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Knipper K, Hussein Y, Simon AG, Fretter C, Damanakis AI, Zhao Y, Bruns CJ, Schmidt T, Popp FC, Quaas A, Lyu SI. Upregulation of the histone γ-H2AX correlates with worse patient survival and basal-like subtype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:137. [PMID: 38502354 PMCID: PMC10950965 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have yet to experience significant benefits from targeted therapy. Olaparib is currently the only active substance in BRCA-mutated PDACs that successfully influences the DNA repair of carcinoma cells. H2AX belongs to the histone family and is known as a part of the DNA repair system. The inhibition of γ-H2AX could lead to the inhibition of mitotically active tumor cells. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the γ-H2AX in patients with PDAC. METHODS All included patients (n = 311) received a pancreatic resection with curative intention in one of our PANCALYZE study centers. Subsequently, they were enrolled in a standardized follow-up protocol. Immunohistochemical stainings for γ-H2AX were conducted on tissue microarrays. RESULTS Patients exhibiting high levels of γ-H2AX expression experience more frequent R1 resections, indicating advanced tumor stages in this subgroup. Additionally, patients with high γ-H2AX expression demonstrated significantly poorer survival compared to those with low expression (median OS: 15 vs. 25 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, high γ-H2AX expression could be identified as an independent risk factor for worse patient survival. Moreover, high γ-H2AX expression could be more frequently observed in the more aggressive basal-like subtype. CONCLUSION γ-H2AX can be characterized as a predictive biomarker for poorer patient survival. Consequently, upcoming clinical trials focused on the efficacy of targeted therapies influencing the DNA repair system and radiotherapy should evaluate γ-H2AX as a potential biomarker for therapy response. Furthermore, γ-H2AX may serve as a viable target for treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Knipper
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Yussra Hussein
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adrian Georg Simon
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Caroline Fretter
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander I Damanakis
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix C Popp
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Su Ir Lyu
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Knipper K, Lyu SI, Goebel H, Damanakis AI, Zhao Y, Bruns CJ, Schmidt T, Kashkar H, Quaas A, Schiffmann LM, Popp FC. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein is a prognostic marker for a favorable outcome in three identified subsets in resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:5531-5538. [PMID: 36472768 PMCID: PMC10356682 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Therefore, building further subgroups as well as enabling individual patient therapy and diagnostics are needed. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is known to modulate apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. Its expression was found to correlate with patients' survival in other tumor entities. This study aims to examine the role of XIAP in patients with PDAC in relation to the inflammatory microenvironment. METHODS The PANCALYZE multicenter study group included 257 patients with PDAC. Paraffin-embedded tumor samples were stained immunohistochemically for CD3, CD20, CD38, CD56, CD66b, CD117, and CD163 and XIAP. These stainings were further analyzed digitally with QuPath and survival analyses were done. RESULTS XIAP-positive patients with T-cell, respectively, neutrophil enriched tumors survived significantly longer compared to XIAP-negative patients (CD3: 37.6 vs. 24.6 months, p = 0.028; CD66b: 34.1 vs. 14.9 months, p = 0.027). Additionally, XIAP-positive patients showed better survival in the lymph node-negative population (48.4 vs. 24.2 months, p = 0.019). Regarding the total population, our findings did not show a correlation between XIAP expression and survival. In multivariate cox regression analyzes XIAP proves to be an independent factor for better survival in the identified subgroups (CD3: p = 0.043; CD66b: p = 0.012, N0: p = 0.040). CONCLUSION We found XIAP-positive subgroups with significantly better survival in patients with PDAC in T-cell-rich, neutrophil-rich, or lymph node-negative cohorts. This could lead to further individualized cancer treatment with less aggressive therapy protocols for XIAP-positive tumors or more intensive follow-up for XIAP-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Knipper
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Su Ir Lyu
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Goebel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander I Damanakis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars M Schiffmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix C Popp
