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Skarping I, Ellbrant J, Dihge L, Ohlsson M, Huss L, Bendahl PO, Rydén L. Retrospective validation study of an artificial neural network-based preoperative decision-support tool for noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) in women with primary breast cancer (ISRCTN14341750). BMC Cancer 2024; 24:86. [PMID: 38229058 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is routinely used to reliably stage axillary lymph nodes in early breast cancer (BC). However, SLNB may be associated with postoperative arm morbidities. For most patients with BC undergoing SLNB, the findings are benign, and the procedure is currently questioned. A decision-support tool for the prediction of benign sentinel lymph nodes based on preoperatively available data has been developed using artificial neural network modelling. METHODS This was a retrospective geographical and temporal validation study of the noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) model, based on preoperatively available data from 586 women consecutively diagnosed with primary BC at two sites. Ten preoperative clinicopathological characteristics from each patient were entered into the web-based calculator, and the probability of benign lymph nodes was predicted. The performance of the NILS model was assessed in terms of discrimination with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration, that is, comparison of the observed and predicted event rates of benign axillary nodal status (N0) using calibration slope and intercept. The primary endpoint was axillary nodal status (discrimination, benign [N0] vs. metastatic axillary nodal status [N+]) determined by the NILS model compared to nodal status by definitive pathology. RESULTS The mean age of the women in the cohort was 65 years, and most of them (93%) had luminal cancers. Approximately three-fourths of the patients had no metastases in SLNB (N0 74% and 73%, respectively). The AUC for the predicted probabilities for the whole cohort was 0.6741 (95% confidence interval: 0.6255-0.7227). More than one in four patients (n = 151, 26%) were identified as candidates for SLNB omission when applying the predefined cut-off for lymph node-negative status from the development cohort. The NILS model showed the best calibration in patients with a predicted high probability of healthy axilla. CONCLUSION The performance of the NILS model was satisfactory. In approximately every fourth patient, SLNB could potentially be omitted. Considering the shift from postoperatively to preoperatively available predictors in this validation study, we have demonstrated the robustness of the NILS model. The clinical usability of the web interface will be evaluated before its clinical implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered in the ISRCTN registry with study ID ISRCTN14341750. Date of registration 23/11/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Skarping
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Julia Ellbrant
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Looket Dihge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ohlsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Division of Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linnea Huss
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Helsingborg General Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Hjärtström M, Dihge L, Bendahl PO, Skarping I, Ellbrant J, Ohlsson M, Rydén L. Noninvasive Staging of Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer Using Machine Learning: External Validation and Further Model Development. JMIR Cancer 2023; 9:e46474. [PMID: 37983068 PMCID: PMC10696498 DOI: 10.2196/46474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients diagnosed with breast cancer present with a node-negative disease. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is routinely used for axillary staging, leaving patients with healthy axillary lymph nodes without therapeutic effects but at risk of morbidities from the intervention. Numerous studies have developed nodal status prediction models for noninvasive axillary staging using postoperative data or imaging features that are not part of the diagnostic workup. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a top-ranked predictor of nodal metastasis; however, its preoperative assessment is challenging. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to externally validate a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model for noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) in a large population-based cohort (n=18,633) and develop a new MLP in the same cohort. Data were extracted from the Swedish National Quality Register for Breast Cancer (NKBC, 2014-2017), comprising only routinely and preoperatively available documented clinicopathological variables. A secondary aim was to develop and validate an LVI MLP for imputation of missing LVI status to increase the preoperative feasibility of the original NILS model. METHODS Three nonoverlapping cohorts were used for model development and validation. A total of 4 MLPs for nodal status and 1 LVI MLP were developed using 11 to 12 routinely available predictors. Three nodal status models were used to account for the different availabilities of LVI status in the cohorts