Anemia prevalence, severity, types, and correlates among adult women and men in a multiethnic Iranian population: the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS)

Prevalence of Anemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and ‎correlation with Body Mass Index and Kidney ‎function in Palestine

Background

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and ‎to identify the set of anthropometric and biochemical factors that jointly influence ‎the diabetic and anemic patients including ‎body mass index and kidney function.‎‎.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional design study that was carried out in a private medical center ‎in Palestine. The study included a total of 453 patients with type 2 diabetes. Inclusion criteria ‎included all patients (18 years or older) suffering from type 2 Diabetes mellitus attended the ‎diabetic clinic from the 1st of January 2018, till 30th of December 2018.‎.

Results

A total number of 453 diabetic patients were recruited in the study. Male constituted 48.5% ‎‎(n=220) of the study sample and 51.4% (n=233) were female. Of total 453 diabetic patients, ‎‎38.4% (95% CI, 34%-43%) had anemia. The results of statistical modeling showed that female ‎gender (AOR 18.5; 95% CI 9.35-21.97), presence of hypertension (AOR 2.11; 95% CI 1.98- ‎‎4.25), high BMI (AOR 1.101; 95% CI 1.045-1.159), high Serum Creatinine (AOR 1.72; 95% ‎CI 1.22-2.13), high BUN level (AOR 1.22; 95% CI 1.145-1.301) and low e-GFR (AOR ‎‎0.571; 95% CI 0.271-0.872) are strong determents of anemia in type 2 diabetic patients.‎.

Conclusion

The results of the current study revealed a high prevalence of Anemia among type 2 diabetes ‎Mellitus patients. A significant association was reported between Anemia, kidney functions and ‎body mass index.‎.

Association of ambient air pollution with hemoglobin levels and anemia in the general population of Korean adults

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence has suggested significant associations between ambient air pollution and changes in hemoglobin levels or anemia in specific vulnerable groups, but few studies have assessed this relationship in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and hemoglobin concentrations or anemia in general adults in South Korea.

METHODS

A total of 69,830 Korean adults from a large-scale nationwide survey were selected for our final analysis. Air pollutants included particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). We measured the serum hemoglobin concentration to assess anemia for each participant.

RESULTS

In the fully adjusted model, exposure levels to PM10, SO2, and CO for one and two years were significantly associated with decreased hemoglobin concentrations (all p < 0.05), with effects ranging from 0.15 to 0.62% per increase in interquartile range (IQR) for each air pollutant. We also showed a significant association of annual exposure to PM10 with anemia (p = 0.0426); the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for anemia per each increase in IQR in PM10 was estimated to be 1.039 (1.001-1.079). This association was also found in the 2-year duration of exposure (OR = 1.046; 95% CI = 1.009-1.083; adjusted Model 2). In addition, CO exposure during two years was closely related to anemia (OR = 1.046; 95% CI = 1.004-1.091; adjusted Model 2).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the first evidence that long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM10, is significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin levels and anemia in the general adult population.

Variations in the Prevalence of Anemia of Varying Severity Among Urban Non-Pregnant Women - China, 2021

What is already known about this topic?

Anemia is a significant public health issue affecting women globally. Prior studies in China predominantly concentrated on anemia in pregnant or reproductive-age women, leaving a gap in available data concerning anemia in non-pregnant women of all age groups in China.

What is added by this report?

In 2021, the prevalence of anemia and moderate to severe anemia among women aged 18 years and older in urban China was 14.8% and 5.7%, respectively. Anemia prevalence exhibited significant variations based on factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), geographic location, and socioeconomic status.

What are the implications for public health practice?

The strategy for addressing anemia should account for non-pregnant women aged 30-49 years and those aged 70 years and older, taking into consideration differences related to socioeconomic development and geography.

Prevalence and risk factors of preoperative anemia in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicenter prospective observational cohort study

BACKGROUND

Preoperative anemia is a common hematologic problem in major orthopedic surgery in developing countries. It is a condition in which the number and size of red blood cells are insufficient to meet the body's physiologic needs, consequently impairing the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to the body. Preoperative anemia is common in elective orthopedic surgical patients and is an independent risk factor for perioperative morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess preoperative anemia prevalence and risk factors in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures.

METHOD

A multicenter prospective observational cohort study was conducted from June 01 to August 30, 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study unit. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were expressed in percentages and presented with tables and figures. Binary logistic regression was used to see the association between independent and dependent variables. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULT

Preoperative anemia's prevalence and risk factors in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures was 24.1[95%CI= (18.2-30.6)]. Multivariable logistic analyses showed that low monthly income level [AOR:5,95%CI:(1.36-7.98)], patient with cancer [AOR:3.4,95%CI:(3.7-8.84)], patient with malaria infectious [AOR: 3.2,95%CI:( 1.13-8.91)], patient with anti-retroviral therapy [AOR: 5.2,95%CI:( 1.8-11.04)], and previous history of surgery [AOR:1,95%CI(1.43-2.4)], were factors significantly associated with preoperative anemia.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of preoperative anemia among adult patients who underwent elective orthopedics procedures was high. Low Monthly income, patients with cancer, patient with malaria infection, and patients with anti-retroviral therapy, previous histories of surgery were found significantly associated with preoperative anemia. So, we recommend to health professional's early identification, diagnosis and treatment of preoperative anemia should be done to reduce the risks of anemia and related adverse outcomes.

