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Montoro CI, Alcaraz MDC, Galvez-Sánchez CM. Experience of Pain and Unpleasantness during Mammography Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Roles of Emotional, Cognitive, and Personality Factors. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050377. [PMID: 37232614 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of malignant tumors among women worldwide. Its successful prevention depends on the degree of participation in screening programs, which can be influenced by psychological factors, including fear. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement. Twenty-six healthy women aged 50-69 years took part in this study, all of whom were summoned for routine mammography screening and were randomly selected. Prior mammography screening, breast pain intensity, unpleasantness (visual analog scale), and psychological (catastrophizing, state anxiety, and fear of pain) and personality (neuroticism, psychoticism, and extraversion) variables were evaluated. Pain, unpleasantness, and state anxiety were further evaluated pre- and post-mammography screening. RESULTS During the mammography screening, pain and unpleasantness levels were higher than those observed pre- and post-screening. Residual unpleasantness remained post-screening. State anxiety was positively associated with pain, and psychoticism with unpleasantness, as reported by participants during the mammography screening. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety levels influence the pain experienced in association with the mammography procedure. Women subjected to mammography screenings might benefit from relaxation strategies aimed at reducing anxiety to pre-mammography levels and, by extension, pain and unpleasantness during mammography. The inclusion of these strategies in breast cancer prevention campaigns could improve the rates of mammography reattendance, and therefore, benefit cancer prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Del Carmen Alcaraz
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Diagnostic Mammography Unit, Health Center of Martos, Distrito Jaén Sur, 23600 Jaén, Spain
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Kalan Farmanfarma K, Mahdavifar N, Kiasara SH, Hassanipour S, Salehiniya H. Determinants of mammography screening in Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Dis 2022; 41:279-294. [PMID: 35634841 DOI: 10.3233/bd-210037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammography is the most effective method for early detection of breast cancer (BC), however, it has performed in low-level. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of mammography in Iran. METHODS This study was a systematic review which was performed based on articles published in both Persian and English languages among Iranian patients in the period of 2000 to 2020 by using keywords of "Iran and mammography". Papers were selected from national databases including (SID, Magiran) and international database including (Scopus, PubMed and web of science), finally related articles to mammography were reviewed. RESULTS Findings indicated that 35-50% of breast cancer can be detected in the early stages by mammography, however, it is in low rate of performance among Iranian women. Age, age of menarche, occupation, family history, marital status, family support, number of pregnancies, physician recommendations, perceived sensibility and severity, self-efficacy and perceived benefits are the most important predictors of performing mammography in Iran. CONCLUSION Due to the growing trend of breast cancer cases in the country and low mammography rates in Iranian population, high risk groups such as women with BC family history, low income level, low education level, older age and people with history of breast complications were more emphasized for performing mammography through health centers. Therefore, appropriate planning to reduce the barriers of mammography could be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Kalan Farmanfarma
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Centre, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Neda Mahdavifar
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Salehiniya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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3
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Allen CG, Todem D, Williams KP. Adherence to Mammography and Pap Screening Guidelines Among Medically Underserved Women: the Role of Family Structures and Network-Level Behaviors. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:1155-1162. [PMID: 33107009 PMCID: PMC8076331 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poor adherence to screening recommendations is an important contributing factor to disparities in breast and cervical cancer outcomes among women in the USA. Screening behaviors are multifactorial, but there has been limited focus on how family network beliefs and behaviors influence individual's likelihood to complete screening. This research aims to fill this gap by evaluating the role of family network composition and screening behaviors on women's likelihood to adhere to mammogram and pap screening recommendations. We used an ego network approach to analyze data from 137 families and their networks. Primary outcomes were whether an individual had received a mammogram in the past year and whether she had received a pap screening in the past 3 years. Network-level predictors included network composition (size of network, average age of network members, satisfaction with family communication) and network screening behaviors. We conducted multivariable logistic regressions to assess the influence of network-level variables on both mammogram and pap smears, adjusting for potential individual-level confounders. Each network had an average age of 47.9 years, and an average size of 3.05 women, with the majority of members being sisters (57.7%). We found differences in network screening behaviors by race, with Arab networks being less likely to have completed self-breast exams (OR = 0.21, 95%CI = 0.05-0.76, p = 0.02), ever a gotten pap screen (OR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.01-0.85, p = 0.04), and gotten pap screening in the last 3 years (OR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.10-0.99, p = 0.04) compared with African American networks. Network screening behaviors also strongly influenced the likelihood of an individual completing a similar screening behavior. This analysis sheds light on family network characteristics that influence screening behaviors among medically underserved women. These findings support the development and dissemination of screening interventions among female's family networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G Allen
- Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - David Todem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Tatar M, Ersin F. Effect of social support and barrier perceptions of disabled women on early detection of breast cancer. Health Care Women Int 2021; 42:1133-1143. [PMID: 33797317 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1894152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study, we examine the effect of social support and disability perception of disabled women on early diagnosis behaviors of breast cancer. The research was conducted as descriptive. The sample of the study consisted of 105 participants. The breast self-examination barrier perception point average of the participants applying the breast self-examination was statistically significantly lower than those not applying and the barrier perception point average of participants having mammography was statistically significantly lower than those not having it (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine Tatar
- Ministry of Health, Akziyaret Family Health Center, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ersin
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Tahergorabi Z, Mohammadifard M, Salmani F, Moodi M. Breast cancer screening behavior and its associated factors in female employees in South Khorasan. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:102. [PMID: 34084849 PMCID: PMC8150083 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_750_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a preventable disease, using three secondary preventive methods of mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination (BSE) that can lead to early detection of breast cancer. This study was designed to assess breast cancer screening behavior and its associated factors in females employed in South Khorasan. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this analytic-descriptive study, 2256 female personnel of governmental organizations were investigated in Birjand city in 2016-2017. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge about breast cancer screening methods plus women's performance, and stage of change regarding screening behaviors of mammography, CBE, and BSE. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and one-way analysis variance, Tukey's post hoc, and multiple logistic regression model statistical tests. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation score of knowledge of the women was 3.45 ± 1.5. There was a significant difference of the mean score of knowledge between the single and married (P = 0.03) and age group (P = 0.04). The stage action of mammography, CBE, and BSE was 6.8%, 12.3%, and 16.8%, respectively. Logistic regression model showed that variables such as age and family history of breast cancer were highly significant related to mammography and also CBE. Knowledge was also highly significant in mammography, CBE, and BSE. Education level in CBE, marital status in BSE and mammography, and job in BSE were also significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals insufficient knowledge of female workers about breast cancer and the negative influence of low knowledge on the practice of breast cancer screening behavior. Therefore, the establishment and maintenance of regular educational courses for female employees is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Tahergorabi
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahyar Mohammadifard
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salmani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mitra Moodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y, MoaddabShoar L, Dogonchi M. Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Promoting Breast Self-Examination Behavior in Employed Women in Iran. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021; 15:1178223421989657. [PMID: 33716505 PMCID: PMC7917430 DOI: 10.1177/1178223421989657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the world. Screening is the basis for early detection. However, the mortality rate is still high in Iranian women related to not screening and timely check-ups. We offered a theory-based intervention program to improve breast cancer screening behavior in women. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in 135 employed women in 2019. Their screening behavior was investigated using a questionnaire based on the Protection Motivation and Social Support Theories. We compared the efficacy of 2 educational interventions (a workshop and an E-learning program) between 2 intervention groups and a control group. The results were collected 3 months after the interventions had taken place. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 using descriptive statistics, chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the paired sample t-test. Results: We found a significant difference between the mean score of knowledge and the theoretical constructs (P value < .001) before and after the interventions. Our results also showed that both the intervention methods had a similar effect and that there was a significant difference in the performance of breast self-examinations between the intervention and control groups after the intervention (P value < .001). Conclusion: Given the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of implementing an E-learning program, we would recommend that health care planners assist in designing and implementing this effective form of intervention to encourage many more women to perform self-examinations to aid breast cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Bashirian
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Barati
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leila MoaddabShoar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mitra Dogonchi
