASSO was implemented to develop the model in TCGA cohort. The prognostic value of MAPS was validated in three independent GEO datasets. Finally, functional annotation was conducted using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the abundances of infiltrated immune cells were estimated by ImmuCellAI algorithm. A total of 901 LUAD patients were included. The expression of METTL5 in LUAD was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue. And high expression of METTL5 indicated poor prognosis in all different stages (P < 0.001, HR = 1.81). Five genes (RAC1, C11of24, METTL5, RCCD1, and SLC7A5) were used to construct MAPS and MAPS was significantly correlated with poor prognosis (P < 0.001, HR = 2.15). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested MAPS as an independent prognostic factor. Functional enrichment revealed significant association between MAPS and several immune components and pathways. This study provides insights into the potential significance of METTL5 in LUAD and MAPS can serve as a promising biomarker for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kailun Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guochao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juhong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Al Harbi R, McNeish IA, El-Bahrawy M. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors: an update on clinical features, molecular changes, and management. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021; 31:161-168. [PMID: 33414107 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex cord stromal-tumors are rare tumors of the ovary that include numerous tumor subtypes of variable histological features and biological behavior. Surgery is the main therapeutic modality for the management of these tumors, while chemotherapy and hormonal therapy may be used in some patients with progressive and recurrent tumors. Several studies investigated molecular changes in the different tumor types. Understanding molecular changes underlying the development and progression of sex cord-stromal tumors provides valuable information for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for these tumors. In this review, we provide an update on the clinical presentation, molecular changes, and management of sex cord-stromal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Al Harbi
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mona El-Bahrawy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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10
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Tsimberidou AM, Fountzilas E, Bleris L, Kurzrock R. Transcriptomics and solid tumors: The next frontier in precision cancer medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 84:50-59. [PMID: 32950605 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics, which encompasses assessments of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation, identification of fusion transcripts, explorations of noncoding RNAs, transcript annotation, and discovery of novel transcripts, is a valuable tool for understanding cancer mechanisms and identifying biomarkers. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have enabled large-scale gene expression profiling. Importantly, RNA expression profiling of tumor tissue has been successfully used to determine clinically actionable molecular alterations. The WINTHER precision medicine clinical trial was the first prospective trial in diverse solid malignancies that assessed both genomics and transcriptomics to match treatments to specific molecular alterations. The use of transcriptome analysis in WINTHER and other trials increased the number of targetable -omic changes compared to genomic profiling alone. Other applications of transcriptomics involve the evaluation of tumor and circulating noncoding RNAs as predictive and prognostic biomarkers, the improvement of risk stratification by the use of prognostic and predictive multigene assays, the identification of fusion transcripts that drive tumors, and an improved understanding of the impact of DNA changes as some genomic alterations are silenced at the RNA level. Finally, RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis have been incorporated into clinical trials to identify markers predicting response to immunotherapy. Many issues regarding the complexity of the analysis, its reproducibility and variability, and the interpretation of the results still need to be addressed. The integration of transcriptomics with genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, and tumor immune profiling will improve biomarker discovery and our understanding of disease mechanisms and, thereby, accelerate the implementation of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia M Tsimberidou
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elena Fountzilas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Euromedica General Clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061398. [PMID: 32485873 PMCID: PMC7353025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-epithelial ovarian tumors are heterogeneous and account for approximately 10% of ovarian malignancies. The most common subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors arise from germ cells or sex cord and stromal cells of the gonads. These tumors are usually detected at an early stage, and management includes surgical staging and debulking. When indicated for advanced disease, most respond to chemotherapy; however, options for patients with refractory disease are limited, and regimens can be associated with significant toxicities, including permanent organ dysfunction, secondary malignancies, and death. Targeted therapies that potentially decrease chemotherapy-related adverse effects and improve outcomes for patients with chemotherapy-refractory disease are needed. Here, we review the molecular landscape of non-epithelial ovarian tumors for the purpose of informing rational clinical trial design. Recent genomic discoveries have uncovered recurring somatic alterations and germline mutations in subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors. Though there is a paucity of efficacy data on targeted therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy, exceptional responses to some compounds have been reported. The rarity and complexity of non-epithelial ovarian tumors warrant collaboration and efficient clinical trial design, including high-quality molecular characterization, to guide future efforts.
