1
|
Moro A, Nonterah EA, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Oladokun S, Welaga P, Ansah PO, Hystad P, Vermeulen R, Oduro AR, Downward G. Early life ambient air pollution, household fuel use, and under-5 mortality in Ghana. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108693. [PMID: 38705093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental exposures, such as ambient air pollution and household fuel use affect health and under-5 mortality (U5M) but there is a paucity of data in the Global South. This study examined early-life exposure to ambient particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), alongside household characteristics (including self-reported household fuel use), and their relationship with U5M in the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) in northern Ghana. METHODS We employed Satellite-based spatiotemporal models to estimate the annual average PM2.5 concentrations with the Navrongo HDSS area (1998 to 2016). Early-life exposure levels were determined by pollution estimates at birth year. Socio-demographic and household data, including cooking fuel, were gathered during routine surveillance. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess the link between early-life PM2.5 exposure and U5M, accounting for child, maternal, and household factors. FINDINGS We retrospectively studied 48,352 children born between 2007 and 2017, with 1872 recorded deaths, primarily due to malaria, sepsis, and acute respiratory infection. Mean early-life PM2.5 was 39.3 µg/m3, and no significant association with U5M was observed. However, Children from households using "unclean" cooking fuels (wood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural waste) faced a 73 % higher risk of death compared to those using clean fuels (adjusted HR = 1.73; 95 % CI: 1.29, 2.33). Being born female or to mothers aged 20-34 years were linked to increased survival probabilities. INTERPRETATION The use of "unclean" cooking fuel in the Navrongo HDSS was associated with under-5 mortality, highlighting the need to improve indoor air quality by introducing cleaner fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana; Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana; Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, CK Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samuel Oladokun
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, CK Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Patrick O Ansah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, CK Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham R Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana; Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Downward
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mawusi SK, Shrestha P, Xue C, Liu G. A comprehensive review of the production, adoption and sustained use of biomass pellets in Ghana. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16416. [PMID: 37292302 PMCID: PMC10245022 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghana's Renewable Energy Master Plan of 2019 includes the production and use of biomass pellets. However, pellets have neither been developed commercially nor included in Ghana's energy mix. This paper reviewed the prospect of production, adoption and sustained use of pellets in Ghana. Besides having abundant biomass resources, Ghana has high market demand and relevant policies for pellet development. The production of pellets can significantly replace traditional household biomass demand and improve environmental and health quality. However, the production and use of pellets are limited due to technical, financial, social and policy issues. Our estimates show that 3% of the annual national average household income will be spent on pellet demand for cooking, with the highest burden on rural households in Ghana. Practical measures are required since the cost of pellets and gasifier stoves may limit pellet adoption and use in Ghana. Based on study findings, it is recommended that the government of Ghana establishes a robust supply chain and provides infrastructure for pellet production and use. Existing renewable energy policies should be reviewed to remove ambiguities, attract investment, and build capacity in the renewable energy sector. Apart from raising public awareness of the benefits of pellets use, the government of Ghana should ensure that continuous and thorough impact assessments are undertaken to assess the implications of pellet production and use. This review will inform policymaking on achieving sustainable production, adoption and use of pellets and assess Ghana's contribution to achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunyu Xue
- Corresponding author. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Corresponding author. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdo M, Kanyomse E, Alirigia R, Coffey ER, Piedrahita R, Diaz-Sanchez D, Hagar Y, Naumenko DJ, Wiedinmyer C, Hannigan MP, Oduro AR, Dickinson KL. Health impacts of a randomized biomass cookstove intervention in northern Ghana. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2211. [PMID: 34863138 PMCID: PMC8642932 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels has adverse health effects. REACCTING (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) was a randomized cookstove intervention study that aimed to determine the effects of two types of "improved" biomass cookstoves on health using self-reported health symptoms and biomarkers of systemic inflammation from dried blood spots for female adult cooks and children, and anthropometric growth measures for children only. METHODS Two hundred rural households were randomized into four different cookstove groups. Surveys and health measurements were conducted at four time points over a two-year period. Chi-square tests were conducted to determine differences in self-reported health outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of the stoves on inflammation biomarkers in adults and children, and to assess the z-score deviance for the anthropometric data for children. RESULTS We find some evidence that two biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein, decreased among adult primary cooks in the intervention groups relative to the control group. We do not find detectable impacts for any of the anthropometry variables or self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that the REACCTING intervention did not substantially improve the health outcomes examined here, likely due to continued use of traditional stoves, lack of evidence of particulate matter emissions reductions from "improved" stoves, and mixed results for HAP exposure reductions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov (National Institutes of Health); Trial Registration Number: NCT04633135 ; Date of Registration: 11 November 2020 - Retrospectively registered. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04633135?term=NCT04633135&draw=2&rank=1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdo
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Rex Alirigia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Evan R. Coffey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Environmental Protection Agency Human Studies Facility, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yolanda Hagar
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Daniel J. Naumenko
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pratiti R. Household air pollution related to biomass cook stove emissions and its interaction with improved cookstoves. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:309-321. [PMID: 34017894 PMCID: PMC8116181 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Household air pollution (HAP) is associated with significant global morbidity and mortality. Newer initiatives including improved cookstove (IC) and cleaner fuels are being implemented to improve HAP effects. Methods A literature review was conducted for household air pollution related to biomass cookstoves in resource limited countries. In January 2018, we electronically searched the PubMed database for the term cookstoves with no date restrictions. We included cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, conference abstracts, editorials, and reviews; studies that assessed the emissions related to cookstove and factors affecting HAP emissions. Results Twenty-three articles met the objectives of the review. Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the major HAP emissions. Emission factors are based on the stove and fuel used while the activity is based on cooking practices. Changes in composition and sources of PM2.5 causes modification to its resulting toxicity. Many PAHs and their metabolites released by HAP have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic potential. Improving ventilation decreases concentrations of PM2.5 and CO in the household air. Few standard tools are available to measure ventilation and continued IC efficacy in long term. Conclusion Unavailability of tools to measure ventilation and continued IC efficacy in long term affect uniformity and comparability of IC study results. Community education about the health effects of HAP and importance of ventilation in decreasing HAP is an important aspect of public health policy to prevent HAP effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nayna Schwerdtle P, Irvine E, Brockington S, Devine C, Guevara M, Bowen KJ. 'Calibrating to scale: a framework for humanitarian health organizations to anticipate, prevent, prepare for and manage climate-related health risks'. Global Health 2020; 16:54. [PMID: 32591000 PMCID: PMC7318416 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate Change is adversely affecting health by increasing human vulnerability and exposure to climate-related stresses. Climate change impacts human health both directly and indirectly, through extreme weather events, changing distribution of health risks, increased risks of undernutrition, population displacement, and greater risks of injuries, disease, and death (Ebi, K., Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Wyns, A. The 1. 5 health report. WHO. 2018). This risk amplification is likely to increase the need for humanitarian support. Recent projections indicate that under a business as usual scenario of sustained greenhouse gas emissions, climate change could double the demand for humanitarian assistance by 2050 (World Health Organization. Operational Framework for building climateresilient health systems. WHO. 2015). Humanitarian assistance is currently not meeting the existing needs, therefore, any additional burden is likely to be highly challenging.Global health advocates, researchers, and policymakers are calling for urgent action on climate change, yet there is little clarity on what that action practically entails for humanitarian organizations. While some humanitarian organizations may consider themselves well designed to respond, climate change as a transversal threat requires the incorporation of a resilience approach to humanitarian action and policy responses.By bringing