1
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Liu L, Zhang P, Liu Z, Sun T, Qiao H. Joint global and local interpretation method for CIN status classification in breast cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27054. [PMID: 38562500 PMCID: PMC10982965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is among the cancer types with the highest numbers of new cases. The study of this disease from a microscopic perspective has been a prominent research topic. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely linked to chromosomal instability (CIN). Correctly predicting CIN status from miRNAs can help to improve the survival of breast cancer patients. In this study, a joint global and local interpretation method called GL_XGBoost is proposed for predicting CIN status in breast cancer. GL_XGBoost integrates the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) methods. XGBoost is used to predict CIN status from miRNA data, whereas SHAP is used to select miRNA features that have strong relationships with CIN. Furthermore, SHAP's rich visualization strategies enhance the interpretability of the entire model at the global and local levels. The performance of GL_XGBoost is validated on the TCGA-BRCA dataset, and it is shown to have an accuracy of 78.57% and an area under the curve value of 0.87. Rich visual analysis is used to explain the relationships between miRNAs and CIN status from different perspectives. Our study demonstrates an intuitive way of exploring the relationship between CIN and cancer from a microscopic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Tong Sun
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Hongbo Qiao
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
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2
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Moreno-Andrés D, Holl K, Antonin W. The second half of mitosis and its implications in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:1-17. [PMID: 36436712 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus undergoes dramatic structural and functional changes during cell division. With the entry into mitosis, in human cells the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes rearrange into rod-like structures which are collected and segregated by the spindle apparatus. While these processes in the first half of mitosis have been intensively studied, much less is known about the second half of mitosis, when a functional nucleus reforms in each of the emerging cells. Here we review our current understanding of mitotic exit and nuclear reformation with spotlights on the links to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Andrés
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristin Holl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Herbst J, Pantel K, Effenberger K, Wikman H. Clinical applications and utility of cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsy analyses in cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1403-1410. [PMID: 35725812 PMCID: PMC9554027 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an infectious carcinogenic agent. Nearly all cervical cancers are positive for one of the high-risk HPV subtypes. Although the introduction of the HPV vaccines in many countries have shown tremendous positive effects on the incidence of both cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) and invasive cancer, the large majority of females worldwide are still not vaccinated. Patients with diagnosed high-grade CIN need a lifelong close monitoring of possible relapse or development of invasive cancer. Different blood-based liquid biopsy approaches have shown great promise as an easily obtainable minimally invasive tool for early detection and monitoring of disease. Among the different liquid biopsy approaches the clinical relevance of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in cervical cancer has been best investigated. In cervical cancer, the DNA fragments can be of both, human as well as viral origin. Thus, the mutation and methylation status of genes related to carcinogenesis as well as the HPV status can be analysed in plasma from cervical cancer patients. This review describes recent advances in different cfDNA approaches for early detection and monitoring of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Herbst
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Effenberger
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Singhal SK, Byun JS, Yan T, Yancey R, Caban A, Gil Hernandez S, Bufford S, Hewitt SM, Winfield J, Pradhan JS, Mustkov V, McDonald JA, Pérez-Stable EJ, Napoles AM, Vohra N, De Siervi A, Yates C, Davis MB, Yang M, Tsai YC, Weissman AM, Gardner K. Protein expression of the gp78 E3-ligase predicts poor breast cancer outcome based on race. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157465. [PMID: 35639484 PMCID: PMC9310521 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of African ancestry suffer higher rates of breast cancer mortality compared to all other groups in the United States. Though the precise reasons for these disparities remain unclear, many recent studies have implicated a role for differences in tumor biology. Using an epitope-validated antibody against the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) E3 ubiquitin ligase, gp78, we show that elevated levels of gp78 in patient breast cancer cells predict poor survival. Moreover, high levels of gp78 are associated with poor outcomes in both ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, and breast cancers expressing elevated amounts of gp78 protein are enriched in gene expression pathways that influence cell cycle, metabolism, receptor-mediated signaling, and cell stress response pathways. In multivariate analysis adjusted for subtype and grade, gp78 protein is an independent predictor of poor outcomes in women of African ancestry. Furthermore, gene expression signatures, derived from patients stratified by gp78 protein expression, are strong predictors of recurrence and pathological complete response in retrospective clinical trial data and share many common features with gene sets previously identified to be overrepresented in breast cancers based on race. These findings implicate a prominent role for gp78 in tumor progression and offer new insights into our understanding of racial differences in breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Singhal
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, United States of America
| | - Jung S Byun
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Tingfen Yan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Ryan Yancey
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Ambar Caban
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Gil Hernandez
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sediqua Bufford
- Masters of Science Biotechnology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Joy Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Jaya Sarin Pradhan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Vesco Mustkov
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Jasmine A McDonald
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Anna Maria Napoles
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Nasreen Vohra
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States of America
| | - Adriana De Siervi
- Directora del Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéut, CONICET, Buenos Aiers, Argentina
| | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, United States of America
| | - Melissa B Davis
- Department of Surgery (Breast Surgery & Oncology), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Mei Yang
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Yien Che Tsai
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Allan M Weissman
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Kevin Gardner
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
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5
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Yin W, Jin J, Bao H, Chen H, Wang C, Cheng G, Wu C, Wu M, Yan J, Wu X, Shao Y, Ni X, Su D. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes-based subtypes and genomic characteristics of EBV- associated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. J Pathol 2022; 257:650-662. [PMID: 35451500 DOI: 10.1002/path.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) offer a key for morphological diagnosis of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) and are the foundation of onco-immunology. To date, no reports have found a specific risk stratification value of TILs and related it to genomic variation in LELC. Based on the stromal TILs (str-TILs) ratio, we classified 105 EBV-associated LELC cases into two subtypes: patients with ≥ 60% str-TILs area ratio in tumor were classified as subtype I, and otherwise as subtype II. Subtype I patients had significantly better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). We also explored genomic characteristics of EBV-associated LELC within different involved organs. We performed whole-exome sequencing for 51 patients with enough tissue and analyzed genomic characteristics of EBV-associated LELC. Overall, EBV-associated LELCs were characterized by low somatic mutation rate and copy number variations; the enriched genetic lesions affected RTK-RAS, PI3K and cell cycle pathways. Moreover, EBV-associated LELCs from different organs were more similar to each other genetically as compared with other traditional carcinomas of the same sites -as evidenced by unsupervised clustering based on the quantitative data from both mutation signature and chromosomal aneuploidies. Notably, EBV-associated LELC patients with oncogenic driver alterations showed a worse prognosis compared with patients without such alterations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenJuan Yin
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - JiaoYue Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hua Bao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - HanLin Chen
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - CanMing Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - GuoPing Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - ChaoQi Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Junrong Yan
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xue Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xinghao Ni
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)s, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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6