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12
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Roze J, Monroe G, Kutzera J, Groeneweg J, Stelloo E, Paijens S, Nijman H, van Meurs H, van Lonkhuijzen L, Piek J, Lok C, Jonges G, Witteveen P, Verheijen R, van Haaften G, Zweemer R. Whole Genome Analysis of Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors Reveals Tumor Heterogeneity and a High-Grade TP53-Specific Subgroup. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1308. [PMID: 32455687 PMCID: PMC7281495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) harbor a somatic FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation in ~95% of cases and are mainly surgically removed due to limited systemic treatment effect. In this study, potentially targetable genomic alterations in AGCTs were investigated by whole genome sequencing on 46 tumor samples and matched normal DNA. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis confirmed gain of chromosome 12 and 14, and loss of 22. Pathogenic TP53 mutations were identified in three patients with highest tumor mutational burden and mitotic activity, defining a high-grade AGCT subgroup. Within-patient tumor comparisons showed 29-80% unique somatic mutations per sample, suggesting tumor heterogeneity. A higher mutational burden was found in recurrent tumors, as compared to primary AGCTs. FOXL2-wildtype AGCTs harbored DICER1, TERT(C228T) and TP53 mutations and similar CNV profiles as FOXL2-mutant tumors. Our study confirms that absence of the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation does not exclude AGCT diagnosis. The lack of overlapping variants in targetable cancer genes indicates the need for personalized treatment for AGCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline Roze
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Glen Monroe
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Joachim Kutzera
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Jolijn Groeneweg
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ellen Stelloo
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Sterre Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Hans Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Hannah van Meurs
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.M.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Luc van Lonkhuijzen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.M.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Jurgen Piek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Christianne Lok
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Geertruida Jonges
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Petronella Witteveen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - René Verheijen
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Ronald Zweemer
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
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13
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FOXL2 homozygous genotype and chromosome instability are associated with recurrence in adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Oncotarget 2020; 11:419-428. [PMID: 32064045 PMCID: PMC6996913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Adult granulosa cell tumors (aGCTs) are extremely rare tumors characterized by the presence of the single missense mutation (c.402 C>G, p. C134W) in the FOXL2 gene. These tumors are frequently associated with a slow, indolent disease progression and a high probability of aggressive tumor recurrence. Hence, the identification of molecular markers that are predictive of recurrence and/or aggressive behavior would be a great asset in the management of aGCT. The present study focused on the influence of the FOXL2 genotype (heterozygous or homozygous) and copy number variations (CNVs) in recurrence by comparing the primary tumor with recurrent lesions in the same patient. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments and FOXL2 genotyping by allelic discrimination on 40 tumor samples. Results and Discussion: In array CGH results of recurrent tumors, few samples presented the multiple chromosome losses and gains characteristic of chromosome instability (CIN). We also observed that three recurrent tumors and one primary tumor appeared to be homozygous for the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation. Interestingly, the homozygous FOXL2 genotype was correlated with a shorter time to relapse. A change in the FOXL2 genotype in cases of recurrence was correlated with the appearance of CIN. Conclusion: Despite the small number of matching primary and recurrent tumors analyzed here, the present study is the first to have shown that the FOXL2 homozygous genotype and CIN are prevalent in recurrent aGCTs. The two mechanisms are probably linked, and both almost certainly have a role in the molecular transformation of aGCTs.
