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Soto Perezchica MM, Guerrero Barrera AL, Avelar Gonzalez FJ, Quezada Tristan T, Macias Marin O. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, surface proteins and virulence: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276712. [PMID: 38098987 PMCID: PMC10720984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is a globally distributed Gram-negative bacterium that produces porcine pleuropneumonia. This highly contagious disease produces high morbidity and mortality in the swine industry. However, no effective vaccine exists to prevent it. The infection caused by App provokes characteristic lesions, such as edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, that involve different virulence factors. The colonization and invasion of host surfaces involved structures and proteins such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), pili, flagella, adhesins, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), also participates proteases, autotransporters, and lipoproteins. The recent findings on surface structures and proteins described in this review highlight them as potential immunogens for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Soto Perezchica
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L. Guerrero Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Teodulo Quezada Tristan
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Macias Marin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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2
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Trouillon J, Attrée I, Elsen S. The regulation of bacterial two-partner secretion systems. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:159-177. [PMID: 37340956 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-partner secretion (TPS) systems, also known as Type Vb secretion systems, allow the translocation of effector proteins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. By secreting different classes of effectors, including cytolysins and adhesins, TPS systems play important roles in bacterial pathogenesis and host interactions. Here, we review the current knowledge on TPS systems regulation and highlight specific and common regulatory mechanisms across TPS functional classes. We discuss in detail the specific regulatory networks identified in various bacterial species and emphasize the importance of understanding the context-dependent regulation of TPS systems. Several regulatory cues reflecting host environment during infection, such as temperature and iron availability, are common determinants of expression for TPS systems, even across relatively distant species. These common regulatory pathways often affect TPS systems across subfamilies with different effector functions, representing conserved global infection-related regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trouillon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS UMR 5075, Team Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS UMR 5075, Team Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Elsen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS UMR 5075, Team Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
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3
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JIA YC, CHEN X, ZHOU YY, YAN P, GUO Y, YIN RL, YUAN J, WANG LX, WANG XZ, YIN RH. Application of mouse model for evaluation of recombinant LpxC and GmhA as novel antigenic vaccine candidates of Glaesserella parasuis serotype 13. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1500-1508. [PMID: 34393140 PMCID: PMC8569868 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) has been one of the bacteria affecting the large-scale swine industry. Lack of an effective vaccine has limited control of the disease, which has an effect on prevalence. In order to improve the cross-protection of vaccines, development on subunit vaccines has become a hot spot. In this study, we firstly cloned the lpxC and gmhA genes from G. parasuis serotype 13 isolates, and expressed and purified their proteins. The results showed that LpxC and GmhA can stimulate mice to produce IgG antibodies. Through testing the cytokine levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), it is found that recombinant GmhA, the mixed LpxC and GmhA can stimulate the body to produce Th1 and Th2 immune responses, while recombinant LpxC and inactivated bacteria can only produce Th2 immune responses. On the protection rate for mice, recombinant LpxC, GmhA and the mixture of LpxC and GmhA can provide 50%, 50% and 60% protection for lethal dose of G. parasuis infection, respectively. The partial protection achieved by the recombinant LpxC and GmhA supports their potential as novel vaccine candidate antigens against G. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong C. JIA
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin CHEN
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuan Y. ZHOU
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ping YAN
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying GUO
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rong L. YIN
- Research Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Sciences of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing YUAN
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin X. WANG
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Z. WANG
- Liaoning Agricultural Technical College, Yingkou, 115009,
China
| | - Rong H. YIN
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast
China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,
Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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4
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Jiang R, Xiang M, Chen W, Zhang P, Wu X, Zhu G, Tu T, Jiang D, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Chen D, Wang Y. Biofilm characteristics and transcriptomic analysis of Haemophilus parasuis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109073. [PMID: 33984794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is a conditional pathogen with the ability to form biofilms which can lead to ineffective drug treatment and severe chronic infections resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. Currently, knowledge of biofilm formation by H. parasuis is not well developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional morphology of biofilms and perform transcriptomic analysis on H. parasuis cells in biofilm versus planktonic forms. The results showed that proteins and DNA accounted for a large proportion of the H. parasuis biofilm extracellular matrix. Here, we have traced the entire biofilm formation process of H. parasuis from beginning to end for the first time. These biofilms grew rapidly in the first 48 h and became stable at 60 h. According to GO and KEGG analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEG) artM, artQ, ssrS, pflA and HutX were implicated as being involved in bacterial colonisation and adhesion; these are the most likely genes to affect biofilm formation. Most functional gene enrichments were of those involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Thus, in the present pilot study, the composition and characteristics of these biofilms were explored, and the genes related to biofilm formation were screened for. This research lays the foundation for further studies on mechanisms regulating biofilm formation, in order to find new drug targets and develop new therapeutic drugs against H. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Xiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wanting Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xulong Wu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Teng Tu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610047, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Huo C, Zeng X, Xu F, Li F, Li D, Li G, Hu Z, Hu Y, Lin J, Sun H. The Transcriptomic and Bioinformatic Characterizations of Iron Acquisition and Heme Utilization in Avibacterium paragallinarum in Response to Iron-Starvation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:610196. [PMID: 33746913 PMCID: PMC7970244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.610196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum is the pathogen of infectious coryza, which is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that brings a potentially serious threat to poultry husbandry. Iron is an important nutrient for bacteria and can be obtained from surroundings such as siderophores and hemophores. To date, the mechanisms of iron acquisition and heme utilization as well as detailed regulation in A. paragallinarum have been poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic profiles in detail and the changes of transcriptomes induced by iron restriction in A. paragallinarum using RNA-seq. Compared with the iron-sufficiency control group, many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and cellular functions as well as signaling pathways were verified in the iron-restriction group. Among these DEGs, the majority of genes showed decreased expression and some were found to be uniquely present in the iron-restriction group. With an in-depth study of bioinformatic analyses, we demonstrated the crucial roles of the Hut protein and DUF domain-containing proteins, which were preferentially activated in bacteria following iron restriction and contributed to the iron acquisition and heme utilization. Consequently, RT-qPCR results further verified the iron-related DEGs and were consistent with the RNA-seq data. In addition, several novel sRNAs were present in A. paragallinarum and had potential regulatory roles in iron homeostasis, especially in the regulation of Fic protein to ensure stable expression. This is the first report of the molecular mechanism of iron acquisition and heme utilization in A. paragallinarum from the perspective of transcriptomic profiles. The study will contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptomic response of A. paragallinarum to iron starvation and also provide novel insight into the development of new antigens for potential vaccines against infectious coryza by focusing on these iron-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangbing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donghai Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenguo Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Huiling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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González Plaza JJ. Small RNAs as Fundamental Players in the Transference of Information During Bacterial Infectious Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32613006 PMCID: PMC7308464 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication shapes life on Earth. Transference of information has played a paramount role on the evolution of all living or extinct organisms since the appearance of life. Success or failure in this process will determine the prevalence or disappearance of a certain set of genes, the basis of Darwinian paradigm. Among different molecules used for transmission or reception of information, RNA plays a key role. For instance, the early precursors of life were information molecules based in primitive RNA forms. A growing field of research has focused on the contribution of small non-coding RNA forms due to its role on infectious diseases. These are short RNA species that carry out regulatory tasks in cis or trans. Small RNAs have shown their relevance in fine tuning the expression and activity of important regulators of essential genes for bacteria. Regulation of targets occurs through a plethora of mechanisms, including mRNA stabilization/destabilization, driving target mRNAs to degradation, or direct binding to regulatory proteins. Different studies have been conducted during the interplay of pathogenic bacteria with several hosts, including humans, animals, or plants. The sRNAs help the invader to quickly adapt to the change in environmental conditions when it enters in the host, or passes to a free state. The adaptation is achieved by direct targeting of the pathogen genes, or subversion of the host immune system. Pathogens trigger also an immune response in the host, which has been shown as well to be regulated by a wide range of sRNAs. This review focuses on the most recent host-pathogen interaction studies during bacterial infectious diseases, providing the perspective of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José González Plaza
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Identification of Haemophilus parasuis genes uniquely expressed during infection using in vivo-induced antigen technology. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108650. [PMID: 32273024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis. The pathogenesis of this bacterium remains largely unknown. Genes expressed in vivo may play an important role in the pathogenicity of H. parasuis. The development of in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) has provided a valuable tool for the identification of in vivo-induced genes during bacterial infection. In this study, IVIAT was applied to identify in vivo-induced antigens of H. parasuis. Pooled swine H. parasuis-positive sera, adsorbed against in vitro-grown cultures of H. parasuis SH0165 and Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), were used to screen the inducible expression library of genomic proteins from whole genome sequenced H. parsuis SH0165. Finally, 24 unique genes expressed in vivo were successfully identified after secondary and tertiary screening with IVIAT. These genes were implicated in cell surface proteins, metabolism, stress response, regulation, transportation and other processes. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of 24 genes were all upregulated in vivo relative to in vitro, with 13 genes were detected significantly upregulated in H. parasuis infected pigs. Several potential virulence-associated genes were found to be uniquely expressed in vivo, including espP, lnt, hutZ, mreC, vtaA, pilB, tex, sunT and aidA. The results indicated that the proteins identified using IVIAT may play important roles in the pathogenesis of H. parasuis infection in vivo.
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Jiang C, Cheng Y, Cao H, Zhang B, Li J, Zhu L, Li Z, Zeng W, Li C, He Q. Effect of cAMP Receptor Protein Gene on Growth Characteristics and Stress Resistance of Haemophilus parasuis Serovar 5. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:19. [PMID: 32158699 PMCID: PMC7052058 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), a member of the family Pasteurellaceae, is a common bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of pigs but under certain circumstances can cause serious systemic disease (Glasser's disease) characterized by severe infection of the upper respiratory tract, fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis. cAMP receptor protein (CRP) is among the most important global regulators, playing a vital role in adapting to environmental changes during the process of bacterial infection. In order to investigate the function of the crp gene in the growth characteristics of H. parasuis serovar 5 (HPS5) and its ability to overcome adverse environmental stresses, a crp mutant strain (Δcrp) was constructed and verified. In this study, we found that the crp gene was involved in growth rate, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, serum resistance, and iron utilization. Compared with the wild type, both the growth rate of the crp mutant and its resistance to osmotic pressure decreased significantly. Similar phenomena were also found in biofilm formation and iron utilization. However, the resistance to heat shock and serum complement of the crp mutant were enhanced. This study aimed to reveal the function in growth characteristics and stress resistance of the crp gene in HPS5. Whether it relates to virulence requires additional in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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