and external validation in NKBC. The fourth nodal status model was developed for 80% (14,906/18,663) of NKBC cases and validated in the remaining 20% (3727/18,663). Three alternatives for imputation of LVI status were compared. The discriminatory capacity was evaluated using the validation area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) in 3 of the nodal status models. The clinical feasibility of the models was evaluated using calibration and decision curve analyses. RESULTS External validation of the original NILS model was performed in NKBC (AUC 0.699, 95% CI 0.690-0.708) with good calibration and the potential of sparing 16% of patients with node-negative disease from SLNB. The LVI model was externally validated (AUC 0.747, 95% CI 0.694-0.799) with good calibration but did not improve the discriminatory performance of the nodal status models. A new nodal status model was developed in NKBC without information on LVI (AUC 0.709, 95% CI: 0.688-0.729), with excellent calibration in the holdout internal validation cohort, resulting in the potential omission of 24% of patients from unnecessary SLNBs. CONCLUSIONS The NILS model was externally validated in NKBC, where the imputation of LVI status did not improve the model's discriminatory performance. A new nodal status model demonstrated the feasibility of using register data comprising only the variables available in the preoperative setting for NILS using machine learning. Future steps include ongoing preoperative validation of the NILS model and extending the model with, for example, mammography images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hjärtström
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Looket Dihge
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Skarping
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia Ellbrant
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ohlsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Dhiman P, Ma J, Andaur Navarro CL, Speich B, Bullock G, Damen JAA, Hooft L, Kirtley S, Riley RD, Van Calster B, Moons KGM, Collins GS. Overinterpretation of findings in machine learning prediction model studies in oncology: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 157:120-133. [PMID: 36935090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In biomedical research, spin is the overinterpretation of findings, and it is a growing concern. To date, the presence of spin has not been evaluated in prognostic model research in oncology, including studies developing and validating models for individualized risk prediction. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a systematic review, searching MEDLINE and EMBASE for oncology-related studies that developed and validated a prognostic model using machine learning published between 1st January, 2019, and 5th September, 2019. We used existing spin frameworks and described areas of highly suggestive spin practices. RESULTS We included 62 publications (including 152 developed models; 37 validated models). Reporting was inconsistent between methods and the results in 27% of studies due to additional analysis and selective reporting. Thirty-two studies (out of 36 applicable studies) reported comparisons between developed models in their discussion and predominantly used discrimination measures to support their claims (78%). Thirty-five studies (56%) used an overly strong or leading word in their title, abstract, results, discussion, or conclusion. CONCLUSION The potential for spin needs to be considered when reading, interpreting, and using studies that developed and validated prognostic models in oncology. Researchers should carefully report their prognostic model research using words that reflect their actual results and strength of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dhiman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jie Ma
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Constanza L Andaur Navarro
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Speich
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Meta-Research Centre, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Garrett Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johanna A A Damen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shona Kirtley
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK, ST5 5BG
| | - Ben Van Calster
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; EPI-centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Vrdoljak J, Krešo A, Kumrić M, Martinović D, Cvitković I, Grahovac M, Vickov J, Bukić J, Božic J. The Role of AI in Breast Cancer Lymph Node Classification: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082400. [PMID: 37190328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant health issue affecting women worldwide, and accurately detecting lymph node metastasis is critical in determining treatment and prognosis. While traditional diagnostic methods have limitations and complications, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) offer promising solutions for improving and supplementing diagnostic procedures. Current research has explored state-of-the-art DL models for breast cancer lymph node classification from radiological images, achieving high performances (AUC: 0.71-0.99). AI models trained on clinicopathological features also show promise in predicting metastasis status (AUC: 0.74-0.77), whereas multimodal (radiomics + clinicopathological features) models combine the best from both approaches and also achieve good results (AUC: 0.82-0.94). Once properly validated, such models could greatly improve cancer care, especially in areas with limited medical resources. This comprehensive review aims to compile knowledge about state-of-the-art AI models used for breast cancer lymph node metastasis detection, discusses proper validation techniques and potential pitfalls and limitations, and presents future directions and best practices to achieve high usability in real-world clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Vrdoljak