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14
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Cluzet V, Devillers MM, Petit F, Chauvin S, François CM, Giton F, Genestie C, di Clemente N, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Aberrant granulosa cell-fate related to inactivated p53/Rb signaling contributes to granulosa cell tumors and to FOXL2 downregulation in the mouse ovary. Oncogene 2019; 39:1875-1890. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Zhong C, Yu J, Li D, Jiang K, Tang Y, Yang M, Shen H, Fang X, Ding K, Zheng S, Yuan Y. Zyxin as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15775-15789. [PMID: 30697742 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death. This study was conducted to investigate the functions and mechanisms of Zyxin (ZYX) in CRC. Multiomics analysis associated ZYX with CRC metastasis. ZYX expression levels were increased in human CRC tissues and related to shorter recurrence-free survival. Knockdown of ZYX expression resulted in inhibition of cell growth, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Comprehensive analysis of gene microarray analysis showed that ZYX may activate the pathway of NUPR1 and JNK, inhibit CST5, regulate focal adhesion (FA), and affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CRC cells. Results of gene microarray and membrane protein isobaric tags with relative and absolute quantitation labeling mass spectrometry found ten differentially expressed genes, which were associated with ZYX activity. Furthermore, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the expression patterns of selected genes in the integrative analysis. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that decreased expression level of ZYX impairs CRC cell proliferation and metastasis probably via the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhan Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiekai Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences) The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Belli M, Secchi C, Stupack D, Shimasaki S. FOXO1 Negates the Cooperative Action of FOXL2 C134W and SMAD3 in CYP19 Expression in HGrC1 Cells by Sequestering SMAD3. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:2064-2081. [PMID: 31701078 PMCID: PMC6797057 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult granulosa cell tumor (aGCT) is a rare type of ovarian cancer characterized by estrogen excess. Interestingly, only the single somatic mutation FOXL2 C134W was found across virtually all aGCTs. We previously reported that FOXL2C134W stimulates CYP19 transcription synergistically with SMAD3, leading to elevated estradiol synthesis in a human granulosa cell line (HGrC1). This finding suggested a key role for FOXL2C134W in causing the typical estrogen overload in patients with aGCTs. We have now investigated the effect of FOXO1, a tumor suppressor, on CYP19 activation by FOXL2C134W in the presence of SMAD3. Intriguingly, FOXO1 antagonized the positive, synergistic effect of FOXL2C134W and SMAD3 on CYP19 transcription. Similar to FOXL2C134W, FOXO1 binds SMAD3 but not the proximal FOXL2C134W binding site (-199 bp) of the CYP19 promoter identified in our earlier studies. The results of a competitive binding assay suggested a possible underlying mechanism in which FOXO1 sequesters SMAD3 away from FOXL2C134W, thereby negating the cooperative action of FOXL2C134W and SMAD3 in inducing CYP19 expression. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the ability of FOXO1 to restore an altered CYP19 expression by FOXL2C134W and SMAD3 and provides insight as to why FOXO1 deficiency promotes GCT development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Belli
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christian Secchi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dwayne Stupack
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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17
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18
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Alexiadis M, Rowley SM, Chu S, Leung DT, Stewart CJ, Amarasinghe KC, Campbell IG, Fuller PJ. Mutational Landscape of Ovarian Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors from Whole Exome and Targeted TERT Promoter Sequencing. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:177-185. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Belli M, Iwata N, Nakamura T, Iwase A, Stupack D, Shimasaki S. FOXL2C134W-Induced CYP19 Expression via Cooperation With SMAD3 in HGrC1 Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1690-1703. [PMID: 29471425 PMCID: PMC6238151 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Germline knockout studies in female mice demonstrated an essential role for forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) in early follicle development, whereas an inducible granulosa cell (GC)-specific deletion of Foxl2 in adults has shown ovary-to-testis somatic sex reprogramming. In women, over 120 different germline mutations in the FOXL2 gene have been shown to cause blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicantus inversus syndrome associated with or without primary ovarian insufficiency. By contrast, a single somatic mutation (FOXL2C134W) accounts for almost all adult-type GC tumors (aGCTs). To test the hypothesis that FOXL2C134W differentially regulates the expression of aGCT markers, we investigated the effect of FOXL2C134W on inhibin B and P450 aromatase expression using a recently established human GC line (HGrC1), which we now show to bear two normal alleles of FOXL2. Neither FOXL2wt nor FOXL2C134W regulate INHBB messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. However, FOXL2C134W selectively displays a 50-fold induction of CYP19 mRNA expression dependent upon activin A. Mechanistically, the CYP19 promoter is activated in a similar way by FOXL2C134W interaction with SMAD3, but not by FOXL2wt. SMAD2 had no effect. Moreover, FOXL2C134W interactions with SMAD3 and with the FOX binding element located at -199 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon of CYP19 are more sustainable than FOXL2wt. Thus, FOXL2C134W potentiates CYP19 expression in HGrC1 cells via enhanced recruitment of SMAD3 to a proximal FOX binding element. These findings may explain the pathophysiology of estrogen excess in patients with aGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Belli