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Lyu SI, Krey T, Damanakis AI, Zhao Y, Bruns CJ, Schmidt T, Popp FC, Quaas A, Knipper K. Cytokeratin 6 identifies basal-like subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with decreased survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7539-7546. [PMID: 36971797 PMCID: PMC10374670 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rising incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) bind with insufficient therapy options showcases a great medical challenge. Further biomarkers are required to identify patients, who will benefit from more aggressive therapy. METHODS 320 patients were included by the PANCALYZE study group. Cytokeratin 6 (CK6) immunohistochemical staining as a putative marker for the basal-like subtype of PDAC was performed. The correlation between CK6 expression patterns and survival data, as well as various markers of the (inflammatory) tumor microenvironment, were analyzed. RESULTS We divided the study population based on the expression pattern of CK6. Patients with a high CK6 tumor expression had a significantly shorter survival (p = 0.013), confirmed in a multivariate cox regression model. CK6-expression is an independent marker for a decreased overall survival (HR = 1.655, 95% CI 1.158-2.365, p = 0.006). In addition, the CK6-positive tumors showed significantly less plasma cell infiltration and more cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing Periostin and SMA. CONCLUSIONS CK6 could be considered as an independent biomarker for a shorter overall survival. CK6 is a clinically easily accessible biomarker for the identification of the basal-like subtype of PDAC. Therefore, it could be taken into consideration in deciding for the more aggressive therapy regimes. Prospectively, studies addressing the chemosensitive characteristics of this subtype are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ir Lyu
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thaddaeus Krey
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander I Damanakis
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix C Popp
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl Knipper
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Knipper K, Damanakis AI, Zhao Y, Bruns CJ, Schmidt T, Popp FC, Quaas A, Lyu SI. Specific Subtypes of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Are Correlated with Worse Survival in Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072049. [PMID: 37046710 PMCID: PMC10093167 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancer entities. Effective therapy options are still lacking. The tumor microenvironment possibly bears further treatment possibilities. This study aimed to describe the expression patterns of four established carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAFs) markers and their correlation in PDAC tissue samples. METHODS This project included 321 patients with PDAC who underwent surgery with a curative intent in one of the PANCALYZE study centers. Immunohistochemical stainings for FAP, PDGFR, periostin, and SMA were performed. The expression patterns of each marker were divided into low- and high-expressing CAFs and correlated with patients' survival. RESULTS Tumors showing SMAhigh-, PeriostinhighSMAhigh-, or PeriostinhighSMAlowPDGFRlowFAPhigh-positive CAFs demonstrated significantly worse survival. Additionally, a high expression of SMA in PDAC tissue samples was shown to be an independent risk factor for worse survival. CONCLUSION This project identified three subgroups of PDAC with different expression patterns of CAF markers which showed significantly worse survival. This could be the base for the further characterization of the fibroblast subgroups in PDAC and contribute to the development of new targeted therapy options against CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Knipper
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander I Damanakis
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix C Popp
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Su Ir Lyu
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Development and Evaluation of a Peptide Heterodimeric Tracer Targeting CXCR4 and Integrin α vβ 3 for Pancreatic Cancer Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091791. [PMID: 36145541 PMCID: PMC9503769 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, pancreatic cancer is still a formidable disease to diagnose. The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and integrin αvβ3 play important roles in tumor development, progression, invasion, and metastasis, which are overexpressed in many types of human cancers. In this study, we developed a heterodimeric tracer 68Ga-yG5-RGD targeting both CXCR4 and integrin αvβ3, and evaluated its feasibility and utility in PET imaging of pancreatic cancer. The 68Ga-yG5-RGD could accumulate in CXCR4/integrin αvβ3 positive BxPC3 tumors in a high concentration and was much higher than that of 68Ga-yG5 (p < 0.001) and 68Ga-RGD (p < 0.001). No increased uptake of 68Ga-yG5-RGD was found in MX-1 tumors (CXCR4/integrin αvβ3, negative). In addition, the uptake of 68Ga-yG5-RGD in BxPC3 was significantly blocked by excess amounts of AMD3100 (an FDA-approved CXCR4 antagonist) and/or unlabeled RGD (p < 0.001), confirming its dual-receptor targeting properties. The ex vivo biodistribution and immunohistochemical results were consistent with the in vivo imaging results. The dual-receptor targeting strategy achieved improved tumor-targeting efficiency and prolonged tumor retention in BxPC3 tumors, suggesting 68Ga-yG5-RGD is a promising tracer for the noninvasive detection of tumors that express either CXCR4 or integrin αvβ3 or both, and therefore may have good prospects for clinical translation.