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ante Krešo
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Kumrić
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dinko Martinović
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Cvitković
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Grahovac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josip Vickov
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josipa Bukić
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Božic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Applying Explainable Machine Learning Models for Detection of Breast Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients Eligible for Neoadjuvant Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030634. [PMID: 36765592 PMCID: PMC9913601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to recent changes in breast cancer treatment strategy, significantly more patients are treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST). Radiological methods do not precisely determine axillary lymph node status, with up to 30% of patients being misdiagnosed. Hence, supplementary methods for lymph node status assessment are needed. This study aimed to apply and evaluate machine learning models on clinicopathological data, with a focus on patients meeting NST criteria, for lymph node metastasis prediction. METHODS From the total breast cancer patient data (n = 8381), 719 patients were identified as eligible for NST. Machine learning models were applied for the NST-criteria group and the total study population. Model explainability was obtained by calculating Shapley values. RESULTS In the NST-criteria group, random forest achieved the highest performance (AUC: 0.793 [0.713, 0.865]), while in the total study population, XGBoost performed the best (AUC: 0.762 [0.726, 0.795]). Shapley values identified tumor size, Ki-67, and patient age as the most important predictors. CONCLUSION Tree-based models achieve a good performance in assessing lymph node status. Such models can lead to more accurate disease stage prediction and consecutively better treatment selection, especially for NST patients where radiological and clinical findings are often the only way of lymph node assessment.
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Ranjbarzadeh R, Dorosti S, Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi S, Caputo A, Tirkolaee EB, Ali SS, Arshadi Z, Bendechache M. Breast tumor localization and segmentation using machine learning techniques: Overview of datasets, findings, and methods. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106443. [PMID: 36563539 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Global Cancer Statistics 2020 reported breast cancer (BC) as the most common diagnosis of cancer type. Therefore, early detection of such type of cancer would reduce the risk of death from it. Breast imaging techniques are one of the most frequently used techniques to detect the position of cancerous cells or suspicious lesions. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is a particular generation of computer systems that assist experts in detecting medical image abnormalities. In the last decades, CAD has applied deep learning (DL) and machine learning approaches to perform complex medical tasks in the computer vision area and improve the ability to make decisions for doctors and radiologists. The most popular and widely used technique of image processing in CAD systems is segmentation which consists of extracting the region of interest (ROI) through various techniques. This research provides a detailed description of the main categories of segmentation procedures which are classified into three classes: supervised, unsupervised, and DL. The main aim of this work is to provide an overview of each of these techniques and discuss their pros and cons. This will help researchers better understand these techniques and assist them in choosing the appropriate method for a given use case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ranjbarzadeh
- School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland.
| | - Shadi Dorosti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.
| | | | - Annalina Caputo
- School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland.
| | | | - Sadia Samar Ali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zahra Arshadi
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Physics Engineering, Polytechnic University, Turin, Italy.
| | - Malika Bendechache
- Lero & ADAPT Research Centres, School of Computer Science, University of Galway, Ireland.