together authors from two historically disparate fields - climate change and health, and humanitarian assistance - this paper aims to increase the capacity of humanitarian organizations to protect health in an unstable climate by presenting an adapted framework. We adapted the WHO operational framework for climate-resilient health systems for humanitarian organizations and present concrete case studies to demonstrate how the framework can be implemented. Rather than suggest a re-design of humanitarian operations we recommend the application of a climate-lens to humanitarian activities, or what is also referred to as mainstreaming climate and health concerns into policies and programs. The framework serves as a starting point to encourage further dialogue, and to strengthen collaboration within, between, and beyond humanitarian organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Nursing & Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Irvine
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonia Brockington
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carol Devine
- Medicines Sans Frontieres, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medicines Sans Frontieres, Toronto, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Guevara
- Medicines Sans Frontieres, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medicines Sans Frontieres, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Bowen
- Fenner School of Environment and Society & Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weber E, Adu-Bonsaffoh K, Vermeulen R, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Grobbee DE, Browne JL, Downward GS. Household fuel use and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a Ghanaian cohort study. Reprod Health 2020; 17:29. [PMID: 32087720 PMCID: PMC7036189 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-020-0878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accruing epidemiological evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to emissions from cooking fuel is associated with increased risks of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, low birth weight, stillbirth and infant mortality. We aimed to investigate the relationship between cooking fuel use and various pregnancy related outcomes in a cohort of urban women from the Accra region of Ghana. METHODS Self-reported cooking fuel use was divided into "polluting" (wood, charcoal, crop residue and kerosene) and "clean" fuels (liquid petroleum gas and electricity) to examine 12 obstetric outcomes in a prospective cohort of pregnant women (N = 1010) recruited at < 17 weeks of gestation from Accra, Ghana. Logistic and multivariate linear regression analyses adjusted for BMI, maternal age, maternal education and socio-economic status asset index was conducted. RESULTS 34% (n = 279) of 819 women with outcome data available for analysis used polluting fuel as their main cooking fuel. Using polluting cooking fuels was associated with perinatal mortality (aOR: 7.6, 95%CI: 1.67-36.0) and an adverse Apgar score (< 7) at 5 min (aOR:3.83, 95%CI: (1.44-10.11). The other outcomes (miscarriage, post-partum hemorrhage, pre-term birth, low birthweight, caesarian section, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, small for gestational age, and Apgar score at 1 min) had non-statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS We report an increased likelihood of perinatal mortality, and adverse 5-min Apgar scores in association with polluting fuel use. Further research including details on extent of household fuel use exposure is recommended to better quantify the consequences of household fuel use. STUDY REGISTRATION Ghana Service Ethical Review Committee (GHS-ERC #: 07-9-11).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eartha Weber
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Science (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kwame Adu-Bonsaffoh
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Science (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce L. Browne
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George S. Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Science (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kitchen Area Air Quality Measurements in Northern Ghana: Evaluating the Performance of a Low-Cost Particulate Sensor within a Household Energy Study. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is a leading global health and human rights concern, affecting billions every day. Instrumentation to assess potential solutions to this problem faces challenges—especially related to cost. A low-cost ($159) particulate matter tool called the Household Air Pollution Exposure (HAPEx) Nano was evaluated in the field as part of the Prices, Peers, and Perceptions cookstove study in northern Ghana. Measurements of temperature, relative humidity, absolute humidity, and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations made at 1-min temporal resolution were integrated with 1-min particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) measurements from the HAPEx, within 62 kitchens, across urban and rural households and four seasons totaling 71 48-h deployments. Gravimetric filter sampling was undertaken to ground-truth and evaluate the low-cost measurements. HAPEx baseline drift and relative humidity corrections were investigated and evaluated using signals from paired HAPEx, finding significant improvements. Resulting particle coefficients and integrated gravimetric PM2.5 concentrations were modeled to explore drivers of