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Popp FC, Capino I, Bartels J, Damanakis AI, Li J, Datta RR, Löser H, Zhao Y, Quaas A, Lohneis P, Bruns CJ. Expression of Immune Checkpoint Regulators IDO, VISTA, LAG3, and TIM3 in Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2689. [PMID: 34072549 PMCID: PMC8198722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer features elaborate mechanisms of immune evasion. The potential of new immune molecules was explored to restore the antitumor immune response. If these immune molecules are associated with poor survival, specific drugs could take effect. Here, we analyze the expression of VISTA, LAG3, IDO, and TIM3 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and its impact on patient survival. We analyzed 153 pancreatic cancer patients from the prospectively managed database of the multicentered PANCALYZE study. Immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray assessed VISTA, LAG3, IDO, and TIM3 expression of TILs from the patients undergoing primary resection. Complementarily, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomic data (n = 903). Successful completion of chemotherapy, and lymph node status were independent predictors of survival in the multivariate analysis of the clinicopathologic parameters. Fifteen tumors were exclusively VISTA-positive, thirteen tumors expressed VISTA together with TIM3, and ten tumors expressed VISTA together with IDO. Patients featuring tumors with high numbers of IDO-positive TILs had better patient survival (p = 0.037). VISTA, LAG3, and TIM3 expression did not correlate with survival. The analysis of publicly available data did not show survival differences. Tumors rarely co-express more than two immune molecules at the same time, and VISTA is most frequently co-expressed. Although IDO generally inhibits T-cell proliferation, a high expression of IDO was associated with improved survival. We expect immune checkpoint inhibitors against VISTA, LAG3, and TIM3 to be inefficient in a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C. Popp
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ingracia Capino
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Joana Bartels
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Alexander I. Damanakis
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Rabi R. Datta
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Heike Löser
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (H.L.); (A.Q.); (P.L.)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (H.L.); (A.Q.); (P.L.)
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (H.L.); (A.Q.); (P.L.)
| | - Christiane J. Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.C.P.); (I.C.); (J.B.); (A.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.R.D.); (Y.Z.)
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Interplay between SOX9 transcription factor and microRNAs in cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:681-694. [PMID: 33957202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SOX transcription factors are critical regulators of development, homeostasis and disease progression and their dysregulation is a common finding in various cancers. SOX9 belongs to SOXE family located on chromosome 17. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) possess the capacity of regulating different transcription factors in cancer cells by binding to 3'-UTR. Since miRNAs can affect differentiation, migration, proliferation and other physiological mechanisms, disturbances in their expression have been associated with cancer development. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between miRNAs and SOX9 in different cancers to reveal how this interaction can affect proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of cancer cells. The tumor-suppressor miRNAs can decrease the expression of SOX9 by binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNAs. Furthermore, the expression of downstream targets of SOX9, such as c-Myc, Wnt, PI3K/Akt can be affected by miRNAs. It is noteworthy that other non-coding RNAs including lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate miRNA/SOX9 expression to promote/inhibit cancer progression and malignancy. The pre-clinical findings can be applied as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Tao X, Xiang H, Pan Y, Shang D, Guo J, Gao G, Xiao GG. Pancreatitis initiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Pathophysiology explaining clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105595. [PMID: 33823219 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant lethal disease due to its asymptomatic at its early lesion of the disease and drug resistance. Target therapy associated with molecular pathways so far seems not to produce reasonable outcomes. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation-initiated tumorigenesis may be helpful for development of an effective therapy of the disease. A line of studies showed that pancreatic tumorigenesis was resulted from pancreatitis, which was caused synergistically by various pancreatic cells. This review focuses on those players and their possible clinic implications, such as exocrine acinar cells, ductal cells, and various stromal cells, including pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells, working together with each other in an inflammation-mediated microenvironment governed by a myriad of cellular signaling networks towards PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacology at School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology at School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junchao Guo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology at School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; The UCLA Agi Hirshberg Center for Pancreatic Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Interferon-Induced Protein With Multiple Tetratricopeptide Repeats 3 Is Associated With Response to Chemotherapy and Recurrence but Not With Survival. Pancreas 2020; 49:1307-1314. [PMID: 33122518 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interferon-induced protein with multiple tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) seems to be associated with the prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Here we clarify whether the heterogeneity of IFIT3 expression affects previous IFIT3 analysis. METHODS This retrospective study analyzes pancreatic cancer tissue samples retrieved by surgery from 2 independent patient cohorts. Patients underwent either primary surgery (n = 72) or received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 12). Immunohistochemistry assessed IFIT3 expression and its heterogeneity. Complementarily, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomic data (n = 903). RESULTS Of the primarily resected tumors, 16.4% were heterogeneous. Patients with IFIT3-negative tumors did not survive longer compared with patients with IFIT3-positive tumors. An analysis of publicly available data confirmed this result. Patients developing lung metastases had the best prognosis (4.8 years) with significantly lower IFIT3 expression compared with liver metastasis (P = 0.0117). Patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy who are IFIT3 negative had a longer disease-free survival (1.2 vs 0.3 years, P = 0.0081). CONCLUSIONS Low IFIT3 expression is not associated with longer survival. Divergent results from tissue microarray analyses could be explained with tumor heterogeneity. As a single biomarker, IFIT3 is not suitable for predicting disease prognosis. Recurrence of lung metastases and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy are associated with low IFIT3 expression.
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Loosen SH, Tacke F, Püthe N, Binneboesel M, Wiltberger G, Alizai PH, Kather JN, Paffenholz P, Ritz T, Koch A, Bergmann F, Trautwein C, Longerich T, Roderburg C, Neumann UP, Luedde T. High baseline soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) serum levels indicate adverse outcome after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:947-955. [PMID: 30805627 PMCID: PMC6735890 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection represents the only potentially curative therapy for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an aggressive malignancy with a very limited 5-year survival rate. However, even after complete tumor resection, many patients are still facing an unfavorable prognosis underlining the need for better preoperative stratification algorithms. Here, we explored the role of the secreted glycoprotein soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a novel circulating biomarker for patients undergoing resection of PDAC. Serum levels of suPAR were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an exploratory as well as a validation cohort comprising a total of 127 PDAC patients and 75 healthy controls. Correlating with a cytoplasmic immunohistochemical expression of uPAR in PDAC tumor cells, serum levels of suPAR were significantly elevated in PDAC patients compared to healthy controls and patient with PDAC precursor lesions. Importantly, patients with high preoperative suPAR levels above a calculated cutoff value of 5.956 ng/ml showed a significantly reduced overall survival after tumor resection. The prognostic role of suPAR was further corroborated by uni- and multivariate Cox-regression analyses including parameters of systemic inflammation, liver and kidney function as well as clinico-pathological patients’ characteristics. Moreover, high baseline suPAR levels identified those patients particularly susceptible to acute kidney injury and surgical complications after surgery. In conclusion, our data suggest that circulating suPAR represents a novel prognostic marker in PDAC patients undergoing tumor resection that might be a useful addition to existing preoperative stratification algorithms for identifying patients that particularly benefit from extended tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H Loosen
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Püthe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Binneboesel
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Georg Wiltberger
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick H Alizai
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakob N Kather
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pia Paffenholz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße, Germany
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Lombardi P, Silvestri S, Marino D, Santarelli M, Campra D, De Paolis P, Aglietta M, Leone F. “Shades of Gray” in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Reappraisals on resectability criteria. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 133:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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12