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Dihge L, Bendahl PO, Skarping I, Hjärtström M, Ohlsson M, Rydén L. The implementation of NILS: A web-based artificial neural network decision support tool for noninvasive lymph node staging in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1102254. [PMID: 36937408 PMCID: PMC10014909 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To implement artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms for noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) to a decision support tool and facilitate the option to omit surgical axillary staging in breast cancer patients with low-risk of nodal metastasis. Methods The NILS tool is a further development of an ANN prototype for the prediction of nodal status. Training and internal validation of the original algorithm included 15 clinical and tumor-related variables from a consecutive cohort of 800 breast cancer cases. The updated NILS tool included 10 top-ranked input variables from the original prototype. A workflow with four ANN pathways was additionally developed to allow different combinations of missing preoperative input values. Predictive performances were assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) and sensitivity/specificity values at defined cut-points. Clinical utility was presented by estimating possible sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) reduction rates. The principles of user-centered design were applied to develop an interactive web-interface to predict the patient's probability of healthy lymph nodes. A technical validation of the interface was performed using data from 100 test patients selected to cover all combinations of missing histopathological input values. Results ANN algorithms for the prediction of nodal status have been implemented into the web-based NILS tool for personalized, noninvasive nodal staging in breast cancer. The estimated probability of healthy lymph nodes using the interface showed a complete concordance with estimations from the reference algorithm except in two cases that had been wrongly included (ineligible for the technical validation). NILS predictive performance to distinguish node-negative from node-positive disease, also with missing values, displayed AUC ranged from 0.718 (95% CI, 0.687-0.748) to 0.735 (95% CI, 0.704-0.764), with good calibration. Sensitivity 90% and specificity 34% were demonstrated. The potential to abstain from axillary surgery was observed in 26% of patients using the NILS tool, acknowledging a false negative rate of 10%, which is clinically accepted for the standard SLNB technique. Conclusions The implementation of NILS into a web-interface are expected to provide the health care with decision support and facilitate preoperative identification of patients who could be good candidates to avoid unnecessary surgical axillary staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Looket Dihge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Looket Dihge, ; Lisa Rydén,
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Skarping
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Hjärtström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ohlsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Division of Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Looket Dihge, ; Lisa Rydén,
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Skarping I, Nilsson K, Dihge L, Fridhammar A, Ohlsson M, Huss L, Bendahl PO, Steen Carlsson K, Rydén L. The implementation of a noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) preoperative prediction model is cost effective in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:577-586. [PMID: 35790694 PMCID: PMC9287207 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The need for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in clinically node-negative (cN0) patients is currently questioned. Our objective was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a preoperative noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) model (an artificial neural network model) for predicting pathological nodal status in patients with cN0 breast cancer (BC). Methods A health-economic decision-analytic model was developed to evaluate the utility of the NILS model in reducing the proportion of cN0 patients with low predicted risk undergoing SLNB. The model used information from a national registry and published studies, and three sensitivity/specificity scenarios of the NILS model were evaluated. Subgroup analysis explored the outcomes of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. The results are presented as cost (€) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per 1000 patients. Results All three scenarios of the NILS model reduced total costs (–€93,244 to –€398,941 per 1000 patients). The overall health benefit allowing for the impact of SLNB complications was a net health gain (7.0–26.9 QALYs per 1000 patients). Sensitivity analyses disregarding reduced quality of life from lymphedema showed a small loss in total health benefits (0.4–4.0 QALYs per 1000 patients) because of the reduction in total life years (0.6–6.5 life years per 1000 patients) after reduced adjuvant treatment. Subgroup analyses showed greater cost reductions and QALY gains in patients undergoing BCS. Conclusion Implementing the NILS model to identify patients with low risk for nodal metastases was associated with substantial cost reductions and likely overall health gains, especially in patients undergoing BCS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-022-06636-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Skarping
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Looket Dihge
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Mattias Ohlsson
- Division of Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linnea Huss
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Helsingborg General Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarina Steen Carlsson
- The Swedish Institute for Health Economics, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Health Economics, Lund University, Malmö, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Bove S, Comes MC, Lorusso V, Cristofaro C, Didonna V, Gatta G, Giotta F, La Forgia D, Latorre A, Pastena MI, Petruzzellis N, Pomarico D, Rinaldi L, Tamborra P, Zito A, Fanizzi A, Massafra R. A ultrasound-based radiomic approach to predict the nodal status in clinically negative breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7914. [PMID: 35552476 PMCID: PMC9098914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer patients, an accurate detection of the axillary lymph node metastasis status is essential for reducing distant metastasis occurrence probabilities. In case of patients resulted negative at both clinical and instrumental examination, the nodal status is commonly evaluated performing the sentinel lymph-node biopsy, that is a time-consuming and expensive intraoperative procedure for the sentinel lymph-node (SLN) status assessment. The aim of this study was to predict the nodal status of 142 clinically negative breast cancer patients by means of both clinical and radiomic features extracted from primary breast tumor ultrasound images acquired at diagnosis. First, different regions of interest (ROIs) were segmented and a radiomic analysis was performed on each ROI. Then, clinical and radiomic features were evaluated separately developing two different machine learning models based on an SVM classifier. Finally, their predictive power was estimated jointly implementing a soft voting technique. The experimental results showed that the model obtained by combining clinical and radiomic features provided the best performances, achieving an AUC value of 88.6%, an accuracy of 82.1%, a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 78.2%. The proposed model represents a promising non-invasive procedure for the SLN status prediction in clinically negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bove