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Center for Maternal-Perinatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Center for Maternal-Perinatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dwayne Stupack
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Correspondence: Shunichi Shimasaki, PhD, Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093. E-mail:
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20
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Ovarian Cancers: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Heterogeneity and Progression, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5010016. [PMID: 29389895 PMCID: PMC5874581 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four main histological subtypes of ovarian cancer exist: serous (the most frequent), endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell; in each subtype, low and high grade. The large majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed as high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGS-OvCas). TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in HGS-OvCas; about 50% of these tumors displayed defective homologous recombination due to germline and somatic BRCA mutations, epigenetic inactivation of BRCA and abnormalities of DNA repair genes; somatic copy number alterations are frequent in these tumors and some of them are associated with prognosis; defective NOTCH, RAS/MEK, PI3K and FOXM1 pathway signaling is frequent. Other histological subtypes were characterized by a different mutational spectrum: LGS-OvCas have increased frequency of BRAF and RAS mutations; mucinous cancers have mutation in ARID1A, PIK3CA, PTEN, CTNNB1 and RAS. Intensive research was focused to characterize ovarian cancer stem cells, based on positivity for some markers, including CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, EpCAM, LY6A, ALDH1. Ovarian cancer cells have an intrinsic plasticity, thus explaining that in a single tumor more than one cell subpopulation, may exhibit tumor-initiating capacity. The improvements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian cancers should lead to more efficacious treatments.
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21
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Lim D, Oliva E. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours: an update in recent molecular advances. Pathology 2017; 50:178-189. [PMID: 29275930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex cord-stromal tumours (SCSTs) consist of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse clinicopathological features and biological behaviour. They often present as a diagnostic challenge as they have varied and occasionally overlapping histomorphology and some may even mimic non-SCSTs. An accurate diagnosis is important for therapeutic and prognostic purposes. The use of a panel of immunohistochemical markers which are sensitive and specific for sex cord-stromal differentiation such as α-inhibin, calretinin, SF-1 and FOXL2, may be helpful in confirming the cellular lineage of these tumours, but is of limited utility in distinguishing between the different tumour types within this category. Additionally, the development of new therapeutic strategies in patients with SCSTs is also hampered by the infrequent occurrence of these neoplasms. Recent molecular analyses of some SCSTs has led to the discovery of novel molecular events, which may have important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. The salient pathological features, management issues and recently described genetic aberrations in adult and juvenile granulosa cell tumours as well as Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the clinical significance of FOXL2 and DICER1 mutations. An in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying SCSTs may aid in improving tumour classification and disease prognostication and also potentially lead to the discovery of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore; Translational Centre for Development and Research, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Yanagida S, Anglesio MS, Nazeran TM, Lum A, Inoue M, Iida Y, Takano H, Nikaido T, Okamoto A, Huntsman DG. Clinical and genetic analysis of recurrent adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: Persistent preservation of heterozygous c.402C>G FOXL2 mutation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178989. [PMID: 28594898 PMCID: PMC5464638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (aGCTs) are rare tumors that represent 2-5% of ovarian malignancies. The prognosis of this tumor is favorable, and it is characterized by slow progression. 10-30% of these tumors recur after 4-7 years of the primary surgery and the 5-year survival rate from the first recurrence is 55%, for the incompletely resected patients. At this time, complete resection is the only prognostic factor for better outcome, and establishing a novel strategy for identification and/or treatment of recurrent tumors is crucial. After the discovery of heterozygous c.402C>G FOXL2 mutations in 97% of cases of aGCT, much effort has been made to find the role of the mutation on the pathogenesis of aGCT, however, little is known about the role of the mutation in disease progression. METHODS We analyzed the clinical data of 56 aGCT patients to find a marker of recurrence. In particular, we compared the FOXL2 status in 5 matched primary and recurrent samples by immunohistochemistry, and TaqMan allelic discrimination assay to address the role of FOXL2 in potential mechanisms of recurrence. RESULTS The clinical data analysis was consistent with complete resection as an indicator of disease eradication, though the sample size was limited. The genetic analysis showed all the samples, including recurrent tumor samples up to 14 years after the primary surgery, expressed heterozygous c.402C>G FOXL2 mutation and the FOXL2 protein expression. CONCLUSION This report describes the preservation of heterozygous c.402C>G FOXL2 mutation in recurrent aGCTs. This finding adds further credence to the concept that the c.402C>G FOXL2 mutation is oncogenic and integral to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yanagida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael S. Anglesio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh M. Nazeran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Momoko Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Takano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nikaido