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Cadet T, Burke SL, Naseh M, Grudzien A, Kozak RS, Romeo J, Bullock K, Davis C. Examining the Family Support Role of Older Hispanics, African Americans, and Non-Hispanic Whites and Their Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 36:38-53. [PMID: 33427579 PMCID: PMC7925380 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1852993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in breast cancer mortality rates among older Black and Hispanic women are due in part to low participation in cancer screening. Participation in cancer screening could be affected by an array of factors, including social support. Understanding the complex interplay between social support and breast cancer screening among older female adults, specifically among groups with higher mortality rates, is extremely important for timely and appropriate interventions to increase survival rates. Thus, utilizing the social network theory as the conceptual framework, this study aims to examine effects of social support on receiving a mammogram among a representative sample of older adults, specifically African American and Hispanic populations in the United States. Logistic regression models were conducted using the 2008 and 2012 Health and Retirement Study data. Findings from this study indicate that specific aspects of social support influence breast cancer screening participation among older Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. However, this was not the case for the older Black women after adjusting for the sociodemographic factors. Given the role that family members play in the care of older adults, it is critical that social workers consider both the possible positive and negative interactions older women may have and how these interactions may affect their cancer screening behaviors. Findings can provide formative data to develop public health and social work interventions to increase positive social support and reduce negative social support by spouses and children to enhance breast cancer screening among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Cadet
- School of Social Work, Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanna L Burke
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mitra Naseh
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Adrienne Grudzien
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jessica Romeo
- Hope House Addiction Services, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Bullock
- School of Social Work, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy Davis
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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8
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Momenimovahed Z, Tiznobaik A, Taheri S, Hassanipour S, Salehiniya H. A review of barriers and facilitators to mammography in Asian women. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1146. [PMID: 33343705 PMCID: PMC7738271 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Asia and one of the major health problems in most countries in the region. Despite extensive advances in treatment, early diagnosis is one of the main methods for increasing the survival rate. It is necessary to evaluate the barriers and facilitators of screening in different societies. This study was conducted to identify the barriers and facilitators of mammography in Asia. Materials and methods To identify the barriers and facilitators of mammography in Asia, a comprehensive search was carried out in databases such as Medline, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus using keywords, including breast cancer, screening, mammography, barriers, facilitators and the names of each Asian country, as well as a combination of these keywords were used to help the search. Full-text, English language and original articles were included in this study. Results In total, 71 articles were entered into the study. The findings of this study revealed various barriers to mammography in Asian women, including knowledge, sociodemographic factors, cost and insurance, cultural factors, belief, attitude and feeling, fear, pain and embarrassment, self-efficacy, religious, psychological factors, time constraint, fatalism, professional recommendations, communication, social support and access. Also, knowledge, attitude and belief, perceived risk, professional and social factors were found to be facilitators of mammography. Conclusion Knowing the barriers and facilitators to access mammography is the first step in the development of a successful screening program. Awareness and various personal, professional and social factors have emerged as the major barriers to access to mammography in most Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Salehiniya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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9
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The demographic and Psychological determinants of performing Mammography among the Employed Women in Medical Professions in western Iran: the Role of Threat Appraisal and Coping Appraisal. PAJOUHAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.52547/psj.18.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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10
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bashirian S, Barati M, Shoar LM, Mohammadi Y, Dogonchi M. Factors Affecting Breast Self-examination Behavior Among Female Healthcare Workers in Iran: The Role of Social Support Theory. J Prev Med Public Health 2019; 52:224-233. [PMID: 31390685 PMCID: PMC6686104 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.18.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In women, breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Screening tests are the basis for early diagnosis. In Iranian women, the mortality rate of breast cancer is high due to insufficient screening examinations and delayed visits for care. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors affecting breast self-examinations among Iranian women employed in medical careers. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 501 women working in the medical professions at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in western Iran in 2018. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed, self-report questionnaire that contained demographic information and questions based on protection motivation theory and social support theory. Descriptive data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 and model fitting with PLS version 2. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 37.1±8.3 years, and most of the women (80.4%) were married. Most women had a bachelor's degree (67.5%). The findings of this study showed that the coping appraisal construct was a predictor of protection motivation (β=0.380, p<0.05), and protection motivation (β=0.604, p<0.05) was a predictor of breast self-examination behavior. Additionally, social support theory (β=0.202, p<0.05) had a significant positive effect on breast self-examination behavior. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of practicing self-examinations among women employees in the medical sector was low; considering the influence of social support as a factor promoting screening, it is necessary to pay attention to influential people in women's lives when designing educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- saeed bashirian
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Barati