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Colomba Comes
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Unità Operativa Complessa Di Oncologia Medica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Cristian Cristofaro
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Didonna
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gatta
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Di Precisione, Università Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Giotta
- Unità Operativa Complessa Di Oncologia Medica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele La Forgia
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Radiologia Senologica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Agnese Latorre
- Unità Operativa Complessa Di Oncologia Medica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Irene Pastena
- Unità Operativa Complessa Di Anatomia Patologica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicole Petruzzellis
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Pomarico
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Lucia Rinaldi
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Oncologia Per La Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Tamborra
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Zito
- Unità Operativa Complessa Di Anatomia Patologica, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarita Fanizzi
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Massafra
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Di Fisica Sanitaria, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
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10
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Dhiman P, Ma J, Andaur Navarro CL, Speich B, Bullock G, Damen JAA, Hooft L, Kirtley S, Riley RD, Van Calster B, Moons KGM, Collins GS. Methodological conduct of prognostic prediction models developed using machine learning in oncology: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:101. [PMID: 35395724 PMCID: PMC8991704 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describe and evaluate the methodological conduct of prognostic prediction models developed using machine learning methods in oncology. METHODS We conducted a systematic review in MEDLINE and Embase between 01/01/2019 and 05/09/2019, for studies developing a prognostic prediction model using machine learning methods in oncology. We used the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) to assess the methodological conduct of included publications. Results were summarised by modelling type: regression-, non-regression-based and ensemble machine learning models. RESULTS Sixty-two publications met inclusion criteria developing 152 models across all publications. Forty-two models were regression-based, 71 were non-regression-based and 39 were ensemble models. A median of 647 individuals (IQR: 203 to 4059) and 195 events (IQR: 38 to 1269) were used for model development, and 553 individuals (IQR: 69 to 3069) and 50 events (IQR: 17.5 to 326.5) for model validation. A higher number of events per predictor was used for developing regression-based models (median: 8, IQR: 7.1 to 23.5), compared to alternative machine learning (median: 3.4, IQR: 1.1 to 19.1) and ensemble models (median: 1.7, IQR: 1.1 to 6). Sample size was rarely justified (n = 5/62; 8%). Some or all continuous predictors were categorised before modelling in 24 studies (39%). 46% (n = 24/62) of models reporting predictor selection before modelling used univariable analyses, and common method across all modelling types. Ten out of 24 models for time-to-event outcomes accounted for censoring (42%). A split sample approach was the most popular method for internal validation (n = 25/62, 40%). Calibration was reported in 11 studies. Less than half of models were reported or made available. CONCLUSIONS The methodological conduct of machine learning based clinical prediction models is poor. Guidance is urgently needed, with increased awareness and education of minimum prediction modelling standards. Particular focus is needed on sample size estimation, development and validation analysis methods, and ensuring the model is available for independent validation, to improve quality of machine learning based clinical prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dhiman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jie Ma
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Constanza L Andaur Navarro
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Speich
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Garrett Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johanna A A Damen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shona Kirtley
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ben Van Calster
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- EPI-centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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11
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The NILS Study Protocol: A Retrospective Validation Study of an Artificial Neural Network Based Preoperative Decision-Making Tool for Noninvasive Lymph Node Staging in Women with Primary Breast Cancer (ISRCTN14341750). Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030582. [PMID: 35328135 PMCID: PMC8947586 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients with clinical T1–T2 N0 disease undergo sentinel-lymph-node (SLN) biopsy, although most of them have a benign SLN. The pilot noninvasive lymph node staging (NILS) artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict nodal status was published in 2019, showing the potential to identify patients with a low risk of SLN metastasis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance measures of the model after a web-based implementation for the prediction of a healthy SLN in clinically N0 BC patients. This retrospective study was designed to validate the NILS prediction model for SLN status using preoperatively available clinicopathological and radiological data. The model results in an estimated probability of a healthy SLN for each study participant. Our primary endpoint is to report on the performance of the NILS prediction model to distinguish between healthy and metastatic SLNs (N0 vs. N+) and compare the observed and predicted event rates of benign SLNs. After validation, the prediction model may assist medical professionals and BC patients in shared decision making on omitting SLN biopsies in patients predicted to be node-negative by the NILS model. This study was prospectively registered in the ISRCTN registry (identification number: 14341750).
