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Laudage T, Hüsing T, Rühmann B, Beer B, Schmermund L, Sieber V. N-substituted pyrrole carboxylic acid derivatives from 3,4-dihydroxyketons. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301169. [PMID: 38217857 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Since the chemical industry is largely dependent on petrol-based feedstocks, new sources are required for a sustainable industry. Conversion of biomass to high-value compounds provides an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach, which might be a potential solution to reduce petrol-based starting materials. This also applies for N-heterocycles, which are a common structural motif in natural products, pharmaceuticals and functional polymers. The synthesis of pyrroles is a well-studied and established process. Nevertheless, most routes described are not in line with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry and employ harsh reaction conditions and harmful solvents. In this study, 3,4-dihydroxyketons are used as excellent platform chemicals for the production of N-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxylic- and pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acids, as they can be prepared from glucose through the intermediate d-glucarate and converted into pyrrolic acid derivatives under mild conditions in water. The scope of this so far unknown reaction was examined using a variety of primary amines and aqueous ammonium chloride leading to pyrrolic acid derivatives with N-substituents like alkane-, alkene-, phenyl- and alcohol-groups with yields up to 20 %. The combination of both, enzymatic conversion and chemical reaction opens up new possibilities for further process development. Therefore, a continuous chemo-enzymatic system was set up by first employing an immobilized enzyme to catalyze the conversion of d-glucarate to the 3,4-dihydroxyketone, which is further converted to the pyrrolic acid derivatives by a chemical step in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Laudage
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Torben Hüsing
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Broder Rühmann
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Barbara Beer
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- Catalytic Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, 68 Copper Road, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
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Hashimoto Y, Harada S, Kato R, Ikeda K, Nonnhoff J, Gröger H, Nemoto T. Merging Chemo- and Biocatalysis to Facilitate the Syntheses of Complex Natural Products: Enantioselective Construction of an N-Bridged [3.3.1] Ring System in Indole Terpenoids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Jannis Nonnhoff
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Bernhard LM, McLachlan J, Gröger H. Process Development of Enantioselective Imine Reductase-Catalyzed Syntheses of Pharmaceutically Relevant Pyrrolidines. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bernhard
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jill McLachlan
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Ocal N, Lagarde A, L'enfant M, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. High-Throughput Solid-Phase Assay for Substrate Profiling and Directed Evolution of Transketolase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2814-2820. [PMID: 34289225 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes, and specifically transketolases, form one of the most important families of biocatalytic tools for enantioselective carbon-carbon bond formation yielding various hydroxyketones of biological interest. To enable substrate profiling of transketolases for acceptance of different donors and acceptors, a simple, direct colorimetric assay based on pH reaction variation was developed to establish a high-throughput solid-phase assay. This assay reduces the screening effort in the directed evolution of transketolases, as only active variants are selected for further analysis. Transketolase activity is detected as bicarbonate anions released from the α-ketoacid donor substrate, which causes the pH to rise. A pH indicator, bromothymol blue, which changes color from yellow to blue in alkaline conditions, was used to directly detect, with the naked eye, clones expressing active transketolase variants, obviating enzyme extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Ocal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Lagarde
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie L'enfant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Brüsseler C, Späth A, Sokolowsky S, Marienhagen J. Alone at last! - Heterologous expression of a single gene is sufficient for establishing the five-step Weimberg pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 9:e00090. [PMID: 31016135 PMCID: PMC6475665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum can grow on d-xylose as sole carbon and energy source via the five-step Weimberg pathway when the pentacistronic xylXABCD operon from Caulobacter crescentus is heterologously expressed. More recently, it could be demonstrated that the C. glutamicum wild type accumulates the Weimberg pathway intermediate d-xylonate when cultivated in the presence of d-xylose. Reason for this is the activity of the endogenous dehydrogenase IolG, which can also oxidize d-xylose. This raised the question whether additional endogenous enzymes in C. glutamicum contribute to the catabolization of d-xylose via the Weimberg pathway. In this study, analysis of the C. glutamicum genome in combination with systematic reduction of the heterologous xylXABCD operon revealed