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Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Is There a Role for Gemcitabine? J Gastrointest Cancer 2018; 50:860-866. [PMID: 30175393 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-018-0166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is an aggressive disease that has poor prognosis and frequently interferes with patient's quality of life. There has been progress in first-line regimens; however, there is no standard second-line regimen. The aim of this study is to analyze second-line gemcitabine after first-line fluorouracil (FU) + leucovorin (LV) + irinotecan + oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) regimen. METHODS This study included consecutive patients with advanced PA treated at Hospital Sirio-Libanês from 2011 to 2016. The patients received FOLFIRINOX as first-line treatment and upon progression, received gemcitabine alone. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A total of 54 patients were evaluated. Most patients were male (61.1%) and most had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 prior to the beginning of second-line treatment (66.6%). The mean number of gemcitabine cycles was 3.4. Most patients had disease progression as the best response to treatment (75.9%), 11.1% had stable disease, and 9.3% experienced a partial response. The median progression-free survival was 1.7 months, and the median overall survival was 6.8 months. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine alone did not show meaningful clinical benefit as second-line treatment after FOLFIRINOX.
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13
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Barnett CM, Sommerville RS, Lin C, Ratnayake G, Hughes B, Taheri T. CXCR4 and PD-1 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer with Perineural Spread. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 80:18-22. [PMID: 30733896 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perineural spread (PNS) is a marker of aggressiveness and has been shown to occur in cranial nerves due to advanced mucosal and cutaneous head and neck cancer. Receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers with PNS, with the inhibition of these pathways offering a potential future treatment. Methods Retrospective immunohistochemical staining for the CXCR4 and PD-1 receptors was performed on 28 head and neck specimens that demonstrated PNS from January 2017 to August 2017, at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. Results CXCR4 staining was positive in 52 and 60% of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma PNS specimens, respectively. Cutaneous SCC tumors with no PNS stained positively in 33%. No significant staining for PD-1 in peritumoral lymphocytes or tumor specimens was seen. Conclusion CXCR4 is overexpressed in advanced skin cancer and head and neck tumors that demonstrated PNS to large cranial nerves. Overall, these results provide strong support for using CXCR4 as a biomarker and further investigation of immunotherapeutic agents that could inhibit tumor progression via targeting CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Barnett
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan S Sommerville
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Lin
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gishan Ratnayake
- Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Hughes
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Touraj Taheri
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Chen W, Zhao W, Chen S, Zhang L, Guo Z, Wang L, Wang J, Wan Z, Hong Y, Yu L. Expression and correlation of MALAT1 and SOX9 in non-small cell lung cancer. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2018; 12:2284-2291. [PMID: 29896925 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. MALAT1 and SOX9 have important roles in tumour formation and development in several types of cancers. However, little is known about the function and co-relationship of these 2 factors in NSCLC in vivo. OBJECTIVES To explore the role of MALAT1 and SOX9 expression relationship, their clinical pathological characteristics and OS on NSCLC patients. METHODS Paired of primary lung cancer tissues and the matched tumour adjacent tissues were collected in 121 NSCLC patients. MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression was measured by SYBR green q RT-PCR assay. SOX-9 protein expression was measured by streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) staining method. RESULTS MALAT1and SOX9 expression was higher in NSCLC tissues than the adjacent tissues, and they have positive correlation. Moreover, SOX9 protein expression was higher in NSCLC tissues, especially in MALAT1 mRNA higher expressed NSCLC tissues. MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression were associated with age (x2 =11.474, P = .009), tumour size (x2 =26.839, P = .000), TNM stage (x2 =8.010, P = .046) and LEL. (x2 =53.908, P = .000). NSCLC patients with higher MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression had poorer OS rates. CONCLUSIONS MALAT1 and SOX9 could be used as prognostic co-biomarker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongying Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongren Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqing Hong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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