variability; urban/rural, season, kitchen characteristics, and dust (a major PM2.5 mass constituent) were significant predictors. The high correlation (R2 = 0.79) between 48-h mean HAPEx readings and gravimetric PM2.5 mass (including other covariates) indicates that the HAPEx can be a useful tool in household energy studies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Biomass burning for home energy use is a major environmental health concern. Improved cooking technologies could generate environmental health benefits, yet prior results regarding reduced personal exposure to air pollution are mixed. In this study, two improved stove types were distributed over four study groups in Northern Ghana. Participants wore real-time carbon monoxide (CO) monitors to measure the effect of the intervention on personal exposures. Relative to the control group (those using traditional stoves), there was a 30.3% reduction in CO exposures in the group given two Philips forced draft stoves (p = 0.08), 10.5% reduction in the group given two Gyapa stoves (locally made rocket stoves) (p = 0.62), and 10.2% reduction in the group given one of each (p = 0.61). Overall, CO exposure for participants was low given the prevalence of cooking over traditional three-stone fires, with 8.2% of daily samples exceeding WHO Tier-1 standards. We present quantification methods and performance of duplicate monitors. We analyzed the relationship between personal carbonaceous particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and CO exposure for the dataset that included both measurements, finding a weak relationship likely due to the diversity of identified air pollution sources in the region and behavior variability.
Collapse
|
9
|
Attributing Air Pollutant Exposure to Emission Sources with Proximity Sensing. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning for home energy use contributes to negative health outcomes and environmental degradation. As part of the REACCTING study (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana), personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) was measured to gauge the effects of introducing two different cookstove types over four intervention groups. A novel Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) Beacon system was deployed on a subset of those CO measurement periods to estimate participants’ distances to their most-used cooking areas during the sampling periods. In addition to presenting methods and validation for the BLE Beacon system, here we present pollution exposure assessment modeling results using two different approaches, in which time-activity (proximity) data is used to: (1) better understand exposure and behaviors within and away from homes; and (2) predict personal exposure via microenvironment air quality measurements. Model fits were improved in both cases, demonstrating the benefits of the proximity measurements.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pfotenhauer DJ, Coffey ER, Piedrahita R, Agao D, Alirigia R, Muvandimwe D, Lacey F, Wiedinmyer C, Dickinson KL, Dalaba M, Kanyomse E, Oduro A, Hannigan MP. Updated Emission Factors from Diffuse Combustion Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa and Their Effect on Regional Emission Estimates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6392-6401. [PMID: 31070029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse emission sources outside of kitchen areas are poorly understood, and measurements of their emission factors (EFs) are sparse for regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-one in-field emission measurements were taken in northern Ghana from combustion sources common to rural regions worldwide. Sources sampled included commercial cooking, trash burning, kerosene lanterns, and diesel generators. EFs were calculated for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as carbonaceous particulate matter, specifically elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). EC and OC emissions were measured from kerosene lighting events (EFEC = 25.1 g/kg-fuel SD = 25.7, EFOC = 9.5 g/kg-fuel SD = 10.0). OC emissions from trash burning events were large and highly variable (EFOC = 38.9 g/kg-fuel SD = 30.5). Combining our results with other recent in-field emission factors for rural Ghana, we explored updated emission estimates for Ghana using a region specific emissions inventory. Large differences are calculated for all updated source emissions, showing a 96% increase in OC and 78% decrease in EC compared to prior estimates for Ghana's emissions. Differences for carbon monoxide were small when averaged across all updated source types (-1%), though the household wood use and trash burning categories individually show large differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Pfotenhauer
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Evan R Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- Berkeley Air , 1900 Addison Street Suite 350 Berkeley , California 94704 , United States
| | - Desmond Agao
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Rex Alirigia
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Didier Muvandimwe
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Forrest Lacey
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , 3450 Mitchell Ln. Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , 3450 Mitchell Ln. Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health , 13001 E. 17th Place Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Maxwell Dalaba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Ernest Kanyomse
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lai AM, Carter E, Shan M, Ni K, Clark S, Ezzati M, Wiedinmyer C, Yang X, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient, household, and personal exposures to PM 2.5 in communities using biomass stoves in rural China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:309-319. [PMID: 30055493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has health effects that may depend on its sources and chemical composition. Few studies have quantified the composition of personal and area PM2.5 in rural settings over the same time period. Yet, this information would shed important light on the sources influencing personal PM2.5 exposures. This study investigated the sources and chemical composition of 40 personal exposure, 40 household, and 36 ambient PM2.5 samples collected in the non-heating and heating seasons in rural southwestern China. Chemical analysis included black carbon (BC), water-soluble components (ions, organic carbon), elements, and organic tracers. Source apportionment was conducted using organic tracer concentrations in a Chemical Mass Balance model. Biomass burning was the largest identified PM2.5 source contributor to household (average, SD: 48 ± 11%) and exposures (31 ± 6%) in both seasons, and ambient PM2.5 in winter (20 ± 4%). Food cooking also contributed to household and personal PM, reaching approximately half of the biomass contributions. Secondary inorganic aerosol was the major identified source in summertime ambient PM2.5 (32 ± 14%), but was present in all samples (summer: 10 ± 3% [household], 13 ± 6% [exposures]; winter: 18 ± 2% [ambient], 7 ± 2% [household], 8 ± 2% [exposures]). Dust concentrations and fractional contribution to total PM2.5 were higher in summer exposure samples (7 ± 4%) than in ambient or household samples (6 ± 1% and 2 ± 1%, respectively). Indoor sources comprised up to one-fifth of ambient PM2.5, and outdoor sources (vehicles, secondary aerosols) contributed up to 15% of household PM2.5. While household sources were the main contributors to PM2.5 exposures in terms of mass, inorganic components of personal exposures differed from household samples. Based on these findings, health-focused initiatives to reduce harmful PM2.5 exposures may consider a coordinated approach to address both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 source contributors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Majid Ezzati
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dalaba M, Alirigia R, Mesenbring E, Coffey E, Brown Z, Hannigan M, Wiedinmyer C, Oduro A, Dickinson KL. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Supply and Demand for Cooking in Northern Ghana. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:716-728. [PMID: 30109459 PMCID: PMC6267523 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Like many other countries, Ghana relies on biomass (mainly wood and charcoal) for most of its cooking needs. A national action plan aims to expand liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) access to 50% of the country's population by 2020. While the country's southern urban areas have made progress toward this goal, LPG use for cooking remains low in the north. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterize the current state of the LPG market in this area and examine opportunities and barriers to scale up LPG adoption. We interviewed 16 LPG suppliers (stove, cylinder, and fuel vendors) as well as 592 households in the Kassena-Nankana Districts (KND) of Ghana. We find large rural-urban differences in LPG uptake: less than 10% of rural households own LPG stoves compared with over half of urban households. Awareness of LPG is high across the region, but accessibility of fuel supply is highly limited, with just one refilling station located in the KND. Affordability is perceived as the main barrier to LPG adoption, and acceptability is also limited by widespread concerns about the safety of cooking with LPG. Transitioning to a cylinder recirculation model, and providing more targeted subsidies and credit options, should be explored to expand access to cleaner cooking in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rex Alirigia
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Evan Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, 13001 E 17th Pl., Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dickinson KL, Dalaba M, Brown ZS, Alirigia R, Coffey ER, Mesenbring E, Achazanaga M, Agao D, Ali M, Kanyomse E, Awaregya J, Adagenera CA, Aburiya JBA, Gubilla B, Oduro AR, Hannigan MP. Prices, peers, and perceptions (P3): study protocol for improved biomass cookstove project in northern Ghana. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1209. [PMID: 30373560 PMCID: PMC6206711 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their potential health and social benefits, adoption and use of improved cookstoves has been low throughout much of the world. Explanations for low adoption rates of these technologies include prices that are not affordable for the target populations, limited opportunities for households to learn about cookstoves through peers, and perceptions that these technologies are not appropriate for local cooking needs. The P3 project employs a novel experimental design to explore each of these factors and their interactive effects on cookstove demand, adoption, use and exposure outcomes. Methods The P3 study is being conducted in the Kassena-Nankana Districts of Northern Ghana. Leveraging an earlier improved cookstove study that was conducted in this area, the central design of the P3 biomass stove experiment involves offering stoves at randomly varying prices to peers and non-peers of households that had previously received stoves for free. Using household surveys, electronic stove use monitors, and low-cost, portable monitoring equipment, we measure how prices and peers’ experience affect perceptions of stove quality, the decision to purchase a stove, use of improved and traditional stoves over time, and personal exposure to air pollutants from the stoves. Discussion The challenges that public health and development communities have faced in spreading adoption of potentially welfare-enhancing technologies, like improved cookstoves, have highlighted the need for interdisciplinary, multisectoral approaches. The design of the P3 project draws on economic theory, public health practice, engineering, and environmental sciences, to more fully grasp the drivers and barriers to expanding access to and uptake of cleaner stoves. Our partnership between academic institutions, in the US and Ghana, and a local environmental non-governmental organization creates unique opportunities to disseminate and scale up lessons learned. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03617952 7/31/18 (Retrospectively Registered). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6116-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Maxwell Dalaba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Zachary S Brown
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8109, 2801 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Rex Alirigia
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| | - Evan R Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| | - Elise Mesenbring
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA.,Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Manies Achazanaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Desmond Agao
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Moro Ali
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Ernest Kanyomse
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Julius Awaregya
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Clifford Amoah Adagenera
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - John Bosco A Aburiya
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Bernard Gubilla
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Coffey ER, Muvandimwe D, Hagar Y, Wiedinmyer C, Kanyomse E, Piedrahita R, Dickinson KL, Oduro A, Hannigan MP. New Emission Factors and Efficiencies from in-Field Measurements of Traditional and Improved Cookstoves and Their Potential Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12508-12517. [PMID: 29058409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Household cooking using solid biomass fuels is a major global health and environmental concern. As part of the Research on Emissions Air quality Climate and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana study, we conducted 75 in-field uncontrolled cooking tests designed to assess emissions and efficiency of the Gyapa woodstove, Philips HD4012, threestone fire and coalpot (local charcoal stove). Emission factors (EFs) were calculated for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM). Moreover, modified combustion (MCE), heat transfer (HTE) and overall thermal efficiencies (OTE) were calculated across a variety of fuel, stove and meal type combinations. Mixed effect models suggest that compared to traditional stove/fuel combinations, the Philips burning wood or charcoal showed significant fuel and energy based EF differences for CO, but no significant PM changes with wood fuel. MCEs were significantly higher for Philips wood and charcoal-burning stoves compared to the threestone fire and coalpot. The Gyapa emitted significantly higher ratios of elemental to organic carbon. Fuel moisture, firepower and MCE fluctuation effects on stove performance were investigated with mixed findings. Results show agreement with other in-field findings and discrepancies with some lab-based findings, with important implications for estimated health and air quality impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Didier Muvandimwe
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yolanda Hagar
- University of Colorado Boulder , Applied Mathematics, 1111 Engineering Drive Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 3090 Center Green Dr., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katherine L Dickinson
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 3090 Center Green Dr., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- University of Colorado Boulder , Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, 1333 Grandview Avenue Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo Upper East, Ghana
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Piedrahita R, Kanyomse E, Coffey E, Xie M, Hagar Y, Alirigia R, Agyei F, Wiedinmyer C, Dickinson KL, Oduro A, Hannigan M. Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM 2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:178-192. [PMID: 27788434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