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12
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Cheng J, Ren C, Liu G, Shui R, Zhang Y, Li J, Shao Z. Development of High-Resolution Dedicated PET-Based Radiomics Machine Learning Model to Predict Axillary Lymph Node Status in Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040950. [PMID: 35205699 PMCID: PMC8870230 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accurate clinical axillary evaluation plays an important role in the diagnosis of and treatment planning for breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to develop a machine learning model integrating dedicated breast PET and clinical characteristics for prediction of axillary lymph node status in cT1-2N0-1M0 BC non-invasively. The performance of this integrating model in identifying pN0 and pN1 with the AUC was 0.94. We achieved an NPV of 96.88% in the cN0 and PPV of 92.73% in the cN1 subgroup. The higher true positive and true negative rate could delineate clinical subtypes and apply more precise treatment for patients with early-stage BC. Abstract Purpose of the Report: Accurate clinical axillary evaluation plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment planning for early-stage breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to develop a scalable, non-invasive and robust machine learning model for predicting of the pathological node status using dedicated-PET integrating the clinical characteristics in early-stage BC. Materials and Methods: A total of 420 BC patients confirmed by postoperative pathology were retrospectively analyzed. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Mammi-PET, ultrasound, physical examination, Lymph-PET, and clinical characteristics were analyzed. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were used in developing prediction models. The characteristic curve (ROC) of the area under receiver-operator (AUC) and DeLong test were used to evaluate and compare the performance of the models. The clinical utility of the models was determined via decision curve analysis (DCA). Then, a nomogram was developed based on the model with the best predictive efficiency and clinical utility and was validated using the calibration plots. Results: A total of 290 patients were enrolled in this study. The AUC of the integrated model diagnosed performance was 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91–0.97) in the training set (n = 203) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88–0.99) in the validation set (n = 87) (both p < 0.05). In clinical N0 subgroup, the negative predictive value reached 96.88%, and in clinical N1 subgroup, the positive predictive value reached 92.73%. Conclusions: The use of a machine learning integrated model can greatly improve the true positive and true negative rate of identifying clinical axillary lymph node status in early-stage BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Caiyue Ren
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai 201321, China;
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruohong Shui
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-021-64175590 (ext. 88809) (J.L. & Z.S.); Fax: +86-021-64176650 (J.L. & Z.S.)
| | - Zhimin Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-021-64175590 (ext. 88809) (J.L. & Z.S.); Fax: +86-021-64176650 (J.L. & Z.S.)
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13
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Machine Learning-Based Risk Prediction of Critical Care Unit Admission for Advanced Stage High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery: The Leeds-Natal Score. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010087. [PMID: 35011828 PMCID: PMC8745521 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving complete surgical cytoreduction in advanced stage high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients warrants an availability of Critical Care Unit (CCU) beds. Machine Learning (ML) could be helpful in monitoring CCU admissions to improve standards of care. We aimed to improve the accuracy of predicting CCU admission in HGSOC patients by ML algorithms and developed an ML-based predictive score. A cohort of 291 advanced stage HGSOC patients with fully curated data was selected. Several linear and non-linear distances, and quadratic discriminant ML methods, were employed to derive prediction information for CCU admission. When all the variables were included in the model, the prediction accuracies were higher for linear discriminant (0.90) and quadratic discriminant (0.93) methods compared with conventional logistic regression (0.84). Feature selection identified pre-treatment albumin, surgical complexity score, estimated blood loss, operative time, and bowel resection with stoma as the most significant prediction features. The real-time prediction accuracy of the Graphical User Interface CCU calculator reached 95%. Limited, potentially modifiable, mostly intra-operative factors contributing to CCU admission were identified and suggest areas for targeted interventions. The accurate quantification of CCU admission patterns is critical information when counseling patients about peri-operative risks related to their cytoreductive surgery.