- Department of Pathology, Kosei General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Integrated analysis of gene expression and copy number identified potential cancer driver genes with amplification-dependent overexpression in 1,454 solid tumors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:641. [PMID: 28377632 PMCID: PMC5428069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of driver genes contributes to the understanding of cancer etiology and is imperative for the development of individualized therapies. Gene amplification is a major event in oncogenesis. Driver genes with tumor-specific amplification-dependent overexpression can be therapeutic targets. In this study, we aimed to identify amplification-dependent driver genes in 1,454 solid tumors, across more than 15 cancer types, by integrative analysis of gene expression and copy number. Amplification-dependent overexpression of 64 known driver oncogenes were found in 587 tumors (40%); genes frequently observed were MYC (25%) and MET (18%) in colorectal cancer; SKP2 (21%) in lung squamous cell carcinoma; HIST1H3B (19%) and MYCN (13%) in liver cancer; KIT (57%) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors; and FOXL2 (12%) in squamous cell carcinoma across tissues. Genomic aberrations in 138 known cancer driver genes and 491 established fusion genes were found in 1,127 tumors (78%). Further analyses of 820 cancer-related genes revealed 16 as potential driver genes, with amplification-dependent overexpression restricted to the remaining 22% of samples (327 tumors) initially undetermined genetic drivers. Among them, AXL, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, was recurrently overexpressed and amplified in sarcomas. Our studies of amplification-dependent overexpression identified potential drug targets in individual tumors.
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24
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Fuller P, Leung D, Chu S. Genetics and genomics of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. Clin Genet 2017; 91:285-291. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Clayton Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - D. Leung
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Clayton Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - S. Chu
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Clayton Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science; Monash University; Clayton Australia
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25
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Mandilaras V, Karakasis K, Clarke B, Oza A, Lheureux S. Rare tumors in gynaecological cancers and the lack of therapeutic options and clinical trials. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1264300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mandilaras
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katherine Karakasis
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Blaise Clarke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amit Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lheureux
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Hua G, He C, Lv X, Fan L, Wang C, Remmenga SW, Rodabaugh KJ, Yang L, Lele SM, Yang P, Karpf AR, Davis JS, Wang C. The four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) regulates ovarian granulosa cell tumor progression via controlling AKT1 transcription. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2297. [PMID: 27415427 PMCID: PMC4973349 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) has been shown to play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, motility and signal transduction in a cell type and tissue-dependent manner. However, the function of FHL2 in ovarian physiology and pathology is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role and functional mechanism of FHL2 in the progression of ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that FHL2 was overexpressed in GCT tissues. Cellular localization of FHL2 in GCT cells was cell cycle dependent. Knockdown of FHL2 suppressed GCT cell growth, reduced cell viability and inhibited cell migration. Consistently, ectopic expression of FHL2 in GCT cells with very low endogenous FHL2 promoted cell growth, improved cell viability and enhance cell migration. Importantly, overexpression of FHL2 promoted GCT progression in vivo. Mechanistic studies indicated that FHL2 regulates AKT1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of FHL2 or AKT1 in GCT cell lines induced very similar phenotypes. Ectopic expression of constitutively active AKT1 rescued FHL2 knockdown-induced arrest of GCT cell growth and reduction of GCT cell viability, suggesting that FHL2 regulates GCT cell growth and viability through controlling AKT1 expression. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that FHL2 functions as a co-activator of NFκB and AP-1 to regulate AKT1 gene transcription. In conclusion, results from the present study indicate that FHL2 exerts its oncogenic action in GCT cells via controlling AKT1 gene expression. FHL2 is a promising target for the development of novel drugs against ovarian granulosa cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hua
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - C He
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - X Lv
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - L Fan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - C Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - S W Remmenga
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K J Rodabaugh
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - L Yang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - S M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - P Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - A R Karpf