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Shrestha RL, Rossi A, Wangsa D, Hogan AK, Zaldana KS, Suva E, Chung YJ, Sanders CL, Difilippantonio S, Karpova TS, Karim B, Foltz DR, Fachinetti D, Aplan PD, Ried T, Basrai MA. CENP-A overexpression promotes aneuploidy with karyotypic heterogeneity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211820. [PMID: 33620383 PMCID: PMC7905998 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many cancers. Restricting the localization of centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A to centromeres prevents CIN. CENP-A overexpression (OE) and mislocalization have been observed in cancers and correlate with poor prognosis; however, the molecular consequences of CENP-A OE on CIN and aneuploidy have not been defined. Here, we show that CENP-A OE leads to its mislocalization and CIN with lagging chromosomes and micronuclei in pseudodiploid DLD1 cells and xenograft mouse model. CIN is due to reduced localization of proteins to the kinetochore, resulting in defects in kinetochore integrity and unstable kinetochore–microtubule attachments. CENP-A OE contributes to reduced expression of cell adhesion genes and higher invasion of DLD1 cells. We show that CENP-A OE contributes to aneuploidy with karyotypic heterogeneity in human cells and xenograft mouse model. In summary, our results provide a molecular link between CENP-A OE and aneuploidy, and suggest that karyotypic heterogeneity may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of CENP-A–overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan L Shrestha
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Austin Rossi
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ann K Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kimberly S Zaldana
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Evelyn Suva
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yang Jo Chung
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chelsea L Sanders
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Munira A Basrai
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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7
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Kong W, Gao M, Jin Y, Huang W, Huang Z, Xie Z. Prognostic model of patients with liver cancer based on tumor stem cell content and immune process. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16555-16578. [PMID: 32852285 PMCID: PMC7485734 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) has a high mortality and recurrence rate, leading to poor prognosis. The recurrence of LIHC is closely related to two aspects: degree of immune infiltration and content of tumor stem cells. Hence, this study aimed to used RNA-seq and clinical data of LIHC from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumours, mRNA stemness index score, and weighted gene correlation network analysis methods to find genes significantly linked to the aforementioned two aspects. Key genes and clinical factors were used as input. Lasso regression and multivariate Cox regression were conducted to build an effective prognostic model for patients with liver cancer. Finally, four key genes (KLHL30, PLN, LYVE1, and TIMD4) and four clinical factors (Asian, age, grade, and bilirubin) were included in the prognostic model, namely Immunity and Cancer-stem-cell Related Prognosis (ICRP) score. The ICRP score achieved a great performance in test set. The area under the curve value of the ICRP score in test set for 1, 3, and 5 years was 0.708, 0.723, and 0.765, respectively, which was better than that of other prognostic prediction methods for LIHC. The C-index evaluation method also reached the same conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikaixin Kong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- Peking University International Cancer Institute and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Gao M, Kong W, Huang Z, Xie Z. Identification of Key Genes Related to Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082994. [PMID: 32340320 PMCID: PMC7215920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is often diagnosed at the advanced stage with poor prognosis. The mechanisms of its pathogenesis and prognosis require urgent elucidation. This study was performed to screen potential biomarkers related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of LUSC to reveal unknown physiological and pathological processes. Using bioinformatics analysis, the lung squamous cell carcinoma microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, PPI and WGCNA network analysis were integrated to identify the key genes closely related to the process of LUSC development. In addition, survival analysis was performed to achieve a prognostic model that accomplished good prediction accuracy. Three hundred and thirty–seven up–regulated and 119 down-regulated genes were identified, in which four genes have been found to play vital roles in LUSC development, namely CCNA2, AURKA, AURKB, and FEN1. The prognostic model contained 5 genes, which were all detrimental to prognosis. The AUC of the established prognostic model for predicting the survival of patients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 0.692, 0.722, and 0.651 in the test data, respectively. In conclusion, this study identified several biomarkers of significant interest for additional investigation of the therapies and methods of prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Gao
- Peking University International Cancer Institute and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.X.)
