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Cognitive Deficits Found in a Pro-inflammatory State are Independent of ERK1/2 Signaling in the Murine Brain Hippocampus Treated with Shiga Toxin 2 from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01298-1. [PMID: 36227397 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) produces hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and acute encephalopathy. The mortality rate in HUS increases significantly when the central nervous system (CNS) is involved. Besides, EHEC also releases lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Many reports have described cognitive dysfunctions in HUS patients, the hippocampus being one of the brain areas targeted by EHEC infection. In this context, a translational murine model of encephalopathy was employed to establish the deleterious effects of Stx2 and the contribution of LPS in the hippocampus. The purpose of this work is to elucidate the signaling pathways that may activate the inflammatory processes triggered by Stx2, which produces cognitive alterations at the level of the hippocampus. Results demonstrate that Stx2 produced depression-like behavior, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and NF-kB activation independent of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, while co-administration of Stx2 and LPS reduced memory index. On the other hand, LPS activated NF-kB dependent on ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Cotreatment of Stx2 with LPS aggravated the pathologic state, while dexamethasone treatment succeeded in preventing behavioral alterations. Our present work suggests that the use of drugs such as corticosteroids or NF-kB signaling inhibitors may serve as neuroprotectors from EHEC infection.
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Arenas-Mosquera D, Pinto A, Cerny N, Berdasco C, Cangelosi A, Geoghegan PA, Malchiodi EL, De Marzi M, Goldstein J. Cytokines expression from altered motor thalamus and behavior deficits following sublethal administration of Shiga toxin 2a involve the induction of the globotriaosylceramide receptor. Toxicon 2022; 216:115-124. [PMID: 35835234 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome is produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infection, which releases the virulence factors Shiga toxin (Stx) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neurological compromise is a poor prognosis and mortality factor of the disease, and the thalamus is one of the brain areas most frequently affected. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs to ameliorate the deleterious effects of these toxins. However, the thalamic production of cytokines involved in pro-inflammatory processes has not yet been acknowledged. The aim of this work attempts to determine whether systemic sublethal Stx2a or co-administration of Stx2a with LPS are able to rise a proinflammatory profile accompanying alterations of the neurovascular unit in anterior and lateral ventral nuclei of the thalamus (VA-VL) and motor behavior in mice. After 4 days of treatment, Stx2a affected the lectin-bound microvasculature distribution while increasing the expression of GFAP in reactive astrocytes and producing aberrant NeuN distribution in degenerative neurons. In addition, increased swimming latency was observed in a motor behavioral test. All these alterations were heightened when Stx2a was co-administered with LPS. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, INF-γ and IL-2 was detected in VA-VL. All these effects were concomitant with increased expression of the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which hints at receptor involvement in the neuroinflammatory process as a key finding of this study. In conclusion, Stx2a to Gb3 may be determinant in triggering a neuroinflammatory event, which may resemble clinical outcomes and should thus be considered in the development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arenas-Mosquera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ''Houssay" (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso 7, 1121, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alipio Pinto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ''Houssay" (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso 7, 1121, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natacha Cerny
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología e Instituto de Estudios de La Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Junín 956 Piso 4, 1113, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología e Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 12, 1121, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Berdasco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ''Houssay" (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso 7, 1121, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Cangelosi
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), "ANLIS, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1282, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Andrea Geoghegan
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), "ANLIS, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1282, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio Luis Malchiodi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IDEHU-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Junín 956, Piso 4°, 1113, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio De Marzi
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución (6700) Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Luján, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES)-CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución (6700) Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ''Houssay" (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso 7, 1121, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pradhan S, Karve SS, Weiss AA, Hawkins J, Poling HM, Helmrath MA, Wells JM, McCauley HA. Tissue Responses to Shiga Toxin in Human Intestinal Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:171-190. [PMID: 32145469 PMCID: PMC7240222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (eg, O157:H7) infection produces bloody diarrhea, while Stx inhibits protein synthesis and causes the life-threatening systemic complication of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The murine intestinal tract is resistant to O157:H7 and Stx, and human cells in culture fail to model the complex tissue responses to intestinal injury. We used genetically identical, human stem cell-derived intestinal tissues of varying complexity to study Stx toxicity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro susceptibility to apical or basolateral exposure to Stx was assessed using human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from embryonic stem cells, or enteroids derived from multipotent intestinal stem cells. HIOs contain a lumen, with a single layer of differentiated epithelium surrounded by mesenchymal cells. Enteroids only contain epithelium. In vivo susceptibility was assessed using HIOs, with or without an enteric nervous system, transplanted into mice. RESULTS Stx induced necrosis and apoptotic death in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Responses that require protein synthesis (cellular proliferation and wound repair) also were observed. Epithelial barrier function was maintained even after epithelial cell death was seen, and apical to basolateral translocation of Stx was seen. Tissue cross-talk, in which mesenchymal cell damage caused epithelial cell damage, was observed. Stx induced mesenchymal expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, the initial step in mesenchymal-epithelial transition. In vivo responses of HIO transplants injected with Stx mirrored those seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal tissue responses to protein synthesis inhibition by Stx are complex. Organoid models allow for an unprecedented examination of human tissue responses to a deadly toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pradhan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sayali S Karve
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alison A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | | | | | | | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Berdasco C, Duhalde Vega M, Rosato-Siri MV, Goldstein J. Environmental Cues Modulate Microglial Cell Behavior Upon Shiga Toxin 2 From Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Exposure. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:442. [PMID: 31970091 PMCID: PMC6960108 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli produces hemolytic uremic syndrome and encephalopathies in patients, which can lead to either reversible or permanent neurological abnormalities, or even fatal cases depending on the degree of intoxication. It has been observed that the inflammatory component plays a decisive role in the severity of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of microglial cell primary cultures upon Stx2 exposure and heat shock or lipopolysaccharide challenges, as cues which modulate cellular environments, mimicking fever and inflammation states, respectively. In these contexts, activated microglial cells incorporated Stx2, increased their metabolism, phagocytic capacity, and pro-inflammatory profile. Stx2 uptake was associated to receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3)-pathway. Gb3 had three clearly distinguishable distribution patterns which varied according to different contexts. In addition, toxin uptake exhibited both a Gb3-dependent and a Gb3-independent binding depending on those contexts. Altogether, these results suggest a fundamental role for microglial cells in pro-inflammatory processes in encephalopathies due to Stx2 intoxication and highlight the impact of environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Berdasco
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Houssay", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maite Duhalde Vega
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rosato-Siri
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Houssay", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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