REACCTING (Research on Emissions Air Quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) was a 200-home cookstove intervention study from 2013 to 2015. Study households were divided into four groups: a control group, a group given two locally made rocket stoves, a group given two Philips forced draft stoves, and a group given a locally made rocket stove and a Philips stove. In a subset of study households, 48-hour PM2.5 exposure samples were collected for adults and children, as well as in the primary cooking area. Further, weekly ambient background PM2.5 samples were collected for the first nine months of the study. All PM2.5 samples were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and a subset was also analyzed for organics. Mixed effects modeling was applied to quantify differences in PM exposures between the groups and to assess relationships between exposures and cooking area measurements. Results showed that personal OC exposure for the intervention groups was 56.6% lower than the control group (p≤0.01). Both intervention groups given Philips stoves had significantly lower EC exposure than the control group (60.6% reduction, p≤0.02). Only weak relationships were found between personal and cooking area EC or OC. Source apportionment modeling was performed on both the personal/microenvironment and the ambient organics PM2.5 data sets to assess the sources of the observed PM. We identified six PM sources. The identified source factors were similar among the data sets, as well as with previous work in Navrongo. Two sources, one characterized by the presence of methoxyphenols, and one by the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and EC, were associated with biomass burning, and accounted for a median of 9.2% of OC and 15.3% of EC personal exposure. Here, we demonstrate the utility of using the cooking-related source apportionment factors within a mixed effects model for more precise estimation of exposures due to cooking, rather than other combustion sources unrelated to the intervention.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nagel CL, Kirby MA, Zambrano LD, Rosa G, Barstow CK, Thomas EA, Clasen TF. Study design of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate a large-scale distribution of cook stoves and water filters in Western Province, Rwanda. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2016; 4:124-135. [PMID: 29736475 PMCID: PMC5935890 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Rwanda, pneumonia and diarrhea are the first and second leading causes of death, respectively, among children under five. Household air pollution (HAP) resultant from cooking indoors with biomass fuels on traditional stoves is a significant risk factor for pneumonia, while consumption of contaminated drinking water is a primary cause of diarrheal disease. To date, there have been no large-scale effectiveness trials of programmatic efforts to provide either improved cookstoves or household water filters at scale in a low-income country. In this paper we describe the design of a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the impact of a national-level program to distribute and promote the use of improved cookstoves and advanced water filters to the poorest quarter of households in Rwanda. Methods/Design We randomly allocated 72 sectors (administratively defined units) in Western Province to the intervention, with the remaining 24 sectors in the province serving as controls. In the intervention sectors, roughly 100,000 households received improved cookstoves and household water filters through a government-sponsored program targeting the poorest quarter of households nationally. The primary outcome measures are the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea among children under five years of age. Over a one-year surveillance period, all cases of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea identified by health workers in the study area will be extracted from records maintained at health facilities and by community health workers (CHW). In addition, we are conducting intensive, longitudinal data collection among a random sample of households in the study area for in-depth assessment of coverage, use, environmental exposures, and additional health measures. Discussion Although previous research has examined the impact of providing household water treatment and improved cookstoves on child health, there have been no studies of national-level programs to deliver these interventions at scale in a developing country. The results of this study, the first RCT of a large-scale programmatic cookstove or household water filter intervention, will inform global efforts to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality from diarrheal disease and pneumonia. Trial registration This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02239250).
Collapse
Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory infection
- Acute respiratory infection
- CHW, community health worker
- Cluster randomized controlled trial
- DBSS, dried blood spot samples
- Diarrhea
- H-PEM, Harvard Personal Exposure Monitor
- HAP, household air pollution
- Household water treatment
- ICCM, Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illness
- IMCI, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
- Improved stoves
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MOH, Rwanda Ministry of Health
- MOLG, Rwandan Ministry of Local Government
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- Rwanda
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Nagel
- OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Miles A Kirby
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laura D Zambrano
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ghislane Rosa
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christina K Barstow
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Evan A Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|