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9
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Vishwakarma R, McManus KJ. Chromosome Instability; Implications in Cancer Development, Progression, and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040824. [PMID: 32235397 PMCID: PMC7226245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) refers to an ongoing rate of chromosomal changes and is a driver of genetic, cell-to-cell heterogeneity. It is an aberrant phenotype that is intimately associated with cancer development and progression. The presence, extent, and level of CIN has tremendous implications for the clinical management and outcomes of those living with cancer. Despite its relevance in cancer, there is still extensive misuse of the term CIN, and this has adversely impacted our ability to identify and characterize the molecular determinants of CIN. Though several decades of genetic research have provided insight into CIN, the molecular determinants remain largely unknown, which severely limits its clinical potential. In this review, we provide a definition of CIN, describe the two main types, and discuss how it differs from aneuploidy. We subsequently detail its impact on cancer development and progression, and describe how it influences metastatic potential with reference to cancer prognosis and outcomes. Finally, we end with a discussion of how CIN induces genetic heterogeneity to influence the use and efficacy of several precision medicine strategies, including patient and risk stratification, as well as its impact on the acquisition of drug resistance and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Vishwakarma
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2833
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10
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Wu J, Zhang L, Song Q, Yu L, Wang S, Zhang B, Wang W, Xia P, Chen X, Xiao Y, Xu C. Systematical identification of cell-specificity of CTCF-gene binding based on epigenetic modifications. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:589-600. [PMID: 32022856 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) mediates transcriptional regulation and implicates epigenetic modifications in cancers. However, the systematically unveiling inverse regulatory relationship between CTCF and epigenetic modifications still remains unclear, especially the mechanism by which histone modification mediates CTCF binding. Here, we developed a systematic approach to investigate how epigenetic changes affect CTCF binding. Through integration analysis of CTCF binding in 30 cell lines, we concluded that CTCF generally binds with higher intensity in normal cell lines than that in cancers, and higher intensity in genome regions closed to transcription start sites. To facilitate the better understanding of their associations, we constructed linear mixed-effect models to analyze the effects of the epigenetic modifications on CTCF binding in four cancer cell lines and six normal cell lines, and identified seven epigenetic modifications as potential epigenetic patterns that influence CTCF binding intensity in promoter regions and six epigenetic modifications in enhancer regions. Further analysis of the effects in different locations revealed that the epigenetic regulation of CTCF binding was location-specific and cancer cell line-specific. Moreover, H3K4me2 and H3K9ac showed the potential association with immune regulation of disease. Taken together, our method can contribute to improve the understanding of the epigenetic regulation of CTCF binding and provide potential therapeutic targets for treating tumors associated with CTCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Qian Song
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Weida Wang
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Chaohan Xu
- Bioinformatics at Harbin Medical University, China
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11
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Vargas-Rondón N, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. The Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Therapeutic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 10:cancers10010004. [PMID: 29283387 PMCID: PMC5789354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and despite increased research in recent years, control of advanced-stage disease and optimal therapeutic responses remain elusive. Recent technological improvements have increased our understanding of human cancer as a heterogeneous disease. For instance, four hallmarks of cancer have recently been included, which in addition to being involved in cancer development, could be involved in therapeutic responses and resistance. One of these hallmarks is chromosome instability (CIN), a source of genetic variation in either altered chromosome number or structure. CIN has become a hot topic in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnostics and prognostics, but also for its role in therapeutic responses. Chromosomal alterations are mainly used to determine genetic heterogeneity in tumors, but CIN could also reveal treatment efficacy, as many therapies are based on increasing CIN, which causes aberrant cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it should be noted that contradictory findings on the implications of CIN for the therapeutic response have been reported, with some studies associating high CIN with a better therapeutic response and others associating it with therapeutic resistance. Considering these observations, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the role CIN plays not only in tumor development, but also in therapeutic responses. This review focuses on recent studies that suggest possible mechanisms and consequences of CIN in different disease types, with a primary focus on cancer outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vargas-Rondón