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - J S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - C Wang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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27
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Alexiadis M, Chu S, Leung D, Gould JA, Jobling T, Fuller PJ. Transcriptomic analysis of stage 1 versus advanced adult granulosa cell tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:14207-19. [PMID: 26893359 PMCID: PMC4924709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are hormonally-active neoplasms characterized, in the adult-subtype, by a mutation in the FOXL2 gene (C134W). They exhibit an indolent course with an unexplained propensity for late recurrence; ~80% of patients with aggressive, advanced stage tumors die from their disease; aside from surgery, therapeutic options are limited. To identify the molecular basis of advanced stage disease we have used whole transcriptome analysis of FOXL2 C134W mutation positive adult (a)GCT to identify genes that are differentially expressed between early (stage 1) and advanced (stage 3) aGCT. Transcriptome profiles for early (n = 6) and stage 3 (n = 6) aGCT, and for the aGCT-derived KGN, cell line identified 24 genes whose expression significantly differs between the early and stage 3 aGCT. Of these, 16 were more abundantly expressed in the stage 3 aGCT and 8 were higher in the stage 1 tumors. These changes were further examined for the genes which showed the greatest fold change: the cytokine CXCL14, microfibrillar-associated protein 5, insulin-like 3 and desmin. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified overexpression of genes on chromosome 7p15 which includes the homeobox A gene locus. The analysis therefore identifies a small number of genes with clearly discriminate patterns of expression arguing that the clinicopathological-derived distinction of the tumor stage is robust, whilst confirming the relative homogeneity of expression for many genes across the cohort and hence of aGCT. The expression profiles do however identify several overexpressed genes in both stage 1 and/or stage 3 aGCT which warrant further study as possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alexiadis
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (formerly Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Simon Chu
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (formerly Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Monash University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Dilys Leung
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (formerly Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Monash University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jodee A. Gould
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (formerly Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- MHTP Medical Genomics Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Tom Jobling
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter J. Fuller
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (formerly Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Monash University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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28
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Trisdale SK, Schwab NM, Hou X, Davis JS, Townson DH. Molecular manipulation of keratin 8/18 intermediate filaments: modulators of FAS-mediated death signaling in human ovarian granulosa tumor cells. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:8. [PMID: 26911253 PMCID: PMC4765146 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are a rare ovarian neoplasm but prognosis is poor following recurrence. Keratin intermediate filaments expressed in these tumors are a diagnostic marker, yet paradoxically, may also constitute a target for therapeutic intervention. In the current study, we evaluated keratin 8/18 (K8/18) filament expression as a mechanism of resistance to apoptosis in GCT, specifically focusing on regulation of the cell surface death receptor, Fas (FAS). Methods The GCT cell line, KGN, was transiently transfected with siRNA to KRT8 and KRT18 to reduce K8/18 filament expression. Expression of K8/18, FAS, and apoptotic proteins (PARP, cleaved PARP) were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometric analysis, and immunoblotting, respectively. The incidence of FAS-mediated apoptosis in KGN cells was measured by caspase 3/7 activity. All experiments were performed independently three to six times, using a fresh aliquot of KGN cells for each experiment. Quantitative data were analyzed by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons; differences among means were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results Control cultures of KGN cells exhibited abundant K8/18 filament expression (~90 % of cells), and minimal expression of FAS (<25 % of cells). These cells were resistant to FAS-activating antibody (FasAb)-induced apoptosis, as determined by detection of cleaved PARP and measurement of caspase 3/7 activity. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knock-down of K8/18 filament expression enhanced FAS expression (> 70 % of cells) and facilitated FasAb-induced apoptosis, evident by increased caspase 3/7 activity (P < 0.05). Additional experiments revealed that inhibition of protein synthesis, but not MEK1/2 or PI3K signaling, also prompted FasAb-induced apoptosis. Conclusions The results demonstrated that K8/18 filaments provide resistance to apoptosis in GCT by impairing FAS expression. The abundance of keratin filaments in these cells and their role in apoptotic resistance provides a greater mechanistic understanding of ovarian tumorgenicity, specifically GCT, as well as a clinically-relevant target for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolette M Schwab
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - John S Davis
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - David H Townson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA. .,Current address: Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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