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leila Moaddab Shoar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mitra Dogonchi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Khazaee-Pool M, Bahrami M, Luque JS, Pashaei T, Taymoori P, Roshani D. Validation of the Farsi version of the medical outcomes study-social support survey for mammography. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1280. [PMID: 30458735 PMCID: PMC6247754 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social support can provide psychosocial benefits to promote positive health behaviors such as mammography screening. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Mammography Social Support (MSS) scale among Iranian woman. METHODS Participants were selected from women referring to healthcare centers in Sanandaj, Iran. A total of 434 questionnaires were completed (response rate 91%). The study sample for study 1 included 204 participants for the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a study sample of 230 women in study 2. The reliability coefficient for each scale was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, corrected item-total correlations and test-retest respectively. RESULTS CFA affirmed the three-factor structure of the MSS in measuring the functional dimensions of social support for mammography behavior consisting of 19 items. Initial results of the CFA did not fully support the proposed three-factor model. After the model was modified, the fit indices indicated, x2 was 2.3, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.96, Tucker- Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.95 providing a strong fit to the data. Cronbach's alphas for the subscales ranged from 0.82 and 0.90, whereas the alpha for the overall scale was 0.91. The 2-week test-retest reliability of MSS was 0.95. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the psychometric properties to support the Farsi version of the MSS when applied to Iranian women. Exploring the three-factor model in relation to related concepts is suggested for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khazaee-Pool
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Bahrami
- Health Education and Promotion, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - John S Luque
- Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Science Research Center, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Taymoori
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Deam Roshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Moshki M, Shahgheibi S, Taymoori P, Moradi A, Roshani D, Holt CL. Psychometric properties of the mammography self-efficacy and fear of breast cancer scales in Iranian women. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:534. [PMID: 28569149 PMCID: PMC5452424 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research investigating mammography screening has often reported low mammography self-efficacy and breast cancer fear contribute to underutilization of mammography. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of Champion’s Mammography Self-efficacy Scale (CMSS) and Champion’s Breast Cancer Fear Scale (CBCFS) in a sample of Iranian women. Methods The adapted instruments were administered to a community sample of 482 women aged 40 years or older. They inhibited in Sanandaj, Iran. Cronbach’s α coefficients, item-total, and test-retest correlations were used to assess the reliability of the scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess construct validity. Results The α coefficients for the Farsi 14-item CMSS and 8-item BCFS were .87 and.95, respectively. In terms of the CMSS confirmatory factor analysis, the proportion of x2/df was 2.4, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.93, Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.96 providing a strong fit to the data induced by two-factor model. With regard to CBCFS, x2/df was 86.33, CFI =0.99, and TLI =0.99 supporting one-factor model. Conclusion The CMSS and CBCFS exhibited strong initial psychometric properties; therefore, they are recommended to understand women’s breast cancer screening behaviors better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Moshki
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences; Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Shole Shahgheibi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Parvaneh Taymoori
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amjad Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Deam Roshani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Cheryl L Holt
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center for Health Behavior Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Maryland, USA
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Farhadifar F, Molina Y, Taymoori P, Akhavan S. Mediators of repeat mammography in two tailored interventions for Iranian women. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:149. [PMID: 26874508 PMCID: PMC4752754 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many theory-based interventions exist that incorporate theoretical constructs (e.g., self-efficacy, behavioral control) believed to increase the likelihood of mammography. Nonetheless, little work to date has examined if increased screening among women receiving such interventions occurs due to changes in these targeted constructs. The aim of this study is to address this gap in the literature in the context of two interventions for improving regular screening among Iranian women. Methods A sample of 176 women over 50 years old in Tehran, Iran were randomly allocated into one of these three conditions: 1) an intervention based on Health Belief Model (HBM); 2) an intervention based on an integration of the HBM and selected constructs from the TPB (TPB); and 3) a control group (CON). Questionnaires were administered before the intervention and after a 6-month follow-up. The Preacher and Hayes method of mediation was used in analytic models. Results Changes in susceptibility, self-efficacy, and perceived control appeared to mediate HBM-CON differences in screening. Barriers attenuated the mediating effect of self-efficacy. Changes in barriers and self-efficacy appeared to mediate TPB-CON differences in screening. Conclusion This study was successful in identifying which theory-based constructs appear to underlie the effectiveness of HBM- and TPB-based interventions. Specific constructs have been identified that should be targeted in clinical practice to increase mammography practices among Iranian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Farhadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yamile Molina
- Community Health Sciences, School Of Public Health, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Parvaneh Taymoori
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Setareh Akhavan
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomini Complex Hospital, Valiasr Hospital, Gynecology Oncology Ward, Tehran, Iran
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