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
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12
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Bi WL, Greenwald NF, Ramkissoon SH, Abedalthagafi M, Coy SM, Ligon KL, Mei Y, MacConaill L, Ducar M, Min L, Santagata S, Kaiser UB, Beroukhim R, Laws ER, Dunn IF. Clinical Identification of Oncogenic Drivers and Copy-Number Alterations in Pituitary Tumors. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2284-2291. [PMID: 28486603 PMCID: PMC5505210 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the second most common adult primary brain tumor, with a variable clinical course. Recent work has identified a number of genetic determinants of pituitary tumor subtypes, which may augment traditional histopathologic classification schemes. We sought to determine whether pituitary tumors could be stratified based on objective molecular characteristics using a clinical genomics assay. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients operated on at the Brigham and Women's Hospital from 2012 to 2016 whose pituitary tumors were profiled using multiplexed next-generation sequencing. We analyzed 127 pituitary tumors, including 114 adenomas, 5 craniopharyngiomas, and 8 tumors of other histologies. We observed recurrent BRAFV600E mutations in papillary craniopharyngiomas, CTNNB1 mutations in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, and activating GNAS mutations in growth hormone-secreting adenomas. Furthermore, we validated the presence of two distinct genomic subclasses in adenomas (i.e., those with disrupted or quiet copy-number profiles) and the significant association of disruption with functional hormone status (P < 0.05). We report the clinical implementation of next-generation sequencing of pituitary tumors. We confirmed previously identified molecular subclasses for these tumors and show that routine screening as part of clinical practice is both feasible and informative. This large-scale proof-of-principle study may help to guide future institutional efforts for pituitary tumor classification as well as the incorporation of such techniques into prospective analysis as part of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Linda Bi
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Noah F. Greenwald
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Saudi Human Genome Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannon M. Coy
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yu Mei
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Laura MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Matt Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Edward R. Laws
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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13
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Maleki SS, Röcken C. Chromosomal Instability in Gastric Cancer Biology. Neoplasia 2017; 19:412-420. [PMID: 28431273 PMCID: PMC5397576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and accounts for 7% of the total cancer incidence. The prognosis of GC is dismal in Western countries due to late diagnosis: approximately 70% of the patients die within 5 years following initial diagnosis. Recently, integrative genomic analyses led to the proposal of a molecular classification of GC into four subtypes, i.e.,microsatellite-instable, Epstein-Barr virus–positive, chromosomal-instable (CIN), and genomically stable GCs. Molecular classification of GC advances our knowledge of the biology of GC and may have implications for diagnostics and patient treatment. Diagnosis of microsatellite-instable GC and Epstein-Barr virus–positive GC is more or less straightforward. Microsatellite instability can be tested by immunohistochemistry (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) and/or molecular-biological analysis. Epstein-Barr virus–positive GC can be tested by in situ hybridization (Epstein-Barr virus encoded small RNA). However, with regard to CIN, testing may be more complicated and may require a more in-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanism leading to CIN. In addition, CIN GC may not constitute a distinct subgroup but may rather be a compilation of a more heterogeneous group of tumors. In this review, we aim to clarify the definition of CIN and to point out the molecular mechanisms leading to this molecular phenotype and the challenges faced in characterizing this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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Potapova T, Gorbsky GJ. The Consequences of Chromosome Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010012. [PMID: 28208750 PMCID: PMC5372005 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mistakes during cell division frequently generate changes in chromosome content, producing aneuploid or polyploid progeny cells. Polyploid cells may then undergo abnormal division to generate aneuploid cells. Chromosome segregation errors may also involve fragments of whole chromosomes. A major consequence of segregation defects is change in the relative dosage of products from genes located on the missegregated chromosomes. Abnormal expression of transcriptional regulators can also impact genes on the properly segregated chromosomes. The consequences of these perturbations in gene expression depend on the specific chromosomes affected and on the interplay of the aneuploid phenotype with the environment. Most often, these novel chromosome distributions are detrimental to the health and survival of the organism. However, in a changed environment, alterations in gene copy number may generate a more highly adapted phenotype. Chromosome segregation errors also have important implications in human health. They may promote drug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. In cancer cells, they are a source for genetic and phenotypic variability that may select for populations with increased malignance and resistance to therapy. Lastly, chromosome segregation errors during gamete formation in meiosis are a primary cause of human birth defects and infertility. This review describes the consequences of mitotic and meiotic errors focusing on novel concepts and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potapova