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14
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Majid S, Bendahl PO, Huss L, Manjer J, Rydén L, Dihge L. Validation of the Skåne University Hospital nomogram for the preoperative prediction of a disease-free axilla in patients with breast cancer. BJS Open 2021; 5:6308066. [PMID: 34157725 PMCID: PMC8219350 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axillary staging via sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is performed for clinically node-negative (N0) breast cancer patients. The Skåne University Hospital (SUS) nomogram was developed to assess the possibility of omitting SLNB for patients with a low risk of nodal metastasis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.74. The aim was to validate the SUS nomogram using only routinely collected data from the Swedish National Quality Registry for Breast Cancer at two breast cancer centres during different time periods. METHOD This retrospective study included patients with primary breast cancer who were treated at centres in Lund and Malmö during 2008-2013. Clinicopathological predictors in the SUS nomogram were age, mode of detection, tumour size, multifocality, lymphovascular invasion and surrogate molecular subtype. Multiple imputation was used for missing data. Validation performance was assessed using AUC and calibration. RESULTS The study included 2939 patients (1318 patients treated in Lund and 1621 treated in Malmö). Node-positive disease was detected in 1008 patients. The overall validation AUC was 0.74 (Lund cohort AUC: 0.75, Malmö cohort AUC: 0.73), and the calibration was satisfactory. Accepting a false-negative rate of 5 per cent for predicting N0, a possible SLNB reduction rate of 15 per cent was obtained in the overall cohort. CONCLUSION The SUS nomogram provided acceptable power for predicting a disease-free axilla in the validation cohort. This tool may assist surgeons in identifying and counselling patients with a low risk of nodal metastasis on the omission of SLNB staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majid
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund-Malmö, Sweden
| | - P-O Bendahl
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - L Huss
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - J Manjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund-Malmö, Sweden
| | - L Rydén
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund-Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Dihge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Wang Y, Wang P, Zhao L, Chen X, Lin Z, Zhang L, Li Z. miR-224-5p Carried by Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Regulates Autophagy in Breast Cancer Cells via HOXA5. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679185. [PMID: 34095151 PMCID: PMC8176026 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we focused on the potential mechanism of miRNAs carried by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (hUCMSCs-exo) in breast cancer (BC). Methods: RT-qPCR was conducted for the expression of miR-224-5p and HOXA5 in tissues and cells. After co-culture of exosomes and MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells, the cell proliferation was observed by MTT and cell colony formation assay, while apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of HOXA5 and autophagy pathway-related proteins LC3-II, Beclin-1 and P62 was detected by western blotting. And immunofluorescence was applied for detection of LC3 spots. The binding of miR-224-5p to HOXA5 was verified by the luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, in vivo experiment was performed to investigate the effect of miR-224-5p on BC growth. Results: MiR-224-5p was up-regulated and HOXA5 was down-regulated in BC tissues and cells. HOXA5 was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-224-5p. MiR-224-5p carried by hUCMSCs-exo was able to promote the proliferation and autophagy of BC cells, while inhibited apoptosis. Bases on xenograft models in nude mice, it was also revealed that miR-224-5p carried by hUCMSCs-exo could regulate autophagy and contribute to the occurrence and development of BC in vivo. Conclusion: MiR-224-5p carried by hUCMSCs-exo can regulate autophagy via inhibition of HOXA5, thus affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
| | - Zhaoyun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou City, China
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16
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丁 妍, 韩 梦, 刘 月. [AI-assisted Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Current and Prospective Research]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:162-165. [PMID: 33829685 PMCID: PMC10408927 DOI: 10.12182/20210360102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important application of artificial intelligence (AI) in pathology is prediction, using morphological features, of patient prognosis and response to specific treatments. As one of the most common kinds of malignancies in the world and the crucial important cause of death due to malignant tumor among women, breast cancer has become the center of attention in clinical services. Axillary lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. The accuracy of the assessment of axillary lymph node metastasis bears heavily on clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, based on the principle of non-invasive procedures, many studies have been done to develop models that can be used to predict sentinel lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. However, different clinical and pathological parameters are used in these predictive models. How to analyze the clinical and pathological data of breast cancer patients in a more comprehensive way and how to establish a prediction model with better precision have become the future direction of development. In this paper, we describe the research progress of AI in pathology and the current status of its use in breast cancer research. We have conducted in-depth reflection and looked into the future of ways to predict effectively breast cancer lymph node metastasis and to establish more accurate and effective deep-learning algorithm based on AI assistance so as to continuously improve the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 妍 丁
- 河北医科大学第四医院 病理科 (石家庄 050011)Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - 梦雪 韩
- 河北医科大学第四医院 病理科 (石家庄 050011)Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - 月平 刘
- 河北医科大学第四医院 病理科 (石家庄 050011)Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
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17
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Tarekegn A, Ricceri F, Costa G, Ferracin E, Giacobini M. Predictive Modeling for Frailty Conditions in Elderly People: Machine Learning Approaches. JMIR Med Inform 2020; 8:e16678. [PMID: 32442149 PMCID: PMC7303829 DOI: 10.2196/16678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frailty is one of the most critical age-related conditions in older adults. It is often recognized as a syndrome of physiological decline in late life, characterized by a marked vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. A clear operational definition of frailty, however, has not been agreed so far. There is a wide range of studies on the detection of frailty and their association with mortality. Several of these studies have focused on the possible risk factors associated with frailty in the elderly population while predicting who will be at increased risk of frailty is still overlooked in clinical settings. Objective The objective of our study was to develop predictive models for frailty conditions in older people using different machine learning methods based on a database of clinical characteristics and socioeconomic factors. Methods An administrative health database containing 1,095,612 elderly people aged 65 or older with 58 input variables and 6 output variables was used. We first identify and define six problems/outputs as surrogates of frailty. We then resolve the imbalanced nature of the data through resampling process and a comparative study between the different machine learning (ML) algorithms – Artificial neural network (ANN), Genetic programming (GP), Support vector machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Logistic regression (LR) and Decision tree (DT) – was carried out. The performance of each model was evaluated using a separate unseen dataset. Results Predicting mortality outcome has shown higher performance with ANN (TPR 0.81, TNR 0.76, accuracy 0.78, F1-score 0.79) and SVM (TPR 0.77, TNR 0.80, accuracy 0.79, F1-score 0.78) than predicting the other outcomes. On average, over the six problems, the DT classifier has shown the lowest accuracy, while other models (GP, LR, RF, ANN, and SVM) performed better. All models have shown lower accuracy in predicting an event of an emergency admission with red code than predicting fracture and disability. In predicting urgent hospitalization, only SVM achieved better performance (TPR 0.75, TNR 0.77, accuracy 0.73, F1-score 0.76) with the 10-fold cross validation compared with other models in all evaluation metrics. Conclusions We developed machine learning models for predicting frailty conditions (mortality, urgent hospitalization, disability, fracture, and emergency admission). The results show that the prediction performance of machine learning models significantly varies from problem to problem in terms of different evaluation metrics. Through further improvement, the model that performs better can be used as a base for developing decision-support tools to improve early identification and prediction of frail older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Tarekegn
- Modeling and Data Science, Department of Mathematics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service, Local Health Unit Torino 3, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service, Local Health Unit Torino 3, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Ferracin
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service, Local Health Unit Torino 3, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Data Analysis and Modeling Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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