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Lokossou VK, Sombie I, Ahanhanzo CD, Brito C, Antara SN, Nguku PM, Balogun MS, Kenu E, Ouendo EM, Umeokonkwo CD, Okolo S. Strengthening Applied Epidemiology in West Africa: Progress, Gaps, and Advancing a Regional Strategy to Improve Health Security. Health Secur 2020; 19:88-99. [PMID: 33290155 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to prevent, promptly detect, and appropriately respond to a public health threat is essential for health security. Field epidemiology training has helped increase the quality and quantity of the public health workforce to strengthen disease surveillance, outbreak preparedness and response, and general public health capacity. We conducted a desk review on the status of the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program model in 16 countries in West Africa. We also developed a questionnaire and shared it with West African Health Organization (WAHO) member states to document their experiences and the status of training in their countries. WAHO organized a regional 3-day consultative meeting with major stakeholders in the region to examine progress, gaps, and challenges, and outline a roadmap to strengthen the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program. Stakeholders shared their experiences, engaged in discussions to identify strengths and gaps, and made plans on a way forward. Member states are at different levels of implementing field epidemiology and laboratory training programs in their countries, and, therefore, major gaps remain in the number and distribution of trained epidemiologists throughout West Africa. Member states implement different variants of the program and in some instances the same cadre of health workers are trained in different but comparable programs with different funding streams. Two member states had not begun implementing the training program. Developing regional centers of excellence was recommended in the long term while collaboration among member states to train the required number of epidemiologists to fill the acute needs could be helpful in the short and medium term. Curriculum harmonization and expansion, deployment and use of trained epidemiologists, accreditation of training institutions, and generation of indigenous funding streams are recommended to improve the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Issiaka Sombie
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Carlos Brito
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Simon Nyovuura Antara
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Patrick Mboya Nguku
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Muhammad Shakir Balogun
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Ernest Kenu
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Edgard-Marius Ouendo
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
| | - Stanley Okolo
- Virgil Kuassi Lokossou, MD, MPH, MBA, MSc, is Head of Division, Health Emergency and Disaster Management Department, ECOWAS Regional Center for Surveillance and Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Issiaka Sombie, PhD, is Head of Research and Grant Division and Carlos Brito, MPH, is Director, Department of Public Health and Research; Césaire Damien Ahanhanzo, MSc, MPA, is General Coordinator of World Bank-Funded Projects, Department of Planning and Health Information; and Stanley Okolo, PhD, is Director General; all for the West African Health Organization, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Simon Nyovuura Antara, MPH, is Director, Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda. Patrick Mboya Nguku, MSc, is Senior Regional Technical Coordinator; Muhammad Shakir Balogun, FMCPath, is Resident Advisor; and Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, MPH, FWACP, is a Scientific Writer and Field Coordinator; all for the Africa Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria. Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo is also a Consultant Community Physician and Epidemiologist, Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Ernest Kenu, PhD, is a Professor, Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Edgard-Marius Ouendo, PhD, is a Professor of Public Health, Institut Regional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Atlantique, Bénin
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Williams SG, Fontaine RE, Turcios Ruiz RM, Walke H, Ijaz K, Baggett HC. One Field Epidemiologist per 200,000 Population: Lessons Learned from Implementing a Global Public Health Workforce Target. Health Secur 2020; 18:S113-S118. [PMID: 32004135 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization monitoring and evaluation framework for the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005) describes the targets for the Joint External Evaluation (JEE) indicators. For workforce development, the JEE defines the optimal target for attaining and complying with the IHR (2005) as 1 trained field epidemiologist (or equivalent) per 200,000 population. We explain the derivation and use of the current field epidemiology workforce development target and identify the limitations and lessons learned in applying it to various countries' public health systems. This article also proposes a way forward for improvements and implementation of this workforce development target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seymour G Williams
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Robert E Fontaine
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Reina M Turcios Ruiz
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry Walke
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Kashef Ijaz
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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