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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15
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Jackson R, Rosa BA, Lameiras S, Cuninghame S, Bernard J, Floriano WB, Lambert PF, Nicolas A, Zehbe I. Functional variants of human papillomavirus type 16 demonstrate host genome integration and transcriptional alterations corresponding to their unique cancer epidemiology. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:851. [PMID: 27806689 PMCID: PMC5094076 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a worldwide burden as they are a widespread group of tumour viruses in humans. Having a tropism for mucosal tissues, high-risk HPVs are detected in nearly all cervical cancers. HPV16 is the most common high-risk type but not all women infected with high-risk HPV develop a malignant tumour. Likely relevant, HPV genomes are polymorphic and some HPV16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are under evolutionary constraint instigating variable oncogenicity and immunogenicity in the infected host. RESULTS To investigate the tumourigenicity of two common HPV16 variants, we used our recently developed, three-dimensional organotypic model reminiscent of the natural HPV infectious cycle and conducted various "omics" and bioinformatics approaches. Based on epidemiological studies we chose to examine the HPV16 Asian-American (AA) and HPV16 European Prototype (EP) variants. They differ by three non-synonymous SNPs in the transforming and virus-encoded E6 oncogene where AAE6 is classified as a high- and EPE6 as a low-risk variant. Remarkably, the high-risk AAE6 variant genome integrated into the host DNA, while the low-risk EPE6 variant genome remained episomal as evidenced by highly sensitive Capt-HPV sequencing. RNA-seq experiments showed that the truncated form of AAE6, integrated in chromosome 5q32, produced a local gene over-expression and a large variety of viral-human fusion transcripts, including long distance spliced transcripts. In addition, differential enrichment of host cell pathways was observed between both HPV16 E6 variant-containing epithelia. Finally, in the high-risk variant, we detected a molecular signature of host chromosomal instability, a common property of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We show how naturally occurring SNPs in the HPV16 E6 oncogene cause significant changes in the outcome of HPV infections and subsequent viral and host transcriptome alterations prone to drive carcinogenesis. Host genome instability is closely linked to viral integration into the host genome of HPV-infected cells, which is a key phenomenon for malignant cellular transformation and the reason for uncontrolled E6 oncogene expression. In particular, the finding of variant-specific integration potential represents a new paradigm in HPV variant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- NGS platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Sean Cuninghame
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josee Bernard
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wely B Floriano
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alain Nicolas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3244, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Emerging links among Chromosome Instability (CIN), cancer, and aging. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:791-803. [PMID: 27533343 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy was predicted to cause cancer. To test the prediction, various Chromosome Instability (CIN) mice models that carry transgenic mutations in mitotic regulators have been created. The availability of these mice has aided researchers in discovering connections between CIN, cancer, and aging. This review will focus on recent interdisciplinary findings regarding how CIN and aneuploidy affect carcinogenesis, immune dysfunction, and aging. High CIN can be generated in vivo by various intrinsic alterations (e.g., gene mutation, epigenetic modification) and extrinsic/environmental challenges (e.g., biological, chemical, biophysical), while immune surveillance, cell death, and natural turnover can remove cells with CIN. CIN itself is mutagenic and may cause further cellular mutations, which can be carcinogenic. Mitotically damaged cells can activate senescence-related tumor suppressors (e.g., p21WAF1 , p27KIP1 , p16INK4A ), which may lead to tissue-level senescence/aging through inflammatory paracrine mechanisms called Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and Senescence Inflammatory Response (SIR). Organs with high CIN show altered gene expressions in both organ-specific and non-specific manners. Organ-specific gene expression signatures include activation of oncogenic pathways. Non-organ-specific gene expression signatures include metabolic changes and downregulations in immune functions. Immune surveillance normally targets senescent cells and tetraploid cells, a form of aneuploidy, for elimination. However, with partial immune dysfunction, immune surveillance is weakened with systemic CIN. In this case, more senescent cells and aneuploid cells survive, which further leads to an inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic, and senescent/aging microenvironment. We also discuss how we may intervene in this sequence of events to prevent CIN- or age-related carcinogenesis and/or some aspects of tissue aging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Adam S Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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