Defining an optimal cut-off point for reticulocyte hemoglobin as a marker for iron deficiency anemia: An ROC analysis

Reticulocyte hemoglobin (CHr) is a measure of the amount of hemoglobin in reticulocytes and a marker of cell hemoglobinization. In this study, we aimed to find the optimal cut-off point for reticulocyte hemoglobin to diagnose iron deficiency anemia using multiple methods. A total of 309 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 54 years. Most were females (71.2%). 68% had iron deficiency anemia. Patients with IDA had significantly lower levels of CHr compared to those who had non-IDA (p < 0.0001). The optimal cut-off value of CHr for detecting IDA, determined using various methods, was 30.15 pg. This cut-off point had a sensitivity of 87.8% and a specificity of 77.7%. CHr showed a significant positive correlation with hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation and a significant negative correlation with total iron-binding capacity. CHr levels correlate with most established laboratory tests for IDA. It reliably detects IDA. Our results indicate the importance of CHr in diagnosing IDA, and that CHr should be used more widely in suspected cases of IDA since it is a cheap, fast, and reliable test.

Anemia types in hypothyroid patients in a Coimbatore tertiary care hospital: A prospective observational study

Objective. Hypothyroidism is a syndrome characterized by clinical manifestations associated with thyroid hormone deficiency. The thyroid hormone plays a pivotal role in the hematopoietic system and stimulates precursors of erythropoietin gene expression. Therefore, anemia is a common clinical manifestation in hypothyroid individuals. The goal of this study was to carry out a prospective analysis of the prevalence of anemia, its types, and the etiology behind the differing anemia morphology among hypothyroid patients. Methods. The study was conducted with a sample size of 100 patients suffering from hypothyroidism. The methodology of the study included a questionnaire and consent filling for general information followed by a complete blood test for assessment of blood count, peripheral smear, FT3/FT4 (free triiodothyronine/thyroxine), anemia profile, vitamin B12, folate, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), reticulocyte count, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Results. The results of the study are in line with the previous studies and showed severe anemia and prevalence among women of reproductive age. Microcyte hypochromic anemia was found to be the most common type of morphological anemia, which was validated with low hemoglobin (Hb) levels, vitamin B12, FT3, and FT4. Additionally, TSH showed a positive correlation with reticulocyte count, LDH, and Hb in Pearson's correlation test. Conclusion. The study summarizes the need to investigate the underlying etiological agent responsible for better therapy and management of hypothyroidism and anemia suggesting also the use of oral iron supplements along with levothyroxine therapy.

Anaemia and Nutritional Status during HIV and Helminth Coinfection among Adults in South Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is burdened with helminthiasis and HIV/AIDS, and there is a significant overlap between these infections. However, little is known about the extent of anaemia and malnutrition in HIV/AIDS and helminth coinfected adults. The study investigated the anaemia profiles and nutritional status of HIV and helminth coinfected adult South Africans. Stool samples were collected from participants (N = 414) for parasite detection using the Kato−Katz and Mini Parasep® SF techniques. Blood was collected to determine participants’ HIV status, micro- and macronutrients, haematological parameters, and Ascaris lumbricoides-specific IgE and IgG4 levels. Thereafter, participants were stratified into single infection (HIV or helminths), coinfection, and uninfected controls (no HIV and helminth) groups. The majority (74.9%) of participants had CD4 counts of >500 cells/μL, indicating no significant immunosupression. The coinfected group had an overall anaemia prevalence of 16.9%, which was lower than that of the HIV-infected group (44.6%) and higher than helminth infected group (15.4%). Overall helminth prevalence was 33%, with Ascaris lumbricoides being the most prevalent. The coinfected group also had lower vitamin A (p = 0.0107), calcium (p = 0.0002), and albumin (p < 0.0001) levels compared to HIV/helminth uninfected controls. Unexpectedly, the coinfected group had the highest serum iron levels, followed by the helminth-infected and control groups, both of which had similar iron levels, and finally, the HIV-infected group, which had the lowest iron levels (p = 0.04). Coinfected adults may be prone to micronutrient deficiency and anaemia. Further research and intervention programmes are required in this neglected field.

Screening of Occult Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection in Working Children, Tehran, Iran

Background: Working children are susceptible to infection with various infectious microorganisms. Unfortunately, the difficulties of working children are growing at a remarkable speed worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, as well as to evaluate the level of anemia, calcium, and phosphorus in working children. Methods: This cross-sectional research was performed on 370 Iranian and Afghan working children from February 2018 to May 2019. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and anti-HCV Ab were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, HCV-RNA and genomic HBV-DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens of the participants were investigated. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was used to determine the genotype of HCV, and sequencing was performed to confirm. Results: The mean age of the participants was 10.1 ± 2.1 years (range, 6 - 15 years), and 229 (61.9%) were male. None of the studied children had any detectable HBV-DNA in the plasma and PBMC. The HCV genome was not detected in the plasma of the children, but HCV-RNA was assessed in the PBMC sample of 1 child (0.3%). Therefore, one of the children had occult HCV infection (OCI). The genotype of HCV in this child was subtype 1a. Furthermore, HBsAb was detected in Iranian (41.5%) and Afghan children (40.0%), and 2 (0.54%) of the working children were HBsAg positive. In 3 participants (0.8%), a positive HBcAb test result was noted. Conclusions: The prevalence of HCV and HBV infection in working children in Iran is extremely rare. However, there is a possibility of the presence of OCI in these children.