that the hitherto unknown and endogenous dehydrogenase KsaD (Cg0535) can also oxidize α-ketoglutarate semialdehyde to the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate, the final enzymatic step of the Weimberg pathway. Furthermore, heterologous expression of either xylX or xylD, encoding for the two dehydratases of the Weimberg pathway in C. crescentus, is sufficient for enabling C. glutamicum to grow on d-xylose as sole carbon and energy source. Finally, several variants for the carbon-efficient microbial production of α-ketoglutarate from d-xylose were constructed. In comparison to cultivation solely on d-glucose, the best strain accumulated up to 1.5-fold more α-ketoglutarate in d-xylose/d-glucose mixtures. C. glutamicum requires only one additional dehydratase to grow on d-xylose. XylX or XylD can be used to establish the Weimberg pathway in C. glutamicum. cg0535 (ksaD) encodes for an α-ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. C. glutamicum accumulates α-ketoglutarate from d-xylose via the Weimberg pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brüsseler
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Anja Späth
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Sascha Sokolowsky
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
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Zumbrägel N, Machui P, Nonnhoff J, Gröger H. Enantioselective Biocatalytic Reduction of 2 H-1,4-Benzoxazines Using Imine Reductases. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1440-1447. [PMID: 30562025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A biocatalytic reduction of 2 H-1,4-benzoxazines using imine reductases is reported. This process enables a smooth and enantioselective synthesis of the resulting cyclic amines under mild conditions in aqueous media by means of a catalytic amount of the cofactor NADPH as hydride source as well as glucose as the reducing agent used in stoichiometric amounts for in situ cofactor recycling. Several substrates were studied, and the 3,4-dihydro-2 H-1,4-benzoxazines were obtained with up to 99% ee. In addition, the efficiency of this reduction process based on imine reductases as catalysts has been demonstrated for one 2 H-1,4-benzoxazine on an elevated laboratory scale running at a substrate loading of 10 g L-1 in the presence of a tailor-made whole-cell catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Zumbrägel
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Paul Machui
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Jannis Nonnhoff
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
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Enantioselective reduction of sulfur-containing cyclic imines through biocatalysis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1949. [PMID: 29769523 PMCID: PMC5955971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-thiazolidine ring represents an important structural motif in life sciences molecules. However, up to now reduction of 3-thiazolines as an attractive approach failed by means of nearly all chemical reduction technologies for imines. Thus, the development of an efficient general and enantioselective synthetic technology giving access to a range of such heterocycles remained a challenge. Here we present a method enabling the reduction of 3-thiazolines with high conversion and high to excellent enantioselectivity (at least 96% and up to 99% enantiomeric excess). This technology is based on the use of imine reductases as catalysts, has a broad substrate range, and is also applied successfully to other sulfur-containing heterocyclic imines such as 2H-1,4-benzothiazines. Moreover the effiency of this biocatalytic technology platform is demonstrated in an initial process development leading to 99% conversion and 99% enantiomeric excess at a substrate loading of 18 g/L in the presence of designer cells. The 3-thiazolidine ring, a pharmaceutically interesting cyclic structural element found e.g. in some antibiotics, is hard to obtain via currently used approaches. Here, the authors developed a straightforward method to efficiently synthesize a variety of defined, pure 3-thiazolidines.
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In vitro metabolic engineering for the production of α-ketoglutarate. Metab Eng 2017; 40:5-13. [PMID: 28238759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate (aKG) represents a central intermediate of cell metabolism. It is used for medical treatments and as a chemical building block. Enzymatic cascade reactions have the potential to sustainably synthesize this natural product. Here we report a systems biocatalysis approach for an in vitro reaction set-up to produce aKG from glucuronate using the oxidative pathway of uronic acids. Because of two dehydrations, a decarboxylation, and reaction conditions favoring oxidation, the pathway is driven thermodynamically towards complete product formation. The five enzymes (including one for cofactor recycling) were first investigated individually to define optimal reaction conditions for the cascade reaction. Then, the kinetic parameters were determined under these conditions and the inhibitory effects of substrate, intermediates, and product were evaluated. As cofactor supply is critical for the cascade reaction, various set-ups were tested: increasing concentrations of the recycling enzyme, different initial NAD+ concentrations, as well as the use of a bubble reactor for faster oxygen diffusion. Finally, we were able to convert 10gL-1 glucuronate with 92% yield of aKG within 5h. The maximum productivity of 2.8gL-1 h-1 is the second highest reported in the biotechnological